The principal thesis of this paper is that one must grasp the importance, or even the centrality, of Hobbes＇s idea of commonwealth by institution in Leviathan in order to fully understand and appreciate his arguments...The principal thesis of this paper is that one must grasp the importance, or even the centrality, of Hobbes＇s idea of commonwealth by institution in Leviathan in order to fully understand and appreciate his arguments concerning the political obligation of obedience. Until recently, this idea has not been given its due significance in the literature. It has been commonly held that Hobbes＇s theorizing about the foundation of the state was based upon his concept of covenant. This paper argues that crucial aspects of political obligation generated by Hobbes＇s concept of covenant could not be understood without a clear understanding of the relationship among the three elements embodied in his idea of commonwealth by institution-covenant, authorization and right-transfer. While several attempts have been made on this topic, the pictures that have been drawn by Hobbesian scholars are more or less inadequate. In particular, the significant roles which authorization and right-transfer play in Hobbes＇s account of political obligation have yet been made clear. By shifting focus upon the idea of commonwealth by institution and taking it as Hobbes＇s mechanism of explaining the nature and origins of political obligation of obedience, this paper examines in detail the specific questions which Hobbes was addressing by coining this term and elicits what exactly he may have meant to convey to his audiences.展开更多
Through the book of Leviticus, people will understand the fundamental principles of faith and how to maintain their life to be holy. There are two ideas of sanctification in the book of Leviticus. The first is sanctif...Through the book of Leviticus, people will understand the fundamental principles of faith and how to maintain their life to be holy. There are two ideas of sanctification in the book of Leviticus. The first is sanctification which relates to ceremonial laws （purification）, the other is sanctification itself. In this idea, there are two things that must be understood： First, sanctification is called ＂the way＂ if it is related to ceremonial laws [sacrificial of blood （almost like purification）]; the other, sanctification is a ＂progressive work＂ if it is related to obedience to God＇s commands. There is a relationship between Lev. 11 and Lev. 20. Both have Hithpael stem （Lev. 11： 44, 45 and 20： 7） and Lev. 11：44-45 is summarized in Lev. 20： 25-26. The verb qSdag （qadas） or qad^g （qades） in ttithpael stem can be translated as ＂sanctify yourselves＂ or ＂you shall make yourselves holy＂. God asked Israelites to sanctify themselves in two things： doing ceremonial laws （because of sins or when they come to God） and keeping God＇s laws. In the case of Lev. 11 and 20, God asked Israelites to sanctify themselves by keeping His laws as a sign that they have been sanctified by God.展开更多
Eve in Milton's Paradise Lost is a person with complicated characters.On the one hand,she is the queen of the Garden of Eden,on the other hand,she is the servant of her husband Adam.Because of her double identity,...Eve in Milton's Paradise Lost is a person with complicated characters.On the one hand,she is the queen of the Garden of Eden,on the other hand,she is the servant of her husband Adam.Because of her double identity,she has contradictory personality,that is,her obedience as well as her resistance.This article aims to analyse how her obedience and resistance specifically reflected in some details,thereby having a better understanding of her contradictory personality in Paradise Lost.展开更多
文摘The principal thesis of this paper is that one must grasp the importance, or even the centrality, of Hobbes＇s idea of commonwealth by institution in Leviathan in order to fully understand and appreciate his arguments concerning the political obligation of obedience. Until recently, this idea has not been given its due significance in the literature. It has been commonly held that Hobbes＇s theorizing about the foundation of the state was based upon his concept of covenant. This paper argues that crucial aspects of political obligation generated by Hobbes＇s concept of covenant could not be understood without a clear understanding of the relationship among the three elements embodied in his idea of commonwealth by institution-covenant, authorization and right-transfer. While several attempts have been made on this topic, the pictures that have been drawn by Hobbesian scholars are more or less inadequate. In particular, the significant roles which authorization and right-transfer play in Hobbes＇s account of political obligation have yet been made clear. By shifting focus upon the idea of commonwealth by institution and taking it as Hobbes＇s mechanism of explaining the nature and origins of political obligation of obedience, this paper examines in detail the specific questions which Hobbes was addressing by coining this term and elicits what exactly he may have meant to convey to his audiences.
文摘Through the book of Leviticus, people will understand the fundamental principles of faith and how to maintain their life to be holy. There are two ideas of sanctification in the book of Leviticus. The first is sanctification which relates to ceremonial laws （purification）, the other is sanctification itself. In this idea, there are two things that must be understood： First, sanctification is called ＂the way＂ if it is related to ceremonial laws [sacrificial of blood （almost like purification）]; the other, sanctification is a ＂progressive work＂ if it is related to obedience to God＇s commands. There is a relationship between Lev. 11 and Lev. 20. Both have Hithpael stem （Lev. 11： 44, 45 and 20： 7） and Lev. 11：44-45 is summarized in Lev. 20： 25-26. The verb qSdag （qadas） or qad^g （qades） in ttithpael stem can be translated as ＂sanctify yourselves＂ or ＂you shall make yourselves holy＂. God asked Israelites to sanctify themselves in two things： doing ceremonial laws （because of sins or when they come to God） and keeping God＇s laws. In the case of Lev. 11 and 20, God asked Israelites to sanctify themselves by keeping His laws as a sign that they have been sanctified by God.
文摘Eve in Milton's Paradise Lost is a person with complicated characters.On the one hand,she is the queen of the Garden of Eden,on the other hand,she is the servant of her husband Adam.Because of her double identity,she has contradictory personality,that is,her obedience as well as her resistance.This article aims to analyse how her obedience and resistance specifically reflected in some details,thereby having a better understanding of her contradictory personality in Paradise Lost.
