Sustainable Development Importance in Higher Education for Occupational Health and Safety Using Egypt Vision 2030 under COVID-19 Pandemic

Insertion of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) into higher education is an important concern. This article aims to address the influences of SDGs in higher and engineering educational system in Egypt. The present study focuses on SDGs 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 11. SDG 3 is related to occupational health and SDG 4 is related to higher education development. However, SDGs 6, 7, 9, and 11 are related to both mechanical and environmental engineering, and occupational safety. The study approach involves case risk analysis, investigations, and review for design concepts of occupational health and safety before and after the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). A number of cross-sectional studies that constitute 125 multidisciplinary research plans (MDRPs) are grouped to monitor and evaluate two main factors which are an influence of involving SDGs into engineering education and selected curriculum of occupational health and safety. Then the results of these research-based studies, which performed over four academic years started from 2017 up to date 2021, are depicted and discussed. These results reveal the importance of interlink between engineering education and the intended SDGs. The latest 25 MDRPs demonstrate that Egypt response to alleviate the COVID-19 is rapidly pronounced specially on SDGs 3 and 4 simultaneously. However, those MDRPs show that neither record impacts nor delays on SDGs 6, 7, 9 and 11. The conclusions prioritize both the advanced educational mechanisms and verify the engineering curriculums to raise awareness of SDGs among both staff members and students in Egyptian universities. Finally, future work is recommended at the end of this article to focus on each specific goal to gain deep insight to state of the art for each SDG around globe using education development.

Construction and Validation of an Educational Technology for Mammary Health Promotion

Mammary health is issue faced by public health nurses and the science follows new ways into this thematic area of learning course wares. The purpose of this study was to construct and to validate a distance course for mammary health promotion for nurses. Methodological proposal has been composed of five stages: 1) analysis and planning, 2) modeling, 3) implementation, 4) evaluation and maintenance and 5) distribution. A total of nine experts as research population were consulted who were expert judges of nursing, pedagogy and web designer, three of each specific area, which were included in the study. The variables that had concordance index of 50% were: graphic designer pages favors learning, the user has easy navigation, the learning of the student experience, the environment provides interdisciplinary, content is built on process rather than there is a unique sequence, allows access to the available environment and holds a discussion on the subject. The distance learning course is intended to broaden and to enrich the living spaces and construct their own knowledge, favors interactivity, communication, autonomy and cooperation between the participants and provides access to educational technologies.

Educational Technologies for Child Health Promotion: An Integrative Literature Review

The use of educational technology focused on child health promotion requires theoretical-methodological foundations to support aspects related to the growth and psychomotor development stage, articulating knowledge and healthy habits as early as possible. This article is an integrative review to investigate the educational technologies used in health education actions to promote child health. The databases LILACS, MEDLINE, BDENF, PUBMED, CINAHL, and in the Virtual library Cochrane Library and SciELO were consulted. Thirteen articles were analyzed. The educational technologies have been employed to promote child health promotion actions and have contributed to the achievement of long-lasting results. The actions happen predominantly in the school context and light, light-hard and hard technologies are used. The association between light and hard technology obtained better results.

Report on the Educational Process for the Promotion of Health of Women Attended in a Reference Center of Social Assistance

This article discusses one experienced by students and preceptors of Programs Pro-Pet-Health and Health of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte/Faculty of Health Sciences of Trairí in the Reference Center for Social Assistance (CRAS) in the municipality of experience Santa Cruz/RN, with a view to the relationship between preventive health activities and social assistance. The proposed work of Pro-Pet in the assistance unit sought to unravel the lifestyle of the target audience in order to know the risk factors and suggest the adoption of health measures for disease prevention. Work to guide the educational process for health promotion with socioeconomic and cultural contextualization built on scientific papers surveyed in Lilacs and Scielo data was used. On average, 12 women aged between 35 and 60 years participated in the group. Eight group sessions occurred in the period from March to May 2014. Regarding work methodologies, we used dynamic integration and self-knowledge;dialogued lectures;lectures;reports of experiences;thematic workshops;educational videos;wheels conversation complemented by the use of texts and poems;as well as application of the checklist in conducting health and anthropometry. The experience helped identify the characteristics of the group and plan understandable and meaningful guidance for women, facilitating the understanding of the importance of self-care in preventing disease.

A nurse-led occupational health promotion program for farmers

Agrarian occupational health is a neglected primary health-care service in India.A nurse-led health promotion program is planned based on a Conceptual Model for the Occupational Health Nurse Specialist prepared by Ms.Janice Dees(1984)inspired from Orem’s self-care theory.The interventions included are range of motion exercise,progressive muscle relaxation technique,foot and palm massage,and literacy on safety practices.The wellness of field farmers is expected by following this program plan.

Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Workplace Health Promotion Programs from 2000 to 2020: Literature Review

Introduction. Recognition of best practices in workplace health promotion is an important task that significantly affects the expansion of those programs. Once the program has been developed, its effectiveness becomes the most critical point of evaluation to guarantee achievements in the improvement of workers’ health. Objectives. To identify the practices for evaluating the effectiveness of workplace health promotion programs. Material and Methods: A search was performed on MEDLINE through PubMed with the MeSH: “Occupational Health”, “Health Promotion” and “Program Evaluation”, from the year 2000 to the year 2020 for studies with the following designs: Meta-analyses, Systematic reviews, Randomized Clinical Trials and Clinical Trials. Results: The most common topic of workplace health promotion programs (WHP) was increasing physical activity and avoiding a sedentary lifestyle, followed by stress management and finally smoking cessation and musculoskeletal disorders. The post-intervention measurements were most often done at 6 months and 12. The most commonly used indicators were the number of steps, weight, BMI, % body fat, waist circumference, blood pressure, sedentary time, level of physical activity and time of moderate-vigorous physical activity, daily energy output, life purpose, life satisfaction, mood and stress level. Conclusions: Although a great variability was observed in the evaluation of WHP programs, there were also common aspects. These results will help with designing WHP programs and defining evidence-based evaluation of their effectiveness. It is important to remember that WHP programs must be customized, taking into consideration the needs of each organization’s workforce.

Preventing Behavioral-Risks Incidence among School Children: The Role of School-Based Health Promotion Program

This article addresses the important role school health education program can play in reducing youth risky behaviors that lead to incarceration, diseases and fatalities or that impact their academic performance in school. Children growing up are at risks of exposure to different behaviors and common social influences which if unchecked result in unexpected health consequences common among youth in America today. According to US Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, the six leading behaviors that cause death, disability, and social problems among American children are: unintentional injuries and violence, alcohol and drug use, tobacco use, unhealthy diets, inadequate physical activities, and sexual behaviors and diseases. This article shows that school health program: 1) can provide the foundation for children to learn desired healthy behaviors in order to preserve life, 2) protects the future of children and that of the nation, 3) can teach students skills to recognize risky behaviors and resist them, 4) can boost community efforts to achieve desired health behaviors, 5) closes socio-economic gaps that interfere with basic nurturing of children, and 6) finally links local stakeholders as partners in promoting community safety. Through review of literature, the authors found that it costs ($588) daily or (214,620) annually to incarcerate a juvenile and only $75 daily for the cost of individualized community-based services. The cost to New York is over $900,000, yet does not address the causative issues. The authors recommend that schools teach comprehensive school health from kindergarten to grade 12 and employ health educators to support teachers teach health promotion and education.

Communicating Different and Higher across the Praxis of Bloom’s Taxonomy While Shifting toward Health at Every Size (HAES)

The majority of recent studies on prevention and control of childhood obesity focus on methods for achieving weight loss. In contrast, the Health at Every Size (HAES) paradigm fosters improved health behaviors for people of all sizes by emphasizing natural diversity of body type and attention to social, emotional, and spiritual factors in addition to physical ones. This study examined introduction of the HAES paradigm to student teachers using different communication models while moving across the learning domains of Bloom’s Taxonomy. The qualitative research tested a face-to-face verbal communication model and a Computer-Mediated Communication (CMC) module and its blog. It was also based upon reflection diaries recorded by participants using both models. Participants included Druze, Jewish, and Bedouin students at a teacher training program in northern Israel. The student teachers succeeded in developing the HAES concepts further while demonstrating the higher domain levels across Bloom’s Taxonomy. These higher levels emerged when engaging with theoretical concepts and practical dilemmas relating to the HAES concepts of health promotion, body image, well-being, and self-worth. Challenging the appreciation of HAES using different communication models can be translated into diverse contexts of Health Education Practices.

Health Related Lifestyle Behaviors among Students at a Vocational Education Center in Turkey

Background: This study assessed health promoting lifestyle behaviors (HPLP) among apprentices trained in the Kayseri Turkey Vocational Education Center. Methods: This descriptive study was performed in 2012 in a province of Turkey. The study group included a cohort of 332 students attending the Vocational Education Center. All data were collected by using a 54-item (6-item related with socio-demographic and 48 item related with HPLP Scale) questionnaire. Data were evaluated by independent t test, One-Way Anova and Multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: In the study group, 88.0% were male and 12.0% were female. The mean age of participants was 17.1 ± 1.5 years. The mean HPLP scale score was 111.2 ± 22.0. The mean sub-scale scores were as follows: self-actualization 34.6 ± 7.5, interpersonal relations 18.6 ± 4.3, exercise 9.4 ± 3.0, nutrition 13.9 ± 3.5, stress management 16.2 ± 4.0, and health responsibility 18.6 ± 5.7. Age groups, regular payment and job satisfaction were significant variables for sub-scales of HPLP. In the regression analysis, job satisfaction had a significant impact on HPLP sub-scale scores. Conclusions: Healthy lifestyle behaviors were moderate level among students. Physical activity and health responsibility scores were the lowest scores. “Health Protection and Development” should be included as a standard component of vocational education.

Educational interventions aimed at improving the oral health conditions of workers: A critical review

The aim of this research was to identify studies describing the educational and/or health-promoting interventions and strategies used in various programs of oral healthcare conducted in populations of industrial workers. A review of the Science, MEDLINE, LILACS and SCIELO databases was performed for the period between 1980 and 2009. The criteria for a publication to be in- cluded were: 1) the population had to consist of adult workers;and 2) the educational and/or health-promoting interventions had to have been described. A great variety of educational strategies was found, ranging from individual counseling to small-group discussions and instructions on oral hygiene with supervised tooth brushing. The presence of plaque and gingivitis were the most commonly used indicators of the effect of these interventions. Cost evaluation was also an important topic. In general, the indicators analyzed reflected positive results that included a reduction in the indicators themselves (plaque and gingivitis) and in the cost of the programs, suggesting a certain effect of the educational programs developed. Nevertheless, differences in forms of exposure according to the type of occupation are not discussed and neither are specific social determinants such as income and education level. The quality of the studies is limited, which reduces the robustness of the evidence on the effect of educational programs on the work population. Studies should be carried out using mixed approaches to evaluate the efficacy of these programs and propose improvements.

Free Media as the Social Determinants of Health: The Case of Oromia Regional State in Ethiopia

Background: For over a hundred thirty years, consecutive Ethiopian regimes have denied the Oromo people the right to develop free media. In this paper I explore how this denial has affected the development of public health conditions in Oromia. Methods: Using the “upstream” public health metaphor as the framework of thinking, in this paper I explore how the denial of free media has hindered the development of better public health conditions. Finding: Although media and public health are distinct social organizations, many of their functions overlap, with the former significantly supporting the development of the latter. Media informs, educates, entertains, molds opinion, advocates, provides a framework of thinking, connects people and ideas, and records events. The foundation of public health rests on the study of risks to population health and identifying health promotion as well as disease prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary) tools. Media facilitates knowledge construction and its dissemination. It supports the efforts societies make in establishing and maintaining the social conditions that will ensure the best public health outcomes possible. Conclusion: Since media facilitates knowledge construction and knowledge dissemination, it can help produce knowledgeable and critical citizens who are equipped with problem-solving skills. Denying the Oromo people the right to develop their own free media is hindering them from having people with skills who are critically needed in transforming their society and developing better public health conditions.

Education is the key to protecting children against smoking: What parents think and do

The purpose of this study was to examine parents’ communication with their children about the topic of smoking. A qualitative descriptive design was used. Twenty-nine parents who lived in rural communities and who had children in kindergarten to Grade 6 were interviewed. The data were analyzed for themes. A large majority of parents communicated with their children about smoking through verbal interaction, using any one of three approaches: discussing smoking with their children, telling their children about smoking, or acknowledging their children’s understanding of smoking. Those parents also had shown disapproval of smoking, which took different forms and varied from explicit messages in their verbal communication to implicit messages in their behaviours. Three parents had not verbally communicated at all with their children about smoking. Overall, the parents’ communication patterns with their children varied in terms of quality and coherence with recommendations in the literature.

Operations of school health program assessment at selected secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area,Benin City,Nigeria

Background:School health program(SHP)is the most cost-effective investment a nation can make to simultaneously improve education and health conditions of her citizen.In spite of this,the adoption of SHP in developing countries is still below set standard.Therefore,this study assesses the operations of SHP in secondary schools in Egor Local Government Area(LGA),Benin City,Nigeria.Materials and Methods:A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted with accidental sampling method to select 56 school health teachers from secondary schools in Egor LGA.A self-structured instrument was used to collect data based on the research objectives.Data collected were analyzed using percentages,means,and standard deviation.Results:This study showed that despite high level of the program awareness,the actualization of its objective was found to be poor,and this was found to be related with the lack of government support,lack of needed personnel and materials,lack of effective supervision of the program and inappropriate funding.Conclusion:In-service training on SHP should be provided to enhance the skills needed for implementation of SHP.The government should provide needed materials and equipment and employ competent health personnel to take charge of the school health services,and other policymakers should mobilize and strengthen SHP and education activities at the state.

MHC （Makkah Health City）： A Futuristic Approach

A Health City, to be known as Makkah Health City, is in the process of being established in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. It will be composed of a health promoting hospital, and a college of medicine and health sciences that would aim at training doctors and other members of the health team, whose practice of medicine would be holistic. Our ultimate goal is for MHC to be a model for other health institutions to emulate.

Cancer: Education and Primary Prevention Starts in Childhood and Adolescence

At least one third of all newly diagnosed cancers could be prevented if lifestyle factors were changed. The University Cancer Center Dresden initiated two programs aiming at cancer awareness and intentions to engage in health-promoting behavior among children and adolescents. Study 1 examined sun protection knowledge of 80 preschool children in a non-randomized design and Study 2 inspected 235 7th grade students’ knowledge of cancer and its behavioral risk-factors as well as intentions on health-promoting behavior using a randomized pre-post design on group-level. Study 1 showed significant improvement of sun protection knowledge in preschool children (p 0.05). Study 2 was effective in increasing knowledge about risk factors for cancer (p 0.001) and in increasing intentions to engage in health-promoting behavior (p 0.001). Communicating health-related behavior in preschools as well as school-based programs targeting multiple cancer-related risk factors are promising tools for primary prevention of cancer.

Understanding Chinese international college and university students' physical activity behavior

Objective： To examine factors of the youth physical activity promotion （YPAP） model that are associated with Chinese international students＇ meeting PA recommendations （MPAR）. Methods： A total of 649 （females = 320, males = 329） Chinese international college students participated in the study. This study was conducted in the United States （US.） between June and August in 2011. Participants completed an online survey regarding their demographic, PA, predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. Results： Logistic nested-regression analysis suggested that being male, having a higher body mass index, perceived competence, self-efficacy, attitude, and enjoyment all increased （p 〈 0.001） the participants＇ odds of MPAR. Except language barriers, all of the enabling and reinforcing factors predicted MPAR indirectly through the predisposing factors （p 〈 0.001）. Conclusion： Understanding factors that influence PA among Chinese international students is an important step in the process of promoting their long-term health and wellbeing. Designing program that address the identified key factors may help colleges and universities achieve this goal.

Increasing Employees’ Fruit Consumption through Access and Peer Support at Work

Objective: To assess the effect of providing free fruit and peer support in the workplace, on employees’ consumption of fruits and high fat snacks at work and home. Methods: Three worksites, including 75 employees, were randomly assigned to a free fruit condition (Group A), a free fruit and peer education and modelling condition (Group B), and a control group (Group C). Groups A and B had free fruit delivered to their workplace each morning for four weeks. Consumption of fruit and high fat snacks was measured pre- and post-intervention, and after a two week maintenance period. Results: Despite a small sample, the intervention increased employees’ fruit intake at work, decreased high fat snacks and was more successful in those who were not currently meeting the recommendations of two pieces of fruit per day. Peer support led to increased fruit consumption at work and sustained decreases in unhealthy snacks post-intervention. Conclusions: The provision of fruit in the workplace with peer support is a simple and effective method for improving fruit consumption at work in the short-term, particularly in those not meeting current recommendations. In addition, those participating in the intervention reduced their consumption of high fat snacks. Further research is necessary to determine whether a longer larger scale intervention can sustain dietary changes and thereby reduce risk for chronic disease in the Australian population.

Effects of a Two-Day Teachers’ Training Course on Activity Time in Physical Education

Schools are a key setting for promoting physical activity in children. There is little evidence on the potential of widely implemented programs to improve the quality of physical education (PE). The aim was to assess the effects of a short training course for classroom teachers on the quality of PE, assessed as activity time during PE. A quasi-experimental study was conducted with 6 intervention (N = 86) and 13 control classes (N = 151). Schools were selected in a random procedure (26.9% participation). Participation in children was 86.2% (mean age 7.8 years, 48.9% girls). Physical activity was assessed objectively using accelerometers. Effect on time spent in sedentary, moderate, vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous (MVPA) activities, steps and counts/minute during PE were analysed using t-tests and mixed linear models. Physical activity time increased significantly in the intervention but not in the control group between baseline and follow-up (relative increase in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity of 12% in intervention group). Increases were strongest in girls and in children inactive at baseline. In the mixed linear models adjusted for clustering, the effects were significant in girls for vigorous activities, sedentary time and counts/minute, in inactive children for steps. Results indicate that a short training course for classroom teachers can have subtle positive effects on physical activity time during PE. Girls and the most inactive children at baseline profited most from the intervention.

Virtual patient education for hypertension: The truth about behavioral change

Anti-hypertensive education is an important public health intervention to decrease the mortality and burden of the disease.Using digital technologies for education as a part of preventive measures for hypertension is a cost-effective approach and helps low-income communities and vulnerable populations overcome barriers to healthcare access.The coronavirus disease 19 pandemic further highlighted the need of new health interventions to address health inequalities.Virtual education is helpful to improve awareness,knowledge,and attitude toward hypertension.However,given the complexity of behavioral change,educational approaches do not always provide a change in behavior.Some of the obstacles in online hypertensive education could be time limitations,not being tailored to individual needs and not including the different elements of behavioral models to enhance behavior change.Studies regarding virtual education should be encouraged and involve lifestyle modifications emphasizing the importance of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension diet,salt restriction,and exercise and should be used adjunct to in-person visits for the management of hypertension.Additionally,to stratify patients according to hypertension type(essential or secondary)would be useful to create specific educational materials.Virtual hypertension education is promising to increase awareness regarding risk factors and most importantly motivate patients to be more compliant with management helping to decrease hypertension related complications and hospitalizations.

Design and Production of a Patient Guide to Support Return to Work after Breast Cancer:An Application of Intervention Mapping

Aims.Return to work(RTW)after breast cancer is a complex process that questions the individual trajectories of patients and stakeholders.Program planning in this context requires relying on appropriate methods like Intervention Mapping(IM)which encompasses such complexity.The aim of the methodological study is to describe an application of IM for both the design and production of a patient guide supporting RTW after breast cancer.Procedure.According to IM,the guide was co-constructed with a Community Advisory Board(CAB)of stakeholders(patients/associations,health professionals,companies,institutions)after considering other options(interactive website,mobile application).The design was done with empirical and theoretical anchoring,guided here by an Ecosystem Process of Change model.A communication agency was chosen to produce the document.Pre-tests were conducted with a representative panel of the target audience to assess the different prototypes elaborated,using questionnaires and a focus group.Results.The final structure of the guide is presented with comments in order to concretely illustrate the management of IM steps 3 and 4.The final structure of the guide is presented,along with a description of its components that target women(according to Prochaska et Di Clemente’s stages of change)and their environment(by use of levers they may activate).The results of the pre-test led to the simplification of the guide and its structure.Conclusion.IM allows a rich integration of experiential knowledge in the planning of complex health and public health programs.The development of the guide has attempted to integrate its aspects,in particular to promote both its implementation and its effects.Reflections are brought about the realistic evaluation of such complex interventions.