Some Experiments with Multivariate Objective Analysis Scheme of Heights and Winds Using Optimum Interpolation

A two-dimensional, multitvariate objective analysis scheme for simultaneous analysis of geopotential height and wind fields has been developed over Indian and adjoining region for use in numerical weather prediction. The height-height correlations calculated using daily data of four July months (1976-1979), are used to derive the other autocorrelations and cross-correlations assuming geostropic relationship. A Gaussian function is used to model the autocorrelation function. Since the scheme is multivariate the regression coefficients (weights) are matrix.Near the equator, the geostrophic approximation relating mass and wind is decoupled in a way similar to Bergman (1979). The objective analyses were made over Indian and adjoining region for 850, 700, 500, 300 and 200 hPa levels for the period from 4 July to 8 July 1979, 12 GMT. The analyses obtained using multivariate optimum interpolation scheme depict the synoptic situations satisfactorily. The analyses were also compared with the FGGE analyses (from ECMWF) and also with the station observations by computing the root mean square (RMS) errors and the RMS errors are comparable with those obtained in other similar studies.

Object use in insects

Insects are the most diverse group of organisms in the animal kingdom,and some species exhibit complex social behaviors.Although research on insect object use is still in its early stages,insects have already been shown to display rich object-use behaviors.This review focuses on patterns and behavioral flexibility in insect object-use behavior,and the role of cultural evolution in the development of object-use behaviors.Object use in insects is not widespread but has been documented in a diverse set of taxa.Some insects can use objects flexibly and display various object-use patterns.Like mammals and birds,insects use objects in diverse activities,including foraging,predator defense,courtship,and play.Intelligence,pre-existing manipulative behaviors,and anatomical structure affect innovations in object use.In addition,learning and imitation are the main mechanisms underlying the spread of object-use behaviors within populations.Given that insects are one of the major animal groups engaging in object use,studies of insect object use could provide general insights into object use in the animal kingdom.

Imaging Transparent Objects in a Turbid Medium Using a Femtosecond Optical Kerr Gate

A femtosecond optical Kerr gate time-gated ballistic imaging method is demonstrated to image a transparent object in a turbid medium. The shape features of the object are obtained by time-resolved selection of the ballistic photons with different optical path lengths, the thickness distribution of the object is mapped, and the maximum is less than 3.6%. This time-resolved ballistic imaging has potential applications in studying properties of the liquid core in the near field of the fuel spray.

The Reform Objective of Urban Land Use System

Different people hold different views on the way of nrban land nse system reform in China.At the very beginning of land reform,the charge of land premium was commonly considered asthe reform odjective;and then the proposal of commoditizing land use right was put forward;andsome even proposed to change the land system completely and to abolish the state ownership ofurban land in China.It is the author’s opinion that the above three views deviate,more or less,from planned commodity economy,and the views are questionable.

Colored object encoding scheme in ghost imaging system using orbital angular momentum

A colored object encoding scheme in a ghost imaging （GI） system using orbital angular momentum is in- vestigated. A colored object is decomposed into three components and then each component is obtained in the idler arm using a multiple grayscale encoding scheme. Afterward, we synthesize the three reconstructed components into a colored image. The scheme is conducted and then presented through numerical simula- tions and experiments. The simulation result shows that the average peak signal-to-noise ratio （PSNR） is at 21.636 for the reconstructed color of the ＂Lena＂ image with 255 gray scales. The experiment also shows that the PSNR is 8.082 for the reconstructed color of the ＂NUPT＂ characters. The successful imaging of colored obiects extends the further use of the GI technique