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An Approach to Detect Structural Development Defects in Object-Oriented Programs
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作者 Maxime Seraphin Gnagne Mouhamadou Dosso +1 位作者 Mamadou Diarra Souleymane Oumtanaga 《Open Journal of Applied Sciences》 2024年第2期494-510,共17页
Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detecti... Structural development defects essentially refer to code structure that violates object-oriented design principles. They make program maintenance challenging and deteriorate software quality over time. Various detection approaches, ranging from traditional heuristic algorithms to machine learning methods, are used to identify these defects. Ensemble learning methods have strengthened the detection of these defects. However, existing approaches do not simultaneously exploit the capabilities of extracting relevant features from pre-trained models and the performance of neural networks for the classification task. Therefore, our goal has been to design a model that combines a pre-trained model to extract relevant features from code excerpts through transfer learning and a bagging method with a base estimator, a dense neural network, for defect classification. To achieve this, we composed multiple samples of the same size with replacements from the imbalanced dataset MLCQ1. For all the samples, we used the CodeT5-small variant to extract features and trained a bagging method with the neural network Roberta Classification Head to classify defects based on these features. We then compared this model to RandomForest, one of the ensemble methods that yields good results. Our experiments showed that the number of base estimators to use for bagging depends on the defect to be detected. Next, we observed that it was not necessary to use a data balancing technique with our model when the imbalance rate was 23%. Finally, for blob detection, RandomForest had a median MCC value of 0.36 compared to 0.12 for our method. However, our method was predominant in Long Method detection with a median MCC value of 0.53 compared to 0.42 for RandomForest. These results suggest that the performance of ensemble methods in detecting structural development defects is dependent on specific defects. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented Programming Structural Development Defect Detection Software Maintenance Pre-Trained Models Features Extraction BAGGING Neural Network
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An Edge-assisted, Object-oriented Random Forest Approach for Refined Extraction of Tea Plantations Using Multi-temporal Sentinel-2 and High-resolution Gaofen-2 Imagery
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作者 Juanjuan YU Xiufeng HE +4 位作者 Jia XU Zhuang GAO Peng YANG Yuanyuan CHEN Jiacheng XIONG 《Journal of Geodesy and Geoinformation Science》 CSCD 2023年第1期31-46,共16页
As a consumed and influential natural plant beverage,tea is widely planted in subtropical and tropical areas all over the world.Affected by(sub)tropical climate characteristics,the underlying surface of the tea distri... As a consumed and influential natural plant beverage,tea is widely planted in subtropical and tropical areas all over the world.Affected by(sub)tropical climate characteristics,the underlying surface of the tea distribution area is extremely complex,with a variety of vegetation types.In addition,tea distribution is scattered and fragmentized in most of China.Therefore,it is difficult to obtain accurate tea information based on coarse resolution remote sensing data and existing feature extraction methods.This study proposed a boundary-enhanced,object-oriented random forest method on the basis of high-resolution GF-2 and multi-temporal Sentinel-2 data.This method uses multispectral indexes,textures,vegetable indices,and variation characteristics of time-series NDVI from the multi-temporal Sentinel-2 imageries to obtain abundant features related to the growth of tea plantations.To reduce feature redundancy and computation time,the feature elimination algorithm based on Mean Decrease Accuracy(MDA)was used to generate the optimal feature set.Considering the serious boundary inconsistency problem caused by the complex and fragmented land cover types,high resolution GF-2 image was segmented based on the MultiResolution Segmentation(MRS)algorithm to assist the segmentation of Sentinel-2,which contributes to delineating meaningful objects and enhancing the reliability of the boundary for tea plantations.Finally,the object-oriented random forest method was utilized to extract the tea information based on the optimal feature combination in the Jingmai Mountain,Yunnan Province.The resulting tea plantation map had high accuracy,with a 95.38%overall accuracy and 0.91 kappa coefficient.We conclude that the proposed method is effective for mapping tea plantations in high heterogeneity mountainous areas and has the potential for mapping tea plantations in large areas. 展开更多
关键词 tea plantation mapping MULTI-TEMPORAL edge-assisted object-oriented random forest Sentinel-2 Gaofen-2
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Exploration on 5E Teaching Principle-based Education for the Object-oriented Software Construction Course
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作者 Cuiyun Gao Jia Xie +3 位作者 Bin Zhou Jianghong Ma Jianlong Wu Yunming Ye 《计算机教育》 2023年第12期187-194,共8页
Most current object-oriented programming courses offered by domestic colleges and universities generally focus on the object-oriented programming language itself,i.e.,the programming grammar of the language,but ignore... Most current object-oriented programming courses offered by domestic colleges and universities generally focus on the object-oriented programming language itself,i.e.,the programming grammar of the language,but ignore the design pattern.However,design patterns are essential to software engineering because they can solve common problems in software design and improve code reuse,readability,extensibility,and reliability.Our Object-oriented Software Construction Course is creative since it aims at cultivating students’object-oriented thinking as well as basic abilities required to construct high-quality,object-oriented software.Specifically,we exploit the 5E teaching principle during the education of this course,and present the whole pipeline in the paper.We also provide one case of the factory pattern to further demonstrate the implementation of the 5E teaching principle in the course.The effect of the 5E teaching principle has also been demonstrated. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented software construction 5E teaching principle PROGRAMMING Design pattern
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Object-Oriented Modeling of the Variation of Acceleration and Deceleration Characteristics in Relation to Speed Bands for Railway Vehicles
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作者 Hyun-Soo Jeong Jong-Young Park Hanmin Lee 《Energy and Power Engineering》 2023年第8期277-290,共14页
Automated operation and artificial intelligence technology have become essential for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and punctuality of railways, with applications such as ATO (Automatic Train Operation). In this stu... Automated operation and artificial intelligence technology have become essential for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and punctuality of railways, with applications such as ATO (Automatic Train Operation). In this study, the authors propose a method to efficiently simulate the kinematic characteristics of railroad vehicles depending on their speed zone. They utilized the function overloading function supported by a programming language and applied the fourth-order Lunge-Kutta method for dynamic simulation. By constructing an object model, the authors calculated vehicle characteristics and TPS and compared them with actual values, verifying that the developed model represents the real-life vehicle characteristics accurately. The study highlights potential improvements in automated driving and energy consumption optimization in the railway industry. 展开更多
关键词 Railway Vehicle ATO Lunge-Kutta Method object-oriented Model Function Overloading
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OBJECT-ORIENTED IMPLEMENTATION OF EXPERT SYSTEMS FOR ENGINE LUBRICATING OIL INSPECTION
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作者 杨忠 左洪福 +2 位作者 刘正埙 干敏梁 吴惠祥 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 1997年第2期170-176,共7页
The inspection of engine lubricating oil can give an indication of the internal condition of an engine. By means of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), an expert system is developed in this paper to computerize the... The inspection of engine lubricating oil can give an indication of the internal condition of an engine. By means of the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), an expert system is developed in this paper to computerize the inspection. The traditional components of an expert system, such us knowledge base, inference engine and user interface are reconstructed and integrated, based on the Microsoft Foundation Class (MFC) library. To testify the expert system, an inspection example is given at the end of this paper. 展开更多
关键词 expert systems lubricating oil object-oriented engines INSPECTION
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Visual object-oriented application for lane following on intelligent highway system
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作者 王春燕 王炜 +1 位作者 陆建 常玉林 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2003年第2期165-167,共3页
A visual object-oriented software for lane following on intelligent highway system (IHS) is proposed. According to object-oriented theory, 3 typical user services of self-check, transfer of human driving and automatic... A visual object-oriented software for lane following on intelligent highway system (IHS) is proposed. According to object-oriented theory, 3 typical user services of self-check, transfer of human driving and automatic running and abnormal information input from the sensors are chosen out. In addition, the functions of real-time display, information exchanging interface, determination and operation interweaving in the 3 user services are separated into 5 object-oriented classes. Moreover, the 5 classes are organized in the visual development environment. At last, experimental result proves the validity and reliability of the control application. 展开更多
关键词 intelligent transportation system intelligent highway system lane following visual object-oriented application
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Meta-analysis of potentially confounding effect of class size on associations between object-oriented metrics and maintainability
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作者 卢红敏 周毓明 徐宝文 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2008年第3期281-283,共3页
This paper uses three size metrics,which are collectable during the design phase,to analyze the potentially confounding effect of class size on the associations between object-oriented(OO)metrics and maintainability... This paper uses three size metrics,which are collectable during the design phase,to analyze the potentially confounding effect of class size on the associations between object-oriented(OO)metrics and maintainability.To draw as many general conclusions as possible,the confounding effect of class size is analyzed on 127 C++ systems and 113 Java systems.For each OO metric,the indirect effect that represents the distortion of the association caused by class size and its variance for individual systems is first computed.Then,a statistical meta-analysis technique is used to compute the average indirect effect over all the systems and to determine if it is significantly different from zero.The experimental results show that the confounding effects of class size on the associations between OO metrics and maintainability generally exist,regardless of whatever size metric is used.Therefore,empirical studies validating OO metrics on maintainability should consider class size as a confounding variable. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented metrics VALIDATION class size CONFOUNDING MAINTAINABILITY
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REALIZATION OF OBJECT-ORIENTED RULE-TYPE EXPERT SYSTEM TEMPLATE
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作者 杨忠 左洪福 沈春林 《Transactions of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics》 EI 2003年第2期218-223,共6页
Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-ori... Expert systems (ESs) are being increasingly applied to the fault diagnosis of engines. Based on the idea of ES template (EST), an object-oriented rule-type EST is emphatically studied on such aspects as the object-oriented knowledge representation, the heuristic inference engine with an improved depth-first search (DFS) and the graphical user interface. A diagnositic ES instance for debris on magnetic chip detectors (MCDs) is then created with the EST. The spot running shows that the rule-type EST enhances the abilities of knowledge representation and heuristic inference, and breaks a new way for the rapid construction and implementation of ES. 展开更多
关键词 expert system object-oriented TEMPLATE RULE fault diagnosis
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The Design and Implementation of an Object-Oriented Hypermedia System
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作者 曹元大 马锐 《Journal of Beijing Institute of Technology》 EI CAS 1997年第1期78-84,共7页
Presents an object-oriented NBO(node-block-object)data model for hypermedia system.It takes advantage of object-oriented method,encapsulates all multimedia information as well as link functions in one unit,It has succ... Presents an object-oriented NBO(node-block-object)data model for hypermedia system.It takes advantage of object-oriented method,encapsulates all multimedia information as well as link functions in one unit,It has successfully achieved cross link to offer much better flexibility and two-way link to realize forward and backward searching in hypermedia system navigation.A conditional relation on links has also been realized,that is very helpful for time sensitive multimedia information processing and multimedia object cooperation. 展开更多
关键词 MULTIMEDIA HYPERMEDIA LINK object-oriented programming
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A Prototypical 3D Graphical Visualizer for Object-Oriented Systems
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作者 华庆一 董诚 《Journal of Computer Science & Technology》 SCIE EI CSCD 1996年第5期489-496,共8页
This paper describes a framework for visualizing object-oriented systems within a 3D interactive environment. The 3D visualizer represents the structure of a program as Cylinder Net that simultaneously specifies two r... This paper describes a framework for visualizing object-oriented systems within a 3D interactive environment. The 3D visualizer represents the structure of a program as Cylinder Net that simultaneously specifies two relationships between objects within 3D virtual space. Additionally it represents additional relationships on demand when objects are moved into local focus. The 3D visualizer is implemented using a 3D graphics toolkit, TOAST, that implements 3D widgets and 3D graphics to ease the programming task for 3D visualization. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented system program visualization 3D graphics
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Pre-post notation is questionable in effectively specifying operations of object-oriented systems
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作者 Shaoying LIU 《Frontiers of Materials Science》 SCIE CSCD 2011年第3期341-352,共12页
There is a growing tendency for people in the community of object-oriented methods to use preand post-conditions to write formal specifications for opera- tions (methods) of classes. The motivation for trying to tak... There is a growing tendency for people in the community of object-oriented methods to use preand post-conditions to write formal specifications for opera- tions (methods) of classes. The motivation for trying to take advantage of well established formalism in precisely defining the functionality of operations is laudable, but unfortunately this exercise may be flawed because the use of pre- and post-conditions containing method calls (or similar) with side effects are likely to cause confusion in the interpretation of specifications. This paper analyzes, with comprehensible examples, why using pre-post notation is not effective to specify operations in objectoriented systems in general, discusses existing approaches to using pre-post notation for object-oriented systems, and offers some solutions to the problem. 展开更多
关键词 formal specification object-oriented systems software development
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Shrek:a dynamic object-oriented programming language 被引量:1
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作者 曹璟 徐宝文 周毓明 《Journal of Southeast University(English Edition)》 EI CAS 2009年第1期31-35,共5页
From a perspective of theoretical study, there are some faults in the models of the existing object-oriented programming languages. For example, C# does not support metaclasses, the primitive types of Java and C# are ... From a perspective of theoretical study, there are some faults in the models of the existing object-oriented programming languages. For example, C# does not support metaclasses, the primitive types of Java and C# are not objects, etc. So, this paper designs a programming language, Shrek, which integrates many language features and constructions in a compact and consistent model. The Shrek language is a class-based purely object-oriented language. It has a dynamical strong type system, and adopts a single-inheritance mechanism with Mixin as its complement. It has a consistent class instantiation and inheritance structure, and the ability of intercessive structural computational reflection, which enables it to support safe metaclass programming. It also supports multi-thread programming and automatic garbage collection, and enforces its expressive power by adopting a native method mechanism. The prototype system of the Shrek language is implemented and anticipated design goals are achieved. 展开更多
关键词 dynamic typing metaclass programming computational reflection native method object-oriented programming language
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Object-oriented Urban Dynamic Monitoring——A Case Study of Haidian District of Beijing 被引量:9
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作者 An Kai Zhang Jinshui Xiao Yu 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2007年第3期236-242,共7页
It is crucial to conduct the land use/cover research to obtain the global change information.Urban area is one of the most sensitive areas in land use/cover change.Therefore land use/cover change in urban areas is ver... It is crucial to conduct the land use/cover research to obtain the global change information.Urban area is one of the most sensitive areas in land use/cover change.Therefore land use/cover change in urban areas is very im-portant in global change.It is vital to incorporate the information of urban land use/cover change into the process of decision-making about urban area development.In this paper,a new urban change detection approach,urban dynamic monitoring based on objects,is introduced.This approach includes four steps:1)producing multi-scale objects from multi-temporal remotely sensed images with spectrum,texture and context information;2)extracting possible changed objects adopting object-oriented classification;3)obtaining shared objects as the basic units for urban change detection;4)determining the threshold to segment the changed objects from the possible changed objects using Otsu method.In this paper,the object-based approach was applied to detecting the urban expansion in Haidian District,Beijing,China with two Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM)data in 1997 and 2004.The results indicated that the overall accuracy was about 84.83%,and Kappa about 0.785.Compared with other conventional approaches,the object-based approach was advantageous in reducing the error accumulation of image classification of each datum and in independence to the radiometric correction and image registration accuracy. 展开更多
关键词 urban change detection object-oriented method remote sensing land use/cover Otsu method
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Modeling Method of Automotive Body CAN/LIN Nets Application Protocol Based on Object-oriented Colored Petri Net 被引量:8
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作者 FANG Hua HAN Jianghong and LIU Xiaoping 《Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2011年第6期999-1006,共8页
Recently automotive nets are adopted to solve increasing problems in automotive electronic systems.Technologies of automotive local area network from CAN and LIN can solve the problems of the increasing of wire bunch ... Recently automotive nets are adopted to solve increasing problems in automotive electronic systems.Technologies of automotive local area network from CAN and LIN can solve the problems of the increasing of wire bunch weight and lack in module installation space.However,the multilayer automotive nets software becomes more and more complex,and the development expense is difficult to predict and to keep in check.In this paper,the modeling method of hierarchical automotive nets and the substitution operation based on object-oriented colored Petri net(OOCPN) are proposed.The OOCPN model which analyzes the software structure and validates the collision mechanism of CAN/LIN bus can speed the automobile system development.First,the subsystems are divided and modeled by object-oriented Petri net(OOPN).According to the sets of message sharing relations,the message ports among them are set and the communication gate transitions are defined.Second,the OOPN model is substituted step by step until the inner objects in the automotive body control modules(BCM) are indivisible and colored by colored Petri net(CPN).And the color subsets mark the node messages for the collision mechanism.Third,the OOCPN model of the automotive body CAN/LIN nets is assembled,which keeps the message sets and the system can be expanded.The proposed model is used to analyze features of information sharing among the objects,and it is also used to describe each subsystem real-time behavior of processing messages and implemental device controllers operating,and puts forward a reasonable software framework for the automotive body control subsystem.The research can help to design the communication model in the automotive body system effectively and provide a convenient and rapid way for developing the logical hierarchy software. 展开更多
关键词 automotive body CAN/LIN bus information sharing object-oriented colored Petri net modeling
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Review of Remotely Sensed Imagery Classification Patterns Based on Object-oriented Image Analysis 被引量:9
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作者 LIU Yongxue LI Manchun +2 位作者 MAO Liang XU Feifei HUANG Shuo 《Chinese Geographical Science》 SCIE CSCD 2006年第3期282-288,共7页
With the wide use of high-resolution remotely sensed imagery, the object-oriented remotely sensed informa- tion classification pattern has been intensively studied. Starting with the definition of object-oriented remo... With the wide use of high-resolution remotely sensed imagery, the object-oriented remotely sensed informa- tion classification pattern has been intensively studied. Starting with the definition of object-oriented remotely sensed information classification pattern and a literature review of related research progress, this paper sums up 4 developing phases of object-oriented classification pattern during the past 20 years. Then, we discuss the three aspects of method- ology in detail, namely remotely sensed imagery segmentation, feature analysis and feature selection, and classification rule generation, through comparing them with remotely sensed information classification method based on per-pixel. At last, this paper presents several points that need to be paid attention to in the future studies on object-oriented RS in- formation classification pattern: 1) developing robust and highly effective image segmentation algorithm for multi-spectral RS imagery; 2) improving the feature-set including edge, spatial-adjacent and temporal characteristics; 3) discussing the classification rule generation classifier based on the decision tree; 4) presenting evaluation methods for classification result by object-oriented classification pattern. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented image analysis remote sensing classification pattern
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NDVI-Based Lacunarity Texture for Improving Identification of Torreya Using Object-Oriented Method 被引量:5
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作者 HAN Ning WU Jing +2 位作者 Amir Reza Shah Tahmassebi XU Hong-wei WANG Ke 《Agricultural Sciences in China》 CAS CSCD 2011年第9期1431-1444,共14页
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a very useful feature for differentiating vegetation and non-vegetation in remote sensed imagery. In the light of the function of NDVI and the spatial patterns of the... Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a very useful feature for differentiating vegetation and non-vegetation in remote sensed imagery. In the light of the function of NDVI and the spatial patterns of the vegetation landscapes, we proposed the lacunarity texture derived from NDVI to characterize the spatial patterns of vegetation landscapes concerning the "gappiness" or "emptiness" characteristics. The NDVI-based lacunarity texture was incorporated into object-oriented classification for improving the identification of vegetation categories, especially Torreya which was the targeted tree species in the present research. A three-level hierarchical network of image objects was defined and the proposed texture was integrated as potential sources of information in the rules base. A knowledge base of rules created by classifier C5.0 indicated that the texture could potentially be applied in object-oriented classification. It was found that the addition of such texture improved the identification of every vegetation category. The results demonstrated that the texture could characterize the spatial patterns of vegetation structures, which could be a promising approach for vegetation identification. 展开更多
关键词 Torreya NDVI LACUNARITY class hierarchy object-oriented method decision tree spatial pattern
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Analysis and Design of Soils and Terrain Digital Database (SOTER) Management System Based on Object-Oriented Method 被引量:4
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作者 ZHANGHAITAO ZHOUYONG +2 位作者 R.V.BIRNIE A.SIBBALD RENYI 《Pedosphere》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2003年第2期111-120,共10页
A SOTER management system was developed by analyzing, designing, programming, testing, repeated proceeding and progressing based on the object-oriented method. The function of the attribute database management is inhe... A SOTER management system was developed by analyzing, designing, programming, testing, repeated proceeding and progressing based on the object-oriented method. The function of the attribute database management is inherited and expanded in the new system. The integrity and security of the SOTER database are enhanced. The attribute database management, the spatial database management and the model base are integrated into SOTER based on the component object model (COM), and the graphical user interface (GUI) for Windows is used to interact with clients, thus being easy to create and maintain the SOTER, and convenient to promote the quantification and automation of soil information application. 展开更多
关键词 component object model database model object-oriented SOTER
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STUDY ON AN OBJECT-ORIENTED FEATURE-BASED CAD OF HYDRAULIC MANIFOLD BLOCK 被引量:3
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《Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2000年第3期206-211,共6页
关键词 CAD STUDY ON AN object-oriented FEATURE-BASED CAD OF HYDRAULIC MANIFOLD BLOCK ACIS
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Pine wilt disease detection in high-resolution UAV images using object-oriented classification 被引量:2
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作者 Zhao Sun Yifu Wang +4 位作者 Lei Pan Yunhong Xie Bo Zhang Ruiting Liang Yujun Sun 《Journal of Forestry Research》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2022年第4期1377-1389,共13页
Pine wilt disease(PWD)is currently one of the main causes of large-scale forest destruction.To control the spread of PWD,it is essential to detect affected pine trees quickly.This study investigated the feasibility of... Pine wilt disease(PWD)is currently one of the main causes of large-scale forest destruction.To control the spread of PWD,it is essential to detect affected pine trees quickly.This study investigated the feasibility of using the object-oriented multi-scale segmentation algorithm to identify trees discolored by PWD.We used an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)platform equipped with an RGB digital camera to obtain high spatial resolution images,and multiscale segmentation was applied to delineate the tree crown,coupling the use of object-oriented classification to classify trees discolored by PWD.Then,the optimal segmentation scale was implemented using the estimation of scale parameter(ESP2)plug-in.The feature space of the segmentation results was optimized,and appropriate features were selected for classification.The results showed that the optimal scale,shape,and compactness values of the tree crown segmentation algorithm were 56,0.5,and 0.8,respectively.The producer’s accuracy(PA),user’s accuracy(UA),and F1 score were 0.722,0.605,and 0.658,respectively.There were no significant classification errors in the final classification results,and the low accuracy was attributed to the low number of objects count caused by incorrect segmentation.The multi-scale segmentation and object-oriented classification method could accurately identify trees discolored by PWD with a straightforward and rapid processing.This study provides a technical method for monitoring the occurrence of PWD and identifying the discolored trees of disease using UAV-based high-resolution images. 展开更多
关键词 object-oriented classification Multi-scale segmentation UAV images Pine wilt disease
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STOCHASTIC OBJECT-ORIENTED PETRI NETS (SOPNS) AND ITS APPLICATION IN MODELING OF MANUFACTURING SYSTEM RELIABILITY 被引量:7
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作者 JiangZhibin HeJunming 《Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2003年第3期272-276,284,共6页
Object-oriented Petri nets (OPNs) is extended into stochastic object-oriented Petri nets (SOPNs) by associating the OPN of an object with stochastic transitions and introducing stochastic places. The stochastic transi... Object-oriented Petri nets (OPNs) is extended into stochastic object-oriented Petri nets (SOPNs) by associating the OPN of an object with stochastic transitions and introducing stochastic places. The stochastic transition of the SOPNs of a production resources can be used to model its reliability, while the SOPN of a production resource can describe its performance with reliability considered. The SOPN model of a case production system is built to illustrate the relationship between the system's performances and the failures of individual production resources. 展开更多
关键词 Stochastic object-oriented Petri nets Modeling Reliability Manufacturing system
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