The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) and hepatitis B virus(HBV) co-infection is high as they share similar mechanisms of transmission. The development and widespread use of highly sensitive tests for HB...The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) and hepatitis B virus(HBV) co-infection is high as they share similar mechanisms of transmission. The development and widespread use of highly sensitive tests for HBV diagnosis has demonstrated that a significant proportion of apparently healthy individuals with evidence of exposure to HBV continue to carry fully functional HBV DNA in their hepatocytes, a situation that predisposes them to the development of progressive liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. The presence of co-infections frequently influences the natural evolution of each of the participating infections present by either facilitating their virulence or competing for resources. Furthermore, the drugs used to treat these infections may also contribute to changes in the natural course of these infections, making the analysis of the impact of co-infection more difficult. The majority of studies has examined the impact of HIV on overt chronic hepatitis B, finding that co-infection carries an increased risk of progressive liver disease and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the effect of HIV on the natural history of occult hepatitis B infection(OBI) has not been fully assessed, all available data suggest a persisting risk of repeated flares of hepatitis and progressive liver disease. We describe studies regarding the diagnosis, prevalence and clinical significance of OBI in HIVpositive patients in this short review. Discrepancies in worldwide prevalence show the urgent need for the standardization of diagnostic criteria, as established by the Taormina statements. Ideally, standardized protocols for testing should be employed to enable the comparison of data from different groups. Additional studies are needed to define the differences in risk for OBI without HIV and in HIV-HBV co-infected patients with or without overt disease.展开更多
The emerging evidence of the potentially clinical importance of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection(OBI) increases the interest in this topic. OBI may impact in several clinical contexts, which include the possibl...The emerging evidence of the potentially clinical importance of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection(OBI) increases the interest in this topic. OBI may impact in several clinical contexts, which include the possible transmission of the infection, the contribution to liver disease progression, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, and the risk of reactivation. There are several articles that have published on OBI in Egyptian populations. A review of MEDLINE database was undertaken for relevant articles to clarify the epidemiology of OBI in Egypt. HBV genotype D is the only detectable genotype among Egyptian OBI patients. Higher rates of OBI reported among Egyptian chronic HCV, hemodialysis, children with malignant disorders, and cryptogenic liver disease patients. There is an evidence of OBI reactivation after treatment with chemotherapy. The available data suggested that screening for OBI must be a routine practice in these groups of patients. Further studies needed for better understand of the epidemiology of OBI among Egyptian young generations after the era of hepatitis B vaccination.展开更多
BACKGROUND Occult hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection(OCI) may be associated with extrahepatic diseases and it is known that the patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD) who are on hemodialysis(HD) present a higher prev...BACKGROUND Occult hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection(OCI) may be associated with extrahepatic diseases and it is known that the patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD) who are on hemodialysis(HD) present a higher prevalence of this type of infection than the general population, with a worse clinical outcome.However, there are no data in the literature to assess the presence of OCI in patients prior to the initiation of renal replacement therapy(RRT). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and epidemiological aspects of OCI in patients with Predialysis CKD. We hypothesize that this infection could occur before RRT initiation.AIM To research the status in predialysis patients when HD patients have high prevalence of OCI.METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2015 and 2017. Adults with creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min·1.73 m^2(predialysis patients) were recruited to the study. Pregnant and postpartum women, patients with glomerulopathies,and patients showing positivity for serological markers of hepatitis B virus(HBV), HCV or human immunodeficiency virus infection were excluded. Patients were diagnosed with OCI according to test results of anti-HCV antibody negativity and HCV RNA positivity in either ultracentrifuged serum or, if serumnegative, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.RESULTS Among the 91 total patients included in the study, the prevalence of OCI was 16.5%. Among these 15 total OCI patients, 1 was diagnosed by 14 ultracentrifuged serum results and 14 were diagnosed by peripheral blood mononuclear cell results. Compared to the non-OCI group, the OCI patients presented higher frequency of older age(P = 0.002), patients with CKD of mixed etiology(P = 0.019), and patients with markers of previous HBV infection(i.e.,combined positivity for anti-hepatitis B core protein antibody and anti-hepatitis B surface protein antibody)(P = 0.001).CONCLUSION Among predialysis patients, OCI involved the elderly, patients with CKD of mixed etiology, and patients with previous HBV infection.展开更多
Indonesia has a moderate to high endemicity of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection. The risk for chronic HBV infection is highest among those infected during infancy. Since 1997, hepatitis B(Hep B) vaccination of newborn...Indonesia has a moderate to high endemicity of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection. The risk for chronic HBV infection is highest among those infected during infancy. Since 1997, hepatitis B(Hep B) vaccination of newborns has been fully integrated into the National Immunization Program. Al though HBV infection has been reduced by the universal newborn Hep B immunization program, it continues to occur in Indonesia. The low birth dose coverage and the presence of vaccine escape mutants might contribute to this endemicity among children. Although limited information is available for an analysis of occult HBV infection(OBI), several variations and substitutions in the pre-S/S region have been detected in Indonesian HBV strains. Additionally, persistent infection and disease progression of chronic hepatitis B are related to not only viral factors but also the host genome. Indonesia is one of the most ethnically heterogeneous nations, with Javanese and Sundanese as the two highest ethnic groups. This multi-ethnicity makes genomic research in Indonesia difficult. In this article, we focused on and reviewed the following aspects: the current hepatitis B immunization program and its efficacy, OBI, HBV infection among high-risk patients, such as hemodialysis patients, and research regarding the host genome in Indonesia.展开更多
Background:We sought to clarify the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection(OBI)and to determine whether OBI affects the surgical outcomes in curatively resected Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus(H...Background:We sought to clarify the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection(OBI)and to determine whether OBI affects the surgical outcomes in curatively resected Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus(HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods:A total of 257 patients with HCV-related HCC who underwent curative surgical resection were enrolled.All enrolled patients were serologically negative for HBV surface antigen and positive for HCV antibody.DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver tissue.OBI was determined by the HBV-DNA amplification of at least two different sets of primers by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction.Surgical outcomes were evaluated according to overall survival(OS),disease-specific survival(DSS),and disease-free survival(DFS).Results:OBI was identified in 15 of the 257(5.8%)cases.In the multivariate analyses,the factors significantly correlated with OS were BMI>25(P=0.0416),portal vein invasion(P=0.0065),and multiple tumors(P=0.0064).The only factor significantly correlated with DSS was T-stage(P=0.0275).The factors significantly correlated with DFS were liver fibrosis(P=0.0017)and T-stage(P=0.0001).The status of OBI did not show any significant correlation with OS,DSS or DFS,but a weak association with DSS(P=0.0603)was observed.Conclusions:The prevalence of OBI was 5.8%in 257 cases of HCV-related HCC.Although a weak association between DSS and OBI was observed,and statistical analyses were limited by small number of OBI cases,no significant correlation between OBI and surgical outcomes was detected.展开更多
目的探讨妊娠合并隐匿性或显性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染对早产发生率的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究设计,以2012年6月1日至2013年3月15日间安庆市立医院所有住院分娩的孕妇为研究对象,纳入妊娠结局为单胎活产的孕妇,...目的探讨妊娠合并隐匿性或显性乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)感染对早产发生率的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究设计,以2012年6月1日至2013年3月15日间安庆市立医院所有住院分娩的孕妇为研究对象,纳入妊娠结局为单胎活产的孕妇,收集其血清并进行HBV表面抗原和HBV S基因片段的检测,并通过医院电子病历系统收集孕妇人口学信息等资料,采用单因素和多因素统计方法分析妊娠合并隐匿性和显性HBV感染对早产发生率的影响。结果孕妇早产发生率为21.00%(189/900);其中隐匿性HBV感染组、显性HBV感染组和非HBV感染组孕妇在人口学特征方面相似可比,其早产发生率分别为20.51%(16/78)、20.00%(14/70)、21.14%(159/752)。单因素与多因素分析未发现早产发生率与HBV感染相关,以非HBV感染组为参照,多因素COX回归分析发现显性HBV感染、隐匿性HBV感染与早产间调整后相对危险度(adjusted risk ratio,RRa)分别为1.03(0.81,1.32)和0.99(0.78,1.25);以同样参照,多因素线性回归分析发现孕周与HBV感染状况的回归系数β为0.09(-0.14,0.31)。结论妊娠合并隐匿性或显性HBV感染与早产的发生率无明显相关。展开更多
基金Supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnologia,Mexico(CONACYT 2008-C01-86717to RL)
文摘The prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) and hepatitis B virus(HBV) co-infection is high as they share similar mechanisms of transmission. The development and widespread use of highly sensitive tests for HBV diagnosis has demonstrated that a significant proportion of apparently healthy individuals with evidence of exposure to HBV continue to carry fully functional HBV DNA in their hepatocytes, a situation that predisposes them to the development of progressive liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. The presence of co-infections frequently influences the natural evolution of each of the participating infections present by either facilitating their virulence or competing for resources. Furthermore, the drugs used to treat these infections may also contribute to changes in the natural course of these infections, making the analysis of the impact of co-infection more difficult. The majority of studies has examined the impact of HIV on overt chronic hepatitis B, finding that co-infection carries an increased risk of progressive liver disease and the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Although the effect of HIV on the natural history of occult hepatitis B infection(OBI) has not been fully assessed, all available data suggest a persisting risk of repeated flares of hepatitis and progressive liver disease. We describe studies regarding the diagnosis, prevalence and clinical significance of OBI in HIVpositive patients in this short review. Discrepancies in worldwide prevalence show the urgent need for the standardization of diagnostic criteria, as established by the Taormina statements. Ideally, standardized protocols for testing should be employed to enable the comparison of data from different groups. Additional studies are needed to define the differences in risk for OBI without HIV and in HIV-HBV co-infected patients with or without overt disease.
文摘The emerging evidence of the potentially clinical importance of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection(OBI) increases the interest in this topic. OBI may impact in several clinical contexts, which include the possible transmission of the infection, the contribution to liver disease progression, the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, and the risk of reactivation. There are several articles that have published on OBI in Egyptian populations. A review of MEDLINE database was undertaken for relevant articles to clarify the epidemiology of OBI in Egypt. HBV genotype D is the only detectable genotype among Egyptian OBI patients. Higher rates of OBI reported among Egyptian chronic HCV, hemodialysis, children with malignant disorders, and cryptogenic liver disease patients. There is an evidence of OBI reactivation after treatment with chemotherapy. The available data suggested that screening for OBI must be a routine practice in these groups of patients. Further studies needed for better understand of the epidemiology of OBI among Egyptian young generations after the era of hepatitis B vaccination.
基金Supported by the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development(CNPq),No.429736-2016/9
文摘BACKGROUND Occult hepatitis C virus(HCV) infection(OCI) may be associated with extrahepatic diseases and it is known that the patients with chronic kidney disease(CKD) who are on hemodialysis(HD) present a higher prevalence of this type of infection than the general population, with a worse clinical outcome.However, there are no data in the literature to assess the presence of OCI in patients prior to the initiation of renal replacement therapy(RRT). Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence and epidemiological aspects of OCI in patients with Predialysis CKD. We hypothesize that this infection could occur before RRT initiation.AIM To research the status in predialysis patients when HD patients have high prevalence of OCI.METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted between 2015 and 2017. Adults with creatinine clearance < 60 mL/min·1.73 m^2(predialysis patients) were recruited to the study. Pregnant and postpartum women, patients with glomerulopathies,and patients showing positivity for serological markers of hepatitis B virus(HBV), HCV or human immunodeficiency virus infection were excluded. Patients were diagnosed with OCI according to test results of anti-HCV antibody negativity and HCV RNA positivity in either ultracentrifuged serum or, if serumnegative, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells.RESULTS Among the 91 total patients included in the study, the prevalence of OCI was 16.5%. Among these 15 total OCI patients, 1 was diagnosed by 14 ultracentrifuged serum results and 14 were diagnosed by peripheral blood mononuclear cell results. Compared to the non-OCI group, the OCI patients presented higher frequency of older age(P = 0.002), patients with CKD of mixed etiology(P = 0.019), and patients with markers of previous HBV infection(i.e.,combined positivity for anti-hepatitis B core protein antibody and anti-hepatitis B surface protein antibody)(P = 0.001).CONCLUSION Among predialysis patients, OCI involved the elderly, patients with CKD of mixed etiology, and patients with previous HBV infection.
文摘Indonesia has a moderate to high endemicity of hepatitis B virus(HBV) infection. The risk for chronic HBV infection is highest among those infected during infancy. Since 1997, hepatitis B(Hep B) vaccination of newborns has been fully integrated into the National Immunization Program. Al though HBV infection has been reduced by the universal newborn Hep B immunization program, it continues to occur in Indonesia. The low birth dose coverage and the presence of vaccine escape mutants might contribute to this endemicity among children. Although limited information is available for an analysis of occult HBV infection(OBI), several variations and substitutions in the pre-S/S region have been detected in Indonesian HBV strains. Additionally, persistent infection and disease progression of chronic hepatitis B are related to not only viral factors but also the host genome. Indonesia is one of the most ethnically heterogeneous nations, with Javanese and Sundanese as the two highest ethnic groups. This multi-ethnicity makes genomic research in Indonesia difficult. In this article, we focused on and reviewed the following aspects: the current hepatitis B immunization program and its efficacy, OBI, HBV infection among high-risk patients, such as hemodialysis patients, and research regarding the host genome in Indonesia.
基金This study was supported in part by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS)KAKENHI(Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research C)Grant Number JP16K08650.
文摘Background:We sought to clarify the prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection(OBI)and to determine whether OBI affects the surgical outcomes in curatively resected Japanese patients with hepatitis C virus(HCV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC).Methods:A total of 257 patients with HCV-related HCC who underwent curative surgical resection were enrolled.All enrolled patients were serologically negative for HBV surface antigen and positive for HCV antibody.DNA was extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded liver tissue.OBI was determined by the HBV-DNA amplification of at least two different sets of primers by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction.Surgical outcomes were evaluated according to overall survival(OS),disease-specific survival(DSS),and disease-free survival(DFS).Results:OBI was identified in 15 of the 257(5.8%)cases.In the multivariate analyses,the factors significantly correlated with OS were BMI>25(P=0.0416),portal vein invasion(P=0.0065),and multiple tumors(P=0.0064).The only factor significantly correlated with DSS was T-stage(P=0.0275).The factors significantly correlated with DFS were liver fibrosis(P=0.0017)and T-stage(P=0.0001).The status of OBI did not show any significant correlation with OS,DSS or DFS,but a weak association with DSS(P=0.0603)was observed.Conclusions:The prevalence of OBI was 5.8%in 257 cases of HCV-related HCC.Although a weak association between DSS and OBI was observed,and statistical analyses were limited by small number of OBI cases,no significant correlation between OBI and surgical outcomes was detected.
