Object-Oriented Modeling of the Variation of Acceleration and Deceleration Characteristics in Relation to Speed Bands for Railway Vehicles

Automated operation and artificial intelligence technology have become essential for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and punctuality of railways, with applications such as ATO (Automatic Train Operation). In this study, the authors propose a method to efficiently simulate the kinematic characteristics of railroad vehicles depending on their speed zone. They utilized the function overloading function supported by a programming language and applied the fourth-order Lunge-Kutta method for dynamic simulation. By constructing an object model, the authors calculated vehicle characteristics and TPS and compared them with actual values, verifying that the developed model represents the real-life vehicle characteristics accurately. The study highlights potential improvements in automated driving and energy consumption optimization in the railway industry.

Modeling Method of Automotive Body CAN/LIN Nets Application Protocol Based on Object-oriented Colored Petri Net

Recently automotive nets are adopted to solve increasing problems in automotive electronic systems.Technologies of automotive local area network from CAN and LIN can solve the problems of the increasing of wire bunch weight and lack in module installation space.However,the multilayer automotive nets software becomes more and more complex,and the development expense is difficult to predict and to keep in check.In this paper,the modeling method of hierarchical automotive nets and the substitution operation based on object-oriented colored Petri net(OOCPN) are proposed.The OOCPN model which analyzes the software structure and validates the collision mechanism of CAN/LIN bus can speed the automobile system development.First,the subsystems are divided and modeled by object-oriented Petri net(OOPN).According to the sets of message sharing relations,the message ports among them are set and the communication gate transitions are defined.Second,the OOPN model is substituted step by step until the inner objects in the automotive body control modules(BCM) are indivisible and colored by colored Petri net(CPN).And the color subsets mark the node messages for the collision mechanism.Third,the OOCPN model of the automotive body CAN/LIN nets is assembled,which keeps the message sets and the system can be expanded.The proposed model is used to analyze features of information sharing among the objects,and it is also used to describe each subsystem real-time behavior of processing messages and implemental device controllers operating,and puts forward a reasonable software framework for the automotive body control subsystem.The research can help to design the communication model in the automotive body system effectively and provide a convenient and rapid way for developing the logical hierarchy software.

An Approach to Detect Structural Development Defects in Object-Oriented Programs

Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects.

STOCHASTIC OBJECT-ORIENTED PETRI NETS (SOPNS) AND ITS APPLICATION IN MODELING OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEM RELIABILITY

Object-oriented Petri nets (OPNs) is extended into stochastic object-oriented Petri nets (SOPNs) by associating the OPN of an object with stochastic transitions and introducing stochastic places. The stochastic transition of the SOPNs of a production resources can be used to model its reliability, while the SOPN of a production resource can describe its performance with reliability considered. The SOPN model of a case production system is built to illustrate the relationship between the system's performances and the failures of individual production resources.

Conversion of Object Oriented System into Software Product Line with Delta Modeling Abstract Behavioral Specification

This article contains a system conversion from object oriented design into Software Product Line (SPL) using delta modeling of Abstract Behavioral Specification (ABS). ABS is a modeling language which targets system with high level of variety and supports SPL development with delta modeling. The case study of this thesis is a digital library system called Library Automation and Digital Archive (LONTAR). Originally, LONTAR only uses SOAP-based web service. With ABS, LONTAR will be converted into SPL and implement another web service called REST. The motivation of this conversion of LONTAR from object oriented into SPL is because it is easier to develop system with ABS than using regular object oriented. Product definition in ABS is relatively easier than creating a new subclass and do customization to make it works well.

Object-Oriented Modeling of Virtual Assembly Process

Virtual assembly is a Virtual Reality (VR) based engineering application which allows engineers to evaluate, analyze, and plan the assembly of mechanical systems. To model the virtual assembly process, new methodology must be applied. Based on the idea that the virtual assembly system is an event driven system, the interactive behavior and information model is proposed to describe the dynamic process of virtual assembly. Definition of the object-oriented model of virtual assembly is put forward.

Analysis and Design of Soils and Terrain Digital Database (SOTER) Management System Based on Object-Oriented Method

A SOTER management system was developed by analyzing, designing, programming, testing, repeated proceeding and progressing based on the object-oriented method. The function of the attribute database management is inherited and expanded in the new system. The integrity and security of the SOTER database are enhanced. The attribute database management, the spatial database management and the model base are integrated into SOTER based on the component object model (COM), and the graphical user interface (GUI) for Windows is used to interact with clients, thus being easy to create and maintain the SOTER, and convenient to promote the quantification and automation of soil information application.

NDVI-Based Lacunarity Texture for Improving Identification of Torreya Using Object-Oriented Method

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） is a very useful feature for differentiating vegetation and non-vegetation in remote sensed imagery. In the light of the function of NDVI and the spatial patterns of the vegetation landscapes, we proposed the lacunarity texture derived from NDVI to characterize the spatial patterns of vegetation landscapes concerning the ＂gappiness＂ or ＂emptiness＂ characteristics. The NDVI-based lacunarity texture was incorporated into object-oriented classification for improving the identification of vegetation categories, especially Torreya which was the targeted tree species in the present research. A three-level hierarchical network of image objects was defined and the proposed texture was integrated as potential sources of information in the rules base. A knowledge base of rules created by classifier C5.0 indicated that the texture could potentially be applied in object-oriented classification. It was found that the addition of such texture improved the identification of every vegetation category. The results demonstrated that the texture could characterize the spatial patterns of vegetation structures, which could be a promising approach for vegetation identification.

DEVELOPMENT OF A GIS DATA MODEL WITH SPATIAL,TEMPORAL AND ATTRIBUTE COMPONENTS BASED ON OBJECT-ORIENTED APPROACH

This paper presents a conceptual data model, the STA-model, for handling spatial, temporal and attribute aspects of objects in GIS. The model is developed on the basis of object-oriented modeling approach. This model includes two major parts: (a) modeling the signal objects by STA-object elements, and (b) modeling relationships between STA-objects. As an example, the STA-model is applied for modeling land cover change data with spatial, temporal and attribute components.

Modelica-based Object-orient Modeling of Rotor System with Multi-Faults

Modelica-based object-orient method is proved to be rapid, accurate and easy to modify, which is suitable for prototype modeling and simulation of rotor system, whose parameters need to be modified frequently. Classical non-object-orient method appears to be inefficient because the code is difficult to modify and reuse. An adequate library for object-orient modeling of rotor system with multi-faults is established, a comparison with non-object-orient method on Jeffcott rotor system and a case study on turbo expander with multi-faults are implemented. The relative tolerance between object-orient method and non-object-orient is less than 0.03%, which proves that these two methods are as accurate as each other. Object-orient modeling and simulation is implemented on turbo expander with crack, rub-impact, pedestal looseness and multi-faults simultaneously. It can be conclude from the case study that when acting on compress side of turbo expander separately, expand wheel is not influenced greatly by crack fault, the existence of rub-impact fault forces expand wheel into quasi-periodic motion and the orbit of expand wheel is deformed and enhanced almost 1.5 times due to pedestal looseness. When acting simultaneously, multi-faults cannot be totally decomposed but can be diagnosed from the feature of vibration. Object-orient method can enhance the efficiency of modeling and simulation of rotor system with multi-faults, which provides an efficient method on prototype modeling and simulation.

A Rice Growth Models (RGM) System by Object-Oriented Programming with Visual C++

Object-oriented programming divides the crop production into subsystems and simulates their behaviors. Many classes were designed to simulate the behaviors of different parts or different physiological processes in crop production system. At the same time, many classes have to be employed for bettering user's interface. But how to manage these classes on a higher level to cooperate them into a perfect system is another problem to study. The Rice Growth Models (RGM) system represents an effort to define and implement a framework to manage these classes. In RGM system, the classes were organized into the model-document-view architecture to separate the domain models, data management and user interface. A single document with multiple views interface frame window was adopted in RGM. In the architectures, the simulation models only exchange data with documents while documents act as intermediacies between simulation models and interfaces. Views get data from documents and show the results to users. The classes for the different functions can be grouped into different architectures. Different architectures communicate with each other through documents. The classes for the different functions can be grouped into different architectures. By using the architecture, communication between classes is more efficient. Modeler can add classes in architectures or other architectures to extend the system without having to change system structure, which is useful for construction and maintenance of agricultural system models.

Feature-based and objectoriented product information model for welding structure

Product information model for welding structure plays an important role for the integration of welding CAD/CAPP/CAM. However, existing CAD modeling systems are not capable of providing enough information for subsequent manufacturing activities such as CAPP and CAM. A new design approach using feature technique and object oriented programming method is put forward in this paper in order to create the product information model of welding structure. With this approach, the product information model is able to effectively support computer aided welding process planning, fixturing, assembling, path planning of welding robot and other manufacturing activities. The feature classification and representing scheme of welding structure are discussed. A prototype system is developed based on feature and object oriented programming. Its structure and functions are given in detail.

CONSTRAINT MODELLING IN AN OBJECT-ORIENTED DATA MODEL FOR THE CAPP

The Object-Attribute-Relationship(OAR)model provides a single model tocapture data structure,behavior properties and knowledge rules in the CAPP application.This paper focuses on how to integrate a variety of different knowledge rules into the OARmodel and how to form transactions against the data structure with these rules in order toimplement intelligent process planning for designed components.The mapping from theOAR to Smalltalk can be directly carried out.It makes the implementation an entirely Ob-ject-Oriented approach.

Object-oriented Modular Model Library for Distillation

为当模特儿和蒸馏过程的模拟，与他们的模型图书馆一起有大量特殊目的模拟器，例如白杨加和 HYSYS。然而，在这些工具中的模型灵活性缺乏并且不对用户开放。因为障碍，在一个工具中开发的模型不能方便地在这些模拟器之中在其它被使用。以便解决那些问题，一个灵活、可扩展的蒸馏系统模型图书馆在这研究被构造基于 Modelica 和支持 Modelica 的站台 MWorks，由面向对象的技术和水平进步建模策略。它在不同颗粒度上支持知识的复用：物理现象，单位模型和系统当模特儿。它也是一个接口友好的、精确、快基于 PC 、容易可重用的模拟工具，它使用户能设定并且扩大框架增加新功能或改编要求的模拟行为。它也允许新模型编程地或图形地镇静由调用存在部件形成更复杂的模型。一个常规空气蒸馏列模型被造并且计算了使用图书馆，和结果同意很好，那在白杨模仿了加。

ENTITY-ROLES MODEL AND OBJECT-ORIENTED KNOWLEDGE/DATA BASES

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Reliability Modelling and Analysis of Satellite Propulsion System Based on Reliability Block Diagram and Extended Object-Oriented Petri Net

Modern satellite propulsion systems are generally designed to fulfill multiphase-missions.Traditional reliability modelling methods have problems of inadequate depict capacity considering complex systems such as satellite propulsion system.An extended object-oriented Petri net(EOOPN)method was proposed to facilitate the reliability modelling of satellite propulsion system in the paper.The proposed method was specified for modelling of phased mission system,and it could be implemented by generating combination of Petri net(PN)principles and object-oriented(OO)programming.The effectiveness of the proposed method was demonstrated through the reliability modelling of a satellite propulsion system with EOOPN.The major advantage of the proposed method is that the dimension of net model can be reduced significantly,and phased mission system at system,phase,or component levels can be respectively depicted.Furthermore,the state-space explosion problem is solved by the proposed EOOPN model efficiently.

A Shortcut for Extricating System Development from Predicament－by Means of Object－oriented Methods

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Object-oriented Urban Dynamic Monitoring——A Case Study of Haidian District of Beijing

It is crucial to conduct the land use/cover research to obtain the global change information.Urban area is one of the most sensitive areas in land use/cover change.Therefore land use/cover change in urban areas is very im-portant in global change.It is vital to incorporate the information of urban land use/cover change into the process of decision-making about urban area development.In this paper,a new urban change detection approach,urban dynamic monitoring based on objects,is introduced.This approach includes four steps:1)producing multi-scale objects from multi-temporal remotely sensed images with spectrum,texture and context information;2)extracting possible changed objects adopting object-oriented classification;3)obtaining shared objects as the basic units for urban change detection;4)determining the threshold to segment the changed objects from the possible changed objects using Otsu method.In this paper,the object-based approach was applied to detecting the urban expansion in Haidian District,Beijing,China with two Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)data in 1997 and 2004.The results indicated that the overall accuracy was about 84.83%,and Kappa about 0.785.Compared with other conventional approaches,the object-based approach was advantageous in reducing the error accumulation of image classification of each datum and in independence to the radiometric correction and image registration accuracy.

VISUAL SIMULATION OF COLD ROLL-FORMING BASED ON OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING

To simulate the process of cold roll-forming process, a new method isadopted. The theoretical foundation of this method is an elastic-plastic large deformation splinefinite strip method based on object-oriented programming. Combined with the computer graphicstechnology, the visual simulation of cold roll-forming is completed and the system is established.By analyzing common channel steel, the process is shown and explained including theory method, modeland result display. So the simulation system is already a kind of mature and effective tool toanalyze the process of cold roll forming.

Role Modeling: A Modeling Method for Software Pattern at Knowledge Level

Based on dominant degree of role model among the viewpoints for object oriented modeling process, it dissertates that role modeling is a modeling method for software pattern at knowledge level. After giving some examples for modeling design pattern and analysis pattern at knowledge level using role model, it presents a process for refining design pattern from role model to class model and event trace diagram of UML. In this paper, we advocate the opinion that role modeling before object modeling of UML.