An Analysis of Observed Ocean Currents Data and Numerical Simulation in the Offshore Area of Jiaonan

Based on the diurnal consecutively observed data in the offshore area of Jiaonan in 2005, the paper tries to make a preliminary analysis of the specificity of ocean currents, tidal current property and residual current property in the area in observing dates. Then on the basis of observed data analysis and by employing the split-step method, the paper conducts a numerical simulation of the tidal current field, which can show the M2 tidal constituent tidal wave system, current ellipse distribution, maximum current velocity distribution and time-dependent current field. The calculated results agree well with the observed data, which can on the one hand reflect the basic specificities of temporal and spatial distribution of the M2 tidal constituent current field to some extent, and, on the other hand, offer more information about the hydrodynamic condition. So the paper would provide a scientific basis for the making of sea environment protection plans in the offshore area of Jiaonan under certain conditions.

A Comprehensive Observational Analysis for the Effects of Gas Cannons on Clouds and Precipitation

To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation,multisource observational data,including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction(NCEP)reanalysis,Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars,laser disdrometer,ground-based automatic weather station,wind profiler radar,and Lin'an C-band dualpolarization radar,were adopted in this study.Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar,we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro-and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement,the polarization echo characteristics before,during and after enhancement,and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure.The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration,and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased.The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased,and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement.The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to-20℃due to vertical updrafts.Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement,the concentration of small raindrops(lgN_(w))showed a significant increase,and the mass-weighted diameter D_(m)value decreased,indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect.After the precipitation enhancement,the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process,while the Dm increased,corresponding to an increase in rain intensity.The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement.

Improved strategy for estimating stem volume and forest biomass using moderate resolution remote sensing data and GIS

This study presents the utility of remote sensing （RS）, GIS and field observation data to estimate above ground biomass （AGB） and stem volume over tropical forest environment. Application of those data for the modeling of forest properties is site specific and highly uncertain, thus further study is encouraged. In this study we used 1460 sampling plots collected in 16 transects measuring tree diameter （DBH） and other forest properties which were useful for the biomass assessment. The study was carded out in tropical forest region in East Kalimantan, Indo- nesia. The AGB density was estimated applying an existing DBH - biomass equation. The estimate was superimposed over the modified GIS map of the study area, and the biomass density of each land cover was calculated. The RS approach was performed using a subset of sample data to develop the AGB and stem volume linear equation models. Pearson correlation statistics test was conducted using ETM bands reflectance, vegetation indices, image transform layers, Principal Component Analysis （PCA） bands, Tasseled Cap （TC）, Grey Level Co-Occurrence Matrix （GLCM） texture features and DEM data as the predictors. Two linear models were generated from the significant RS data. To analyze total biomass and stem volume of each land cover, Landsat ETM images from 2000 and 2003 were preprocessed, classified using maximum likelihood method, and filtered with the majority analysis. We found 158±16 m^3.ha^-1 of stem volume and 168±15 t.ha^-1 of AGB estimated from RS approach, whereas the field measurement and GIS estimated 157±92 m^3.ha^-1 and 167±94 t.ha^-1 of stem volume and AGB, respectively. The dynamics of biomass abundance from 2000 to 2003 were assessed from multi temporal ETM data and we found a slightly declining trend of total biomass over these periods. Remote sensing approach estimated lower biomass abundance than did the GIS and field measurement data. The earlier approach predicted 10.5 Gt and 10.3 Gt of total biomasses in 2000 and 2003, while the later estimated 11.9 Gt and 11.6 Gt of total biomasses, respectively. We found that GLCM mean texture features showed markedly strong correlations with stem volume and biomass.

THE EFFECTS OF BOGUS TYPHOON AND OBSERVED OCEANIC DATA ON THE ABILITY OF T_(213)L_(31) TO PREDICT TC TRACK

The abilities of typhoon (TC) track prediction by a medium-range forecast model T213L31 at National Meteorological Center are analyzed and its ability to improve its TC forecasts is discussed. The results show that about 57% of the TCs could be predicted by T213L31 but the initial position errors are large. The 43% area without the prediction of TC tracks is concentrated between 13°N and 20°N and east of 120°E and lack of conventional observation data is the main reason for the absence of TC prediction in this area. The adding of bogus TC could improve the ability of TC track prediction when there is no TC vortex in the analysis field, but could only have positive effects on the short-range TC track prediction when there is TC vortex in the T213L31 analysis field.

Simulation analysis of a method to improve data-transmission performance of Nanshan 26 m Radio Telescope based on Software-Defined Networks

Data Center of Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory(XAO-DC)commenced operating in 2015,and provides services including archiving,releasing and retrieving precious astronomical data collected by the Nanshan 26 m Radio Telescope(NSRT)over the years,and realises the open sharing of astronomical observation data.The observation data from NSRT are transmitted to XAO-DC 100 km away through dedicated fiber for long-term storage.With the continuous increase of data,the static architecture of the current network cannot meet NSRT data-transmission requirements due to limited network bandwidth.To get high-speed data-transmission using the existing static network architecture,a method for reconstruction data-transmission network using Software-Defined Networks(SDN)is proposed.Benefit from the SDN’s data and control plane separation,and open programmable,combined with the Mininet simulation platform for experiments,the TCP throughput(of single thread)was improved by~24.7%,the TCP throughput(of multi threads)was improved by~9.8%,~40.9%,~35.5%and~11.7%.Compared with the current network architecture,the Latency was reduced by~63.2%.

Analyses on normal background characteristics about deformation observation data on the basis of wavelet transform method

Wavelet transform method is applied to measure time-frequency distribution characteristics of digital deformation data and noise. Based on the characteristics of primary modulus and stochastic white noise discrimination factor of wavelet decomposition, we analyze the variation rule of normal background and noise data from Shandong digital deformation observation data. The research results indicate that: a) 1/4 daily wave, semi-diurnal tide wave, daily wave and half lunar wave and so on quasi-periodic signal exist in the detail decomposing signal of wavelet when scale are equal to 2, 3 and 4; b) The amplitude of detail decomposing signal is the biggest when scale is equal to 3; c) The detail decomposing signal contains mainly noise corresponding to scale 1 and 5, respectively; d) We may trace the abnormal precursory which is related to earthquake by analyzing non-earthquake wavelet decomposing signal whose scale is specified from digital deformation observation data.

On Application of Big Data Mining in Earthquake Precursor Observation

Research and application of big data mining,at present,is a hot issue. This paper briefly introduces the basic ideas of big data research, analyses the necessity of big data application in earthquake precursor observation,and probes certain issues and solutions when applying this technology to work in the seismic-related domain. By doing so,we hope it can promote the innovative use of big data in earthquake precursor observation data analysis.

SeisGuard: A Software Platform to Establish Automatically an Earthquake Forecasting Model

SeisGuard, a system for analyzing earthquake precursory data, is a software platform to search for earthquake precursory information by processing geophysical data from different sources to establish automatically an earthquake forecasting model. The main function of this system is to analyze and process the deformation, fluid, electromagnetic and other geophysical field observing data from ground-based observation, as well as space-based observation. Combined station and earthquake distributions, geological structure and other information, this system can provide a basic software platform for earthquake forecasting research based on spatiotemporal fusion. The hierarchical station tree for data sifting and the interaction mode have been innovatively developed in this SeisGuard system to improve users’ working efficiency. The data storage framework designed according to the characteristics of different time series can unify the interfaces of different data sources, provide the support of data flow, simplify the management and usage of data, and provide foundation for analysis of big data. The final aim of this development is to establish an effective earthquake forecasting model combined all available information from ground-based observations to space-based observations.

A Review of Major Progresses in Mesoscale Dynamic Research in China since 1999

Mesoscale research conducted by Chinese meteorologists during the past four years is reviewed. Advances in theoretical studies include (a) mesoscale quasi-balanced and semi-balanced dynamics, derived through scale analysis and the perturbation method which are suitable for describing mesoscale vortices; (b) subcritical instability and vortex-sheet instability; (c) frontal adjustment mechanism and the effect of topography on frontgenesis; and (d) slantwise vorticity development theories, the slantwise vortex equation, and moist potential vorticity (MPV) anomalies with precipitation-related heat and mass sinks and MPV impermeability theorem. Prom the MPV conservation viewpoint, the transformation mechanism between different scale weather systems is analyzed. Based on the data analysis, a new dew-point front near the periphery of the West Pacific subtropical high is identified. In the light of MPV theory and Q-vector theory, some events associated with torrential rain systems and severe storms are analyzed and diagnosed. Progress in mesoscale numerical simulation has been made in the development of meso-α, meso-β vortices, meso-γ-scale downbursts and precipitation produced by deep convective systems with MM5 and other mesoscale models.

Hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage:A metaanalytic comparison of aneurysm treatments

AIM： To compare two treatments for ruptured cerebral aneurysm with reference to the relative risk of develop-ing hydrocephalus.METHODS： We reviewed the English language litera-ture on the risk of developing hydrocephalus after an-eurysm treatment. Data were divided by type of study （randomized controlled trial, cohort trial, nonrandomized comparison, prospectively- and retrospectively-collected observational study）. They were also divided by type of aneurysm treatment （microvascular - clipping, or endo-vascular - coiling）. Additional predictive variables collected for each publication were average age, gender distribu-tion, measures of hemorrhage volume and subarachnoid hemorrhage severity, aneurysm locations, time to treat-ment, duration of follow-up and date of publication. Weemployed meta-analysis to calculate pooled risk ratios of developing hydrocephalus in cases receiving aneurysm clipping vs those receiving coiling. Meta-regression was used to correct pooled results for covariates.RESULTS： Because indications for the two treatments are different, there is little clinical equipoise for treat-ing most cases. The single randomized, controlled trial dealt with a small subset of ruptured aneurysms. Nei-ther this nor pooled values from other studies which compared the two treatments had the power to dem-onstrate signifcant differences between the two treat-ments. Nor was there an apparent difference when observational data were meta-analytically pooled. How-ever, when meta-regression was used to correct for predictive variables known to differ between the two treatment groups, a highly-significant difference ap-peared. Coiling is used more commonly in older, sicker patients with aneurysms in certain locations. These cases are more likely to develop hydrocephalus. When corrected for these covariates, the risk of hydrocepha-lus was found to be significantly lower in coiled vsclipped cases （P = 0.014）.CONCLUSION： Pooled observational data were nec-essary to demonstrate that coiling ruptured cerebral aneurysms is associated with a lower risk of developing hydrocephalus than is clipping.

Fault activity characteristics in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake

Fault deformation characteristics in the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake are investigated through time-series and structural geological analysis based on cross-fault observation data from the Qilian Mountain-Haiyuan Fault belt and the West Qinling Fault belt. The results indicate： 1） Group short-term abnormal variations appeared in the Qilian Mountain-Haiyuan Fault belt and the West Qinling Fault belt before the Menyuan Ms6.4 earthquake. 2） More medium and short-term anomalies appear in the middle-eastern segment of the Qilian Mountain Fault belt and the West Qinling Fault belt, suggesting that the faults＇ activities are strong in these areas. The faults＇ activities in the middle-eastern segment of the Qilian Fault belt result from extensional stress, as before the earthquake, whereas those in the West Qinling Fault belt are mainly compressional. 3） In recent years, moderate-strong earthquakes occurred in both the Kunlun Mountain and the Qilian Mountain Fault belts, and some energy was released. It is possible that the seismicity moved eastward under this regime. Therefore, we should pay attention to the West Qinling Mountain area where an Ms6-7 earthquake could occur in future.

Decreasing Trend in Summer Precipitation over the Western Sichuan Basin since the 1950s

Changing precipitation in the densely populated Sichuan basin may have a great impact on human life. This study analyzes the change in summer precipitation since 1951 over the western Sichuan basin, one of the regions of the heaviest rainfall in China, by using two datasets provided by the Chinese Meteorological Data Center. The results indicate that summer (from June to September) precipitation over the western Sichuan basin shows a significantly decreasing trend. The summer precipitation over this region has decreased by about 20% since the 1950s, with a rate of decrease of about 40 mm per decade.

Impact of the central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence on the central Pacific El Nio event

The central Pacific（CP） zonal wind divergence and convergence indices are defined, and the forming mechanism of CP El Nio（La Nia） events is discussed preliminarily. The results show that the divergence and convergence of the zonal wind anomaly（ZWA） are the key process in the forming of CP El Nio（La Nia） events. A correlation analysis between the central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence indices and central Pacific El Nio indices indicates that there is a remarkable lag correlation between them. The central Pacific zonal wind divergence and convergence indices can be used to predict the CP events. Based on these results, a linear regression equation is obtained to predict the CP El Nio（La Nia） events 5 months ahead.

A BALANCED OVERSAMPLING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR ELLIPTIC PROBLEMS WITH OBSERVATIONAL BOUNDARY DATA

In this paper we propose a finite element method for solving elliptic equations with observational Dirichlet boundary data which may subject to random noises.The method is based on the weak formulation of Lagrangian multiplier and requires balanced oversampling of the measurements of the boundary data to control the random noises.We show the convergence of the random finite elemen t error in expec tat ion and,when the noise is subGaussian,in the Orlicz^2-norm which implies the probability that the finite element error estimates are viola ted decays exponentially.Numerical examples are included.

Particle swarm optimization based space debris surveillance network scheduling

The increasing number of space debris has created an orbital debris environment that poses increasing impact risks to existing space systems and human space flights. For the safety of in-orbit spacecrafts, we should optimally schedule surveillance tasks for the existing facilities to allocate re- sources in a manner that most significantly improves the ability to predict and detect events involving affected spacecrafts. This paper analyzes two criteria that mainly affect the performance of a scheduling scheme and introduces an artificial intelligence algorithm into the scheduling of tasks of the space debris surveillance network. A new scheduling algorithm based on the particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed, which can be implemented in two different ways： individual optimization and joint optimiza- tion. Numerical experiments with multiple facilities and objects are conducted based on the proposed algorithm, and simulation results have demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Subreflector model depending on elevation for the Tianma 65 m Radio Telescope

A subreflector adjustment system for the Tianma 65 m radio telescope, administered by Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, has been installed to compensate for gravitational deformation of the main re- flector and the structure supporting the subreflector. The position and attitude of the subreflector are variable in order to improve the efficiency at different elevations. The subreflector model has the goal of improving the antenna＇s performance. A new fitting formulation which is different from the traditional formulation is proposed to reduce the fitting error in the Y direction. The only difference in the subreflector models of the 65 m radio telescope is the bias of a constant term in the Z direction. We have investigated the effect of movements of the subreflector on the pointing of the antenna. The results of these performance measure- ments made by moving the antenna in elevation show that the subreflector model can effectively improve the efficiency of the 65 m radio telescope at each elevation. An antenna efficiency of about 60% at the Ku band is reached in the whole angular range of elevation.

BV(RI )c photometric study of three variable PMS stars in the field of V733 Cephei

This paper reports results from the first long-term BV(RI)c photometric CCD observations of three variable pre-main-sequence stars collected during the period from February 2007 to January 2020. The investigated stars are located in the field of the PMS star V733 Cep within the Cepheus OB3 association. All stars from our study show rapid photometric variability in all-optical passbands. In this paper, we describe and discuss the photometric behavior of these stars and the possible reasons for their variability. In the light variation of two of the stars, we found periodicity.

Think global,cube local:an Earth Observation Data Cube’s contribution to the Digital Earth vision

The technological landscape for managing big Earth observation(EO)data ranges from global solutions on large cloud infrastructures with web-based access to self-hosted implementations.EO data cubes are a leading technology for facilitating big EO data analysis and can be deployed on different spatial scales:local,national,regional,or global.Several EO data cubes with a geographic focus(“local EO data cubes”)have been implemented.However,their alignment with the Digital Earth(DE)vision and the benefits and trade-offs in creating and maintaining them ought to be further examined.We investigate local EO data cubes from five perspectives(science,business and industry,government and policy,education,communities and citizens)and illustrate four examples covering three continents at different geographic scales(Swiss Data Cube,semantic EO data cube for Austria,DE Africa,Virginia Data Cube).A local EO data cube can benefit many stakeholders and players but requires several technical developments.These developments include enabling local EO data cubes based on public,global,and cloud-native EO data streaming and interoperability between local EO data cubes.We argue that blurring the dichotomy between global and local aligns with the DE vision to access the world’s knowledge and explore information about the planet.

South Galactic Cap u-band Sky Survey(SCUSS):Project Overview

The South Galactic Cap u-band Sky Survey （SCUSS） was established in 2009 in order to provide a photometric input catalog for target selection of the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope （LAMOST） project. SCUSS is an international cooperative project between National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Steward Observatory at the University of Arizona, using the 90 inch （2.3 m） Bok telescope on Kitt Peak. The telescope is equipped with a prime focus camera that is composed of a mosaic of four 4096 × 4096 CCDs and has a field of view of about 1 deg2. From 2009 to 2013, SCUSS performed a sky survey of an approximately 5000 deg2 field of the South Galactic Cap in u band, including the Galactic anticenter area and the SDSS-IV extended imaging area. The limiting magnitude of SCUSS is deeper than 23 mag （at a signal-to-noise ratio of 5）. In this paper, we briefly describe the goals of this project, method of observations and data reduction, and we also introduce current and potential scientific activities related to the SCUSS project.

STUDY ON THE VISIBILITY REDUCTION CAUSED BY ATMOSPHERIC HAZE IN GUANGZHOU AREA

Using the non-hydrostatic meso-scale model MM5v3, dense fog that occurred from March 7 to March 8, 2001 over the Mts. Nanling area was studied. With integrated field experiments and observations, the occurrence, development and lift mechanism of fog were analyzed. The results indicate that before the coming of stratiform clouds, southerly warm and wet air ascended along mountainside and cooling condensation formed mountain fog. Then fog was formed by the stratiform on cloud-contacting mountaintop. A front inversion layer accelerated the development and extended the duration of the lower cloud and fog. The intensity, occurrence time, mass content and the variation of temperature and relative humidity of the fog agreed with those of the observation. It showed that the meso-scale model has the potential to forecast mountain fog.