Hydrographic Characteristics and Oceanic Heat Flux in the Upper Arctic Ocean over the Alpha Ridge Observed by the DTOP Platform in 2018 and 2021

In 2018 and 2021,the Drift-Towing Ocean Profilers(DTOP)provided extensive temperature and salinity data on the upper 120m ocean through their drifts over the Alpha Ridge north of the Canada Basin.The thickness and temperature maximum of Alaska Coastal Water(ACW)ranged from 20m to 40m and-1.5℃to-0.8℃,respectively,and the salinity generally maintained from 30.2 to 32.5.Comparison with World Ocean Atlas 2018’s climatology manifested a 40m-thick and warm ACW roughly ex-ceeding the temperature maximum by 0.4–0.5℃in June–August 2021.This anomalously warm ACW was highly related to the ex-pansion of the Beaufort Gyre in the negative Arctic Oscillation phase.During summer,the under-ice oceanic heat flux F_(w)^(OHF)was elevated,with a maximum value of above 25Wm^(-2).F_(w)^(OHF)was typically low in the freezing season,with an average value of 1.2Wm^(-2).The estimates of upward heat flux contributed by ACW to the sea ice bottom F_(w)^(OHF)were in the range of 3–4Wm^(-2)in June–August 2021,when ACW contained a heat content of more than 80MJm^(-2).The heat loss over this period was driven by a weak stratification upon the ACW layer associated with a surface mixed layer(SML)approaching the ACW core.After autumn,F_(w)^(OHF)was reduced(<2 Wm^(-2))except during rare events when it elevated F_(w)^(OHF)slightly.In addition,the intensive and widespread Ekman suction,which created a violent upwelling north of the Canada Basin,was largely responsible for the substantial cooling and thinning of the ACW layer in the summer of 2021.

Numerical Simulation of the Regional Ocean Circulation in the Coastal Areas of China

The regional ocean circulation in the coastal areas of China (including a part of the western PacificOcean, the South China Sea and the Bay of Bengal et al.) is simulated by using the improved Princeton University ocean circulation model (POM). Compared with the modeling results obtained by the large-scaleocean general circulation model (OGCM), the basic ocean circulation features simulated by the regionalocean circulation model al-e in good agreement with that simulated by OGCM and some detailed characteristics such as the regional ocean circulation, sea temperature, salinity and flee sea surface height have alsobeen obtained which are in good accord with the observations. These results indicate that the regional oceancirculation model has good capability to produce the legional ocean circulation characteristics and it can beused to develop coupled legional ocean-atmospheric model systems.

Study on detection of coastal water environment of China by ocean color remote sensing

Coastal water environment is essentially enhanced by ocean color which is basically decided by substances concentration in water such as chlorophyll, suspended material and yellow substance. It is very difficult, even not possible, to detect water color by expensive ship routing, because of its temporal and spatial variety of feature and scales in the very complicated dynamical system of coastal water. With the development of satellite technique in the last 20 a, space sensors can be applied to detect ocean color by measuring the spectra of water leaving radiance.It is proven that ocean color remote sensing is a powerful tool for understanding the process of oceanic biology and physics. Since the 1980s, great attention has been paid to the advanced remote sensing technique in China, especially to development of satellite programs for the coastal water environment. On 7 September 1988, China launched her first polar orbit satellite FY-1A for meteorological and oceanographic application (water color and temperature) and the second satellite FY-1B two years later. In May 1999, China launched her second generation environment satellite FY-1C with higher sensitivies, more channels and stable operation. The special ocean color satellite HY-1 is planned to be in the orbit in 2001, whose main purpose is to detect the coastal water environment of China seas. China is also developing a very advantageous sensor termed as Chinese moderate imaging spectra radiometer (CMODIS) with 91 channels, which will be a good candidate of the third generation satellite FY-3 in 2003. The technical system of ocean color remote sensing was developed by the Second Institute of Oceanography (SIO), State Oceanic Administration (SOA) in 1997. The system included data receiving, processing, distribution, calibration, validation and application units. The Hangzhou Station of SIO, SOA has the capability to receive FY-1 and AVHRR data since 1989. It was also a SeaWiFS scientific research station authorized by NASA,USA to free receive SeaWiFS data from 16 September 1997. In the recent years, the local algorithms of atmospheric correction and inversion of ocean color have been developed for FY-1C and SeaWiFS, to improve the accuracy of the measurement from satellites efficiently. The satellite data are being applied to monitor coastal water environment, such as the spatial distribution of chlorophyll, suspended material and yellow substance, red tide detection and coastal current study. The results show that the ocean color remote sensing has latent capacity in the detection of coastal water environment.In consideration of the update technique progress of ocean color remote sensing and its more important role in the detection of coastal water in the 2000s, some suggestions are set forth, which would be beneficial to the design of a cheaper but practical coastal water detection system for marine environment preservation.

A Coastal Ocean Model of Semi-Implicit Finite Volume Unstructured Grid

A two-dimensional coastal ocean model based on unstructured C-grid is built, in which the momentum equation is discretized on the faces of each cell, and the continuity equation is discretized on the cell. The model is discretized by semi-implicit finite volume method, in that the free surface is semi-implicit and the bottom friction is implicit, thereby removing stability limitations associated with the surface gravity wave and friction. The remaining terms in the momentum equations are discretized explicitly by integral finite volume method and second-order Adams-Bashforth method. Tidal flow in the polar quadrant with known analytic solution is employed to test the proposed model. Finally, the performance of the present model to simulate tidal flow in a geometrically complex domain is examined by simulation of tidal currents in the Pearl River Estuary.

Statistical Downscaling of IPCC Sea Surface Wind and Wind Energy Predictions for U.S. East Coastal Ocean, Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea

A multivariate statistical downscaling method is developed to produce regional, high-resolution, coastal surface wind fields based on the IPCC global model predictions for the U.S. east coastal ocean, the Gulf of Mexico(GOM), and the Caribbean Sea. The statistical relationship is built upon linear regressions between the empirical orthogonal function(EOF) spaces of a cross- calibrated, multi-platform, multi-instrument ocean surface wind velocity dataset(predictand) and the global NCEP wind reanalysis(predictor) over a 10 year period from 2000 to 2009. The statistical relationship is validated before applications and its effectiveness is confirmed by the good agreement between downscaled wind fields based on the NCEP reanalysis and in-situ surface wind measured at 16 National Data Buoy Center(NDBC) buoys in the U.S. east coastal ocean and the GOM during 1992–1999. The predictand-predictor relationship is applied to IPCC GFDL model output(2.0?×2.5?) of downscaled coastal wind at 0.25?×0.25? resolution. The temporal and spatial variability of future predicted wind speeds and wind energy potential over the study region are further quantified. It is shown that wind speed and power would significantly be reduced in the high CO_2 climate scenario offshore of the mid-Atlantic and northeast U.S., with the speed falling to one quarter of its original value.

Atmospheric correction of ocean color imagery over turbid coastal waters using active and passive remote sensing

This paper demonstrates an atmospheric correction method to process MODIS/Aqua (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) ocean color imagery over turbid coastal waters with the aid of concurrent CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization) aerosol data, assuming that there exists "nonturbid" water in the study area where MODIS aerosol optical properties can be retrieved accurately. Aerosol properties from CALIOP measurements were obtained and related to those from MODIS. This relationship, combined with CALIOP aerosol data, was extended to turbid water to derive MODIS aerosol properties, where atmospheric correction using MODIS data alone often fails. By combining MODIS and CALIOP data, aerosol signals were separated from the total signals at the satellite level, and water-leaving radiances in turbid waters were subsequently derived. This method was tested on several MODIS/Aqua ocean color images over South China turbid waters. Comparison with field data shows that this method was effective in reducing the errors in the retrieved water-leaving radiance values to some extent. In the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary, this method did not overestimate the aerosol effects as severely, and provided far fewer negative water-leaving radiance values than the NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) default methods that used MODIS data alone.

Development of a High-Resolution Coastal Circulation Model for the Ocean Observatory in Lunenburg Bay

An advanced ocean observatory has been established in Lunenburg Bay of Nova Scotia, Canada as part of an interdisciplinary research project of marine environmental prediction. The development of a high-resolution coastal circulation model is one of important components of the observatory. The model horizontal resolution is 60 m and the vertical resolution is about 1 m. The coastal circulation model is used to simulate the semi-diurnal tidal circulation and associated nonlinear dynamics with the M2 forcing specified at the model open boundaries. The model is also used to simulate the storm-induced circulation in the bay during Hurricane Juan in September 2003, with the model forcing to be the combination of tides and remotely generated waves specified at the model open boundaries and wind stress applied at the sea surface. The model results demonstrate strong interactions between the local wind stress, tidal forcing, and remotely generated waves during this period. Comparison of model results with the surface elevation and current observations demonstrates that the coastal circulation model has reasonable skills in simulating the tidal and storm-induced circulation in the bay.

中国海洋水色观测卫星及其应用

海洋水色观测卫星是重要的对地观测平台,以相对高时空分辨率探测全球海洋和海岸带地区的生态环境,同时兼顾探测内陆水体、陆地植被和冰雪等信息.分别从卫星平台和载荷性能方面分析了国内外海洋水色卫星的发展历程、现状和未来趋势;综述了中国已发射的海洋水色观测卫星及其载荷的功能和性能情况;归纳了中国海洋水色观测卫星地面系统建设、卫星数据应用发展的历史和现状,重点阐述了中国海洋水色卫星在海洋生态环境、海洋生态灾害、滨海湿地生态系统、海冰和海洋国土空间规划领域的监测应用;最后给出了中国海洋水色观测卫星未来的新需求及发展趋势.研究结论可为中国海洋水色观测卫星的发展及应用规划提供参考.

水利开发影响下雷州滨海洋田区传统聚落景观特征研究

被誉为“广东第三大水利枢纽”的雷州滨海洋田区,经过历代水利开发与围海造田,建成了集防洪、防潮和灌溉于一体的综合水利体系,并在此基础上孕育出独特的传统聚落景观。以水利开发为视角切入,从时空上对滨海洋田区的水利发展历程和水利系统结构进行梳理,将其分为三大发展阶段和四大功能结构单元;进一步从宏观聚落空间分布、中观聚落景观格局和微观居住地景观特征进行多层级分析;最后从“人-地-海”互动关系揭示了滨海洋田区传统聚落景观的形成机制,为区域内传统聚落的保护和发展提供理论借鉴。

海岸带动态演变与韧性研究进展

海岸带作为海陆缓冲地带,长久以来发挥着保护陆域免受海洋灾害影响的重要作用。在遭受灾害带来的外界干扰时(例如风暴、海平面上升、海岸线侵蚀等),海岸带系统具备抵抗、恢复及适应该负面影响的能力,这种与变化环境相适应的能力被称为海岸带韧性。然而人类文明发展以来,长期大规模的干扰活动削弱了海岸带韧性,破坏了海岸带动态演变过程中动力地貌的平衡。因此,本文从海岸带地貌演变的特征展开,总结现有的海岸带侵蚀机理研究成果,指出研究方法中存在的问题和不足,并对目前热点的海岸带韧性与灾后恢复机理研究进展进行梳理,同时结合近年来新兴研究方向指出现有研究内容的不足之处,最后展望了“海洋十年行动计划”背景下海岸带综合开发与管理的研究趋势。

潮汐效应对沿海多条带时序InSAR地表形变监测的影响

潮汐效应对沿海大范围、高精度的合成孔径雷达干涉测量(Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar,InSAR)技术地表形变监测的影响不可忽略.潮汐效应中的固体潮(Solid Earth Tide,SET)位移和海洋潮汐负荷(Ocean Tide Loading,OTL)位移会在时间和空间域上对沿海大范围InSAR地表形变监测产生分米级的误差,而且不同条带中地表潮汐形变时空差异性会对多条带InSAR影像拼接产生较大误差.本文针对沿海地区多条带InSAR形变时序,重点分析了潮汐效应在不同条带InSAR地表沉降监测中的影响,并采用多种潮汐位移估计方法对多条带地表潮汐形变进行改正.结果表明,研究区域不同条带时序InSAR中地表潮汐形变具有较大的时空差异性,其造成沿海地区相邻条带时序InSAR地表沉降速率差异能达到1~2 cm·a^(-1);通过固体潮模型、海潮负荷模型或GPS参考站网海潮位移改正,能够消除不同条带中地表潮汐形变时空差异性对时序InSAR形变结果拼接产生的空间高阶非线性误差,弥补了传统拼接方法在拟合潮汐位移偏差的不足.在大气延迟误差改正的基础上,时序InSAR形变残差的标准差(Standard Deviation,STD)由潮汐改正前的2.3 cm减少至0.75 cm;本文研究揭示了沿海地表潮汐形变改正对多条带时序InSAR形变结果拼接的重要性,可大幅提高沿海地区广域时序InSAR地表形变监测的精度.

印度洋偶极子对华南沿海地表风速变化的影响

印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole,IOD)这一气候因子对印度洋周边乃至全球气候产生重要影响,在最近20多年中受到越来越多的关注;但目前尚不清楚其是否对华南沿海地表风速变化产生影响。文章依据中国华南沿海地区地表风速观测资料和最近20多年来对IOD的研究成果,应用统计分析和大气环流变化对这一问题进行分析。结果发现,除了以往提到的高—低纬度温差、北极涛动(Arctic Oscillation,AO)、太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific Decadal Oscillation,PDO)和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Niño-Southern Oscillation,ENSO)外,IOD活动也是影响华南沿海地区地表风速变化的重要因素之一。IOD活动的影响弱于高—低纬度温差;但相对于AO、PDO和ENSO,IOD活动对该地区地表风速的变化产生更为重要的影响。特别是伴随全球变暖的IOD活动加强是造成华南沿海地区秋季地表风速下降的重要因素。

海洋与海岸带数据库开发与数据可视化的集成与应用

针对大量的海洋与海岸带地质数据,烟台海岸带地质调查中心设计开发了海洋与海岸带数据库管理与可视化系统,文章对数据库系统的开发环境、功能模块进行了介绍。该系统的开发与使用实现了多源异构地质数据的“汇聚-处理-展示”一体化,对地质信息资源的使用价值和利用率的提高具有重要意义。

如何防止海洋塑料污染

1 It is clear that plastic pollution in the ocean is one of the most pressing environmental issues we are currently facing.Its consequences affect the whole planet and its inhabitants:it threatens ocean health,the health of marine species,food safety and quality,human health and coastal tourism,and contributes to climate change.

海景路护岸工程波浪数值模拟分析

为解决海岸护岸工程不同重现期的设计波要素计算问题,以荣成市好运角旅游度假区海景路护岸工程为研究对象,根据成山头海洋站数据风、浪资料,结合ECMWF(欧洲中长期天气预报中心)后报长期风、浪资料,采用第三代海浪模式SWAN模型计算得到拟建护岸设计波浪要素,并对结果进行统计分析。结果表明,工程海域各点位的波况受深水重现期波高影响,重现期越长的波浪对工程海域各点位影响越大;防波堤的建设主要受到E、SE、S向波浪影响;工程点波况受水位影响较大。

Distribution of Pacific-origin water in the region of the Chukchi Plateau in the Arctic Ocean in the summer of 2003

The upper ocean thermohaline structures in the region of the Chukchi Plateauare analyzed with the hydrographic data collected by the Chinese National Arctic Research Expeditionin the summer of 2003. Three types of the Pacific-origin water were found in the upper ocean,Alaska Coastal Water (ACW), summer Bering Sea Water (sBSW) and winter Bering Sea Water (wBSW) areindicated by two maximums temperature and one minimum temperature, piling up from the upper to thelower respectively. The extreme warm ACW with a maximum temperature of 1.62℃ was found in thesouthwestern Canada Basin at a depth of about 50 m. A pathway of the ACW into the basin from itsadjacent area did not existed in the expedition period. So it is speculated that the extreme warmfeature of the ACW was formed locally in 2003. The relative weak ACW occurred to the east of theChukchi Cap and in the southern Chukchi Abyssal Plain. The latter one might originate from a warmdownwelling that existed in a small canyon at the shelf break of the Chukchi Sea. The sBSW withoutthe ACW was found only at the southwestern flank of the Chukchi Cap. The ACW and the sBSW were notfound in the northernmost station at 81°N,which indicates the north boundary of the upperPacific-origin water in the Canada Basin. The wBSW, which existed in all deep stations, was exactlyuniform at temperature. The difference of the core potential temperature of the wBSW in the deepregions is only 0.08℃.

Ocean color products retrieval and validation around China coast with MODIS

Waters along China coast are very turbid with high concentrations of suspended sediment nearly all the time,especially at the Hangzhou Bay,the Changjiang （Yangtze） River Estuary and the shoal along Jiangsu Province.In these turbid and optically complex waters,the standard MODIS ocean color products tend to have invalid values.Because the water-leaving radiances in the near-infrared （NIR） are significant resulting from the strong scattering of suspended particles,the standard MODIS atmospheric correction algorithm often gets no results or produces significant errors.And because of the complex water optical properties,the OC3 model used in the standard MODIS data processing tends to get extremely high chlorophyll-a （Chl-a） concentrations.In this paper,we present an atmospheric correction approach using MODIS short wave infrared （SWIR） bands based on the fact that water-leaving radiances are negligible in the SWIR region because of the extreme strong absorption of water even in turbid waters.A regional Chl-a concentration estimation model is also constructed for MODIS from in situ data.These algorithms are applied to MODIS Aqua data processing in the China coastal regions.In situ data collected in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea in spring and autumn,2003 are used to validate the performance.Reasonably good results have been obtained.It is noted that water-leaving reflectance in the NIR bands are significant in waters along the China coast with high sediment loadings.The satellite derived and in-situ reflectance spectra can match in the turbid waters along China coast,and there is relatively good linear relationship between satellite derived and in-situ reflectance.The RMSE value of Rrs（λ） is 0.0031 sr ？1 for all the nine ocean color bands （412 to 869 nm）.The satellite-derived Chl-a value is in the reasonable range and the root mean square percentage difference is 46.1%.