The force of oblique incident wave on the breakwater with a partially perforated wall

Wave forces induced by the interaction between the oblique incident wave and the breakwater with a partially perforated front wall is investigated. The fluid domain is divided into two sub-domains and the eigen-function expansion method is applied to expanding velocity potentials in each domain. In the eigen-expansion of the velocity potential, evanescent waves are included. Numerical results of the present model are compared with other theories and a good agreement can be found between them. Experimental data have been compared with the present theoretical results. The effect of the traverse wall on wave forces has been discussed in detail. On the basis of the linear wave theory, it is shown that in the range Of engineering practice, the incident angle of wave has small influence on wave forces on the unit length of perforated caisson.

STUDY AND ANALYSIS OF CUTTING FORCES ON OBLIQUE CUTTING OF WOOD

Obilque cutting of wood is an important form of cutting wood. With the developing of woodworking industry, it is widely used in wood machinary processing such as planing, milling, sawing, drilling and so on. This paper takes oblique planing and helix milling of wood as examples. The influences of bevel angle and other factors on the cutting force have been shown. The changing rules of cutting forces have been summarized. On the basis of it, we especially carried out theoretical analysis on the changing rules of cutting forces and discussed the influence of the changing rules on practice.

Dynamic analysis of double-layer and pre-stressed multi-limb six-axis force sensor

In order to adapt to the specific task, the six-axis dynamic contact force between end-effectors of intelligent robots and working condition needs to be perceived. Therefore, the dynamic property of six-axis force sensor which is installed on the end-effectors of intelligent robots will have influence on the veracity of detection and judgment to working environment contact force by intelligent robots directly. In this paper, dynamic analysis to double-layer and pre-stressed multi-limb six-axis force sensor is conducted. First, the structure of the sensor is introduced, and the limb number is confirmed by introducing the related definitions of convex analysis. Then, based on vibration of multiple-degree-of-freedom system, a mechanical vibration simplified model of double-layer and pre-stressed multiple limb six-axis force sensor is set up. After that, movement differential equations of sensor and the response of analytical expression are deduced, and the movement differential equations is solved. Finally, taking the double-layer and pre-stressed seven limb six-axis force sensor as an example, numerical calculation and simulation of deriving result is conducted, which verify the correctness and feasibility of the theoretical analysis.

Oblique and Multi-Directional Random Wave Loads on Vertical Breakwaters

Extensive 3-D model tests have been performed to study the effects of wave obliquity and multi-directionality on the wave loads acting on vertical breakwaters. The variation of horizontal and uplift forces acting on an unit length of a breakwater with wave direction, the longitudinal distribution of wave forces, as well as the longitudinal load reduction are analyzed. Some empirical formulae of the longitudinal distribution coefficient and the longitudinal load reduction factor are presented for practical use.

Scattering of Oblique Water Waves by Two Unequal Surface-Piercing Vertical Thin Plates with Stepped Bottom Topography

Based on linear water-wave theory, this study investigated the scattering of oblique incident water waves by two unequal surface-piercing thin vertical rigid plates with stepped bottom topography. By using the matched eigenfunction expansion method and a least square approach, the analytical solutions are sought for the established boundary value problem. The effects of the incidence angle, location of step, depth ratio of deep to shallow waters,and column width between two plates, on the reflection coefficients, the horizontal wave forces acting on the two plates, and the mean surface elevation between the two plates, are numerically examined under a variety of wave conditions. The results show that the existence of the stepped bottom between two plates considerably impacts the hydrodynamic performances of the present system. It is found that the effect of stepped bottom on the reflection coefficient of the present two-plate structure is evident only with waves of the low dimensionless frequency.Moreover, the influence of the step location on the hydrodynamic performance of the present two-plate structure is slight if the step is placed in between the two plates.

Wave Forces Acting on Vertical Walls

Regular and irregular wave forces acting on vertical walls are studied by a previously developed numerical model. The computed wave forces are compared with the available experimental data to verify the numerical model, and satisfactory agreements are obtained. The variation of wave forces with incident angles and the shape of simultaneous pressure distribution are investigated, and the comparisons between numerical results and Goda＇ s predictions are also carried out. It is concluded that the maximum wave forces acting on the unit length of vertical wall is often induced by the obliquely incident waves instead of normally incident waves, while Goda＇ s formula may be inapplicable for oblique wave incidence. The shape of simultaneous pressure distribution is not significantly influenced by incident angles, and it can be favorably predicted by Goda＇ s formula. When regular wave heights are taken as the same as irregular wave height H1%, the irregular wave forces Ph. 1% are slightly larger than regular wave forces in most cases.

A comparative crashworthiness analysis of multi-cell polygonal tubes under axial and oblique loads

In order to investigate the energy absorption characteristics of multi-cell polygonal tubes with different cross-sectional configurations,firstly,the theoretical formulae of the mean crushing force under axial load for four multi-cell polygonal tubes were derived by combining the Super Folding Element theory with Zhang’s research results.These formulae can be used to validate the numerical model and quickly evaluate the energy absorption ability of multi-cell polygonal tubes.Furthermore,a comparative study on the energy absorption performance of eight multi-cell polygonal tubes under axial and oblique loads was conducted.The results show that all tubes have a stable mixed deformation mode under axial load.The multi-cell decagon tube has better energy-absorption ability compared with other tubes.Whenθis less than 10°,all the tubes maintain a stable deformation mode,and the multi-cell decagon tube also has the biggest crushing force efficiency and specific energy absorption among these eight tubes;meanwhile compared with the results atθ=0°,the specific energy absorption of all tubes decreases by about 8%-21%,while the crushing force efficiency increases by 20%-56%.However,at large angles 20°and 30°,all of the tubes collapse in bending modes and lose their effectiveness at energy absorption.

多连杆式下斜刃横切剪剪切力数值分析

针对多连杆式下斜刃横切剪剪切力求解问题,采用有限单元法建立了数值求解模型。用装配后的实物进行了剪切实验,将数值解和实验解、文献解进行对比,三者结果之间比较吻合,验证了数值求解模型合理性。对不同带材厚度h、剪刃侧向间隙Δ、下剪刃斜度tanα、剪切液压缸伸出速度v及上下剪刃磨损量ω下的横切剪剪切力分布规律进行了归纳。分析结果表明,下剪刃磨损对剪切力的分布影响大于上剪刃的磨损,剪切厚度为6mm的带材的最佳剪刃侧向间隙Δ可取为(0.4±0.1)mm、下剪刃斜度tanα可取为1/25、剪切液压缸伸出速度可取为(300±50)mm/s。提出了横切剪在设计、选型、电气调试以及实际使用过程中的一些建议。

大口径锥头弹体高速倾斜入水偏转规律数值模拟

结合某大口径锥头弹体高速倾斜入水试验,采用任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrange-Euler,ALE)流固耦合方法对弹体倾斜入水偏转行为进行数值模拟,研究了弹体以500 m/s高速倾斜入水过程中不同受力模式、载荷变化特征以及弹体发生偏转的力学机理,分析了入水角度对弹体偏转规律的影响。结果表明:在俯仰力矩作用下,弹体均发生抬头方向偏转,且偏转速度呈现先增大后减小的趋势,偏转程度在不同入水角度范围内呈现不同的变化趋势。当入水角度小于15°时,弹体会发生“跳弹”现象;当入水角度为30°~60°时,弹体偏转趋势基本一致,均由初始倾斜状态逐渐转动至水平状态、竖直状态并最终以弹头入水反方向的“出水”姿态向水下运动;当入水角度为75°时,弹体转动至水平状态后,并未继续偏转至竖直状态,弹头以朝斜上方的姿态向水下运动;弹体的入水侵深随入水角度的增大而增大,且增大趋势近似满足指数函数关系。

面向临床应用的股骨颈斜向钻削机制研究

股骨颈骨折是股骨头以下至股骨基底部之间的骨折,在内固定治疗时存在不同角度的置钉需求。采用正交实验设计方案对各向异性股骨颈材料进行仿真实验和牛股骨钻削实验,旨在研究施加生理盐水条件下股骨颈斜向钻削基理。对采集的钻削轴向力和温度结果进行方差和响应面分析,并通过Design-Expert软件对实验结果进行寻优。研究结果表明:在研究范围内,钻削参数为n=1500r/min,f=40mm/min时,各角度轴向力最低;钻削角度超过20.9°时,进给速度为40mm/min的生理盐水流速存在局限性。

Computation of the Viscous Hydrodynamic Forces on a KVLCC2 Model Moving Obliquely in Shallow Water

The viscous hydrodynamic force and moment on ships moving obliquely in shallow water are important for ship navigation safety.In the paper,the viscous flow field around a KVLCC2 model moving obliquely in shallow water is simulated and the hydrodynamic drag,lateral force and yaw moment acting on the hull are obtained by a general purpose computational fluid dynamics(CFD) package FLUENT with shear-stress transport(SST) k—ωturbulence model.The numerical computation is performed at different drift angels and water depths.The numerical results are compared with experimental results,and a good agreement is demonstrated.

Effects of process parameters on periodic impact force exerting on cutting tool in ultrasonic vibration-assisted oblique turning

During ultrasonic vibration-assisted machining,the large impact force induced by tool-workpiece reengagement(TWR)is an important factor that affects tool chipping.However,mechanical analysis into process factors that affect the impact force and their influencing mechanisms are insufficient.Herein,a prediction model for the instantaneous cutting force during both TWR and the stable turning process,which depends on the process parameters and material properties,is firstly proposed based on the kinematic and dynamic analysis of ultrasonic vibration-assisted oblique turning(UVAOT).The results calculated using the developed cutting force model agree well with the experimental results presented in the literature.Next,the linear change law of the instantaneous cutting force with cutting time during the actual TWR is clarified using the proposed model.The effect of the UVAOT process parameters on the average impact force during the periodic TWR process is discussed,and the influence mechanism is analyzed from the perspective of mechanics.A positive linear correlation is discovered between the feed speed and average impact force.The ultrasonic amplitude and cutting speed do not significantly affect the average impact force of the new sharp cutting tools.These findings are consistent with the experimental observations of tool chipping and are applicable to select process parameters for reducing tool chipping during UVAOT.

基于斜角切削理论的钛合金螺旋铣孔切削力建模

通过分析螺旋铣孔的加工原理和计算加工过程中的运动向量,结合侧刃和底刃对切削力的影响,建立了螺旋铣孔过程的切削力解析模型。提出了基于斜角切削的切削力系数辨识方法,并根据斜角切削过程几何关系推导出摩擦角、剪切角、剪切应力的约束方程。开展切削力系数辨识试验和钛合金螺旋铣孔试验对仿真值进行验证,结果表明,切削力的仿真值与试验值误差较小,平均误差为9.55%,从而验证了斜角切削系数辨识方法的有效性和切削力模型的正确性。

硬目标内弹体斜侵彻状态的基本演化特性

为归纳已有硬目标内弹体斜侵彻受力和运动模型的普遍模式,基于刚性弹假设和弹靶分离思想,将弹体侵彻硬目标的过程视为侵彻力场中的运动。依据侵彻力场的时间平移不变性和关于正侵彻的对称性,推导了不依赖具体受力模型的弹道稳定性和弹体状态参数演化的共有规律。具体地,在正侵彻工况下、弹体完全侵入硬目标时,给出了弹体运动稳定性判据;在斜侵彻工况下或弹体不完全侵入硬目标时,也给出了弹体运动平衡性与稳定性判据的数值求解方法。上述判据均表明弹体速度、角速度和攻角对于弹体侵彻状态演化有重要影响,而攻角的影响最为显著。此外,对于侵彻过程中的任意时刻,还依据分析力学方法证明了侵彻状态演化的封闭性。上述关于弹体运动平衡性、稳定性和状态演化封闭性的推导具有通用性质,可为侵彻试验和仿真工况的设计提供指导。

弧齿锥齿轮成形加工切削力理论模型

针对弧齿锥齿轮成形法中切削力计算的问题,提出了一种理论计算方法,将铣齿过程中的复杂状况转化为力学模型,并对力学模型进行求解。首先,结合弧齿锥齿轮成形法加工状况,采用斜角切削理论推导出弧齿锥齿轮微观切削力模型;其次,分析成形法加工弧齿锥齿轮中的切削面积,结合弧齿锥齿轮微观切削力模型计算出弧齿锥齿轮成形法切削力;最后,计算一定工况条件下的切削力。计算结果与仿真、实验数据具有较好的一致性,表明理论模型适用于弧齿锥齿轮成形法切削力的预测,并且大幅缩短了计算时间。

刀具几何参数对Inconel 718切削力影响的仿真研究

Inconel 718是一种具有高硬度、高热强性和低导热性的难加工材料,切削加工中产生的较大切削力导致工件质量和刀具寿命的降低。由于刀具几何参数对切削力有很大的影响,因此通过仿真手段研究了Inconel 718斜角切削加工中前角、后角、钝圆半径、刃倾角和主偏角五个参数对切削力的影响,获得了刀具几何参数的最优方案,并建立了切削力的回归模型。结果表明,在给定的参数范围内,各因素对切削力影响的主次顺序为钝圆半径、前角、主偏角、后角和刃倾角;获得最小切削力的参数组合为前角5°、后角6°、钝圆半径0 mm、刃倾角10°、主偏角55°。

斜风作用下季冻区隧道冻胀力分布规律及结构安全性评价

为分析不均匀冻胀荷载对季冻区隧道结构受力及安全性的影响,依托某新建铁路隧道工程,在凝练工程区气象特征的基础上,利用数值模拟手段分析了斜风作用下隧道温度场的分布特征,解析得到了支护结构的冻胀力荷载,在此基础上分析了支护结构的受力特征并开展了安全性评价。结果表明:斜风作用下隧道较小进深范围内迎风侧与背风侧温度场存在差异,进深10 m处差异最为显著;未铺设保温层条件下迎风侧围岩冻结深度约为背风侧的1.8倍,铺设保温层后迎风侧围岩冻结深度减小了约80%,背风侧围岩冻结区基本消失;围岩冻结深度不一致导致冻胀力荷载不均匀分布,冻胀力荷载作用下支护结构迎风侧的应力、轴力、弯矩均明显高于背风侧;未铺设保温层条件下仅仰拱区域符合安全性要求,铺设保温层后各区域均满足要求,但迎风侧安全性明显低于背风侧。

螺旋桨对船舶操纵运动水动力影响的数值研究

船-桨-舵相互作用是影响船舶操纵性能的重要因素之一。本文采用RANS方程求解方法并结合SST k-ω湍流模型,计及自由面兴波影响,螺旋桨用体积力法建模,数值模拟了带桨、舵的全附体集装箱船KCS船模的舵力试验、斜拖试验。为研究螺旋桨对操纵运动水动力的影响,分别对带螺旋桨和不带螺旋桨的船-舵系统进行计算,对比了船模水动力随漂角、舵角的变化情况。研究结果表明:带螺旋桨的船-舵系统的水动力和力矩对舵角的变化更加敏感;螺旋桨的运转主要增大了船艉部的横向力;在舵力试验和带舵角的斜拖试验中,螺旋桨对横向力、转艏力矩有显著的影响。

斜向波对斜坡堤胸墙波浪力的折减效应研究

总结对比了国内外现有斜向波作用下直立堤和斜坡堤胸墙波浪力折减计算方法。以北非某港口新建斜坡堤为例进行计算,并与二维、三维物理模型试验结果对比验证。结果表明:波向角呈30°作用于斜坡堤时,van Gent公式计算的单位堤长波浪力折减系数与实测值最接近,各直立堤单位堤长波浪力折减公式对斜坡堤胸墙计算整体偏保守;Mares-Nasarre公式计算的总波浪力纵向折减系数与实测值整体吻合较好,但未考虑水平力与浮托力的折减效应差异,与试验结果仍存在一定偏差;李玉成等的直立堤总波浪力纵向折减公式不适用本斜坡堤胸墙算例。研究成果可为类似港口工程提供参考。

基于板单元的钢-混凝土组合斜拉桥桥面板配筋优化设计

单索面钢-混凝土组合箱形截面斜拉桥由于存在索力传递效应、箱形截面扭转畸变、剪力滞效应等使其空间受力特征显著,所以如采用“传统1D杆系模型+横向框架模型”的设计理论,将会忽略桥面板面内水平剪应力,导致工程实践中桥面板斜向开裂病害发生。JTG 3362—2018《公路钢筋混凝土及预应力混凝土桥梁设计规范》提出设计应关注箱形截面的空间应力体系。基于新规范提出的基于平面应力的板单元结构设计方法,并将其应用于上海市昆阳路闵浦三桥斜拉桥混凝土桥面板的承载力配筋设计中。结果表明,基于平面应力的板单元结构设计方法与完整空间效应下的混凝土桥面板受力特征相吻合,能够准确识别结构重点关注的桥面板位置,并有效防止桥面板斜向开裂等病害的发生,从而可以指导钢-混凝土组合断面桥梁的混凝土桥面板配筋设计。