Effects of Temperature, Salinity, Light Intensity, and pH on the Eicosapentaenoic Acid Production of Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus

The effects of temperature, light intensity, salinity, and initial pH on the growth and fatty acid composition of Pinguiococcus pyrenoidosus 2078 were studied for eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) production potential. The fatty acid composition was assayed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, which indicated that the main fatty acids were C14:0, C16:0 and EPA. The highest EPA percentage 20.83% of total fatty acids was obtained at 20℃ with the temperature being set at 20, 24, and 28℃. Under different salinities and light intensities, the highest percentages of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and EPA were 17.82% and 31.37% of total fatty acids, respectively, which were achieved at salinity 30 and 100μmol photon m-2s-1 illumination. The highest percentages of total PUFAs and EPA were 38.75% and 23.13% of total fatty acids, respectively, which were reached at an initial pH of 6 with the test range being from 5.0 to 9.0.

Seawater temperature and salinity sensing based on in-fiber Michelson-Fabry-Perrot hybrid interferometer employing frequency domain decomposition method

We propose an in-fiber Michelson-Fabry-Perrot(M-FP)hybrid interferometer for the simultaneous measurement of seawater temperature and salinity.The sensor head consists of two parallel hetero Fabry-Perot(FP)cavities fabricated on the end face of the twin core fiber(TCF).A fiber fusion taper is used to split and recouple the light in the two cores.In this case,the Vernier effect can be obtained which can greatly enhance the sensitivity and solve the problem of temperature cross-sensitivity.Different from the traditional demodulation method based on envelop detection,we employed frequency domain decomposition method(FDDM)to demodulate the sensing signal.The simulation results indicate that the proposed sensor has high sensitivity to salinity and temperature.Thanks to the merits of high sensitivity,ease of fabrication and small footprint,the proposed seawater temperature and salinity sensor would have potential applications in marine science,food industry and ocean ranching.

Oceanic Climatology in the Coupled Model FGOALS-g2: Improvements and Biases

The present study examines simulated oceanic climatology in the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere- Land System model, Grid-point Version 2 （FGOALS-g2） forced by historical external forcing data. The oceanic temperatures and circulations in FGOALS-g2 were found to be comparable to those observed, and substantially improved compared to those simulated by the previous version, FGOALS-gl.0. Compared with simulations by FGOALS-gl.0, the shallow mixed layer depths were better captured in the eastern Atlantic and Pacific Ocean in FGOALS-g2. In the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the cold biases of SST were about 1℃-5℃ smaller in FGOALS-g2. The associated sea ice distributions and their seasonal cycles were more realistic in FGOALS-g2. The pattern of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation （AMOC） was better simulated in FGOALS-g2, although its magnitude was larger than that found in observed data. The simulated Antarctic Circumpolar Current （ACC） transport was about 140 Sv through the Drake Passage, which is close to that observed. Moreover, Antarctic Intermediate Water （AAIW） was better captured in FGOALS-g2. However, large SST cold biases （〉3℃） were still found to exist around major western boundary currents and in the Barents Sea, which can be explained by excessively strong oceanic cold advection and unresolved processes owing to the coarse resolution. In the Indo-Pacific warm pool, the cold biases were partly related to the excessive loss of heat from the ocean. Along the eastern coast in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, the warm biases were due to overestimation of shortwave radiation. In the Indian Ocean and Southern Ocean, the surface fresh biases were mainly due to the biases of precipitation. In the tropical Pacific Ocean, the surface fresh biases （〉2 psu） were mainly caused by excessive precipitation and oceanic advection. In the Indo-Pacific Ocean, fresh biases were also found to dominate in the upper 1000 m, except in the northeastern Indian Ocean. There were warm and salty biases （3℃-4℃ and 1-2 psu） from the surface to the bottom in the Labrador Sea, which might be due to large amounts of heat transport and excessive evaporation, respectively. For vertical structures, the maximal biases of temperature and salinity were found to be located at depths of 〉600 m in the Arctic Ocean, and their values exceeded 4℃ and 2 psu, respectively.

i4Ocean: transfer function-based interactive visualization of ocean temperature and salinity volume data

In this paper,we present a novel ocean visualization framework,which focuses on analyzing multidimensional and spatiotemporal ocean data.GPU-based visualization methods are explored to effectively visualize ocean data.An improved ray casting algorithm for heterogeneous multisection ocean volume data is presented.A two-layer spherical shell is taken as the ocean data proxy geometry,which enables oceanographers to obtain a real geographic background based on global terrain.An efficient ray sampling technique including an adaptive sampling technique and a preintegrated transfer function is proposed to achieve high-effectiveness and high-efficiency rendering.Moreover,an interactive transfer function is also designed to analyze the 3D structure of ocean temperature and salinity anomaly phenomena.Based on the framework,an integrated visualization system called i4Ocean is created.The visualization of ocean temperature and salinity anomalies extracted interactively by the transfer function is demonstrated.

海洋盐度对水下航行器热尾流行为的影响

针对海洋中的盐度环境对于水下航行器热尾流浮升扩散的影响,本文基于重叠网格技术,建立了水下航行器热尾流三维模型,分别对热尾流在均匀盐度与分层盐度环境下的浮升扩散过程进行了数值模拟,采用浮频率数表征盐度环境特征,研究了海洋盐度对于热尾流的影响。结果表明:盐度分层环境对潜艇冷却水浮升具有明显抑制作用,该环境下海面温度特征随盐度梯度的增大而减弱。

印度尼西亚—澳大利亚海盆上层海洋层结变化及其影响因素

本文基于ORAS5(ocean reanalysis system)和ERA5(ECMWF reanalysis v5)再分析数据,利用密度跃层底的浮力频率表征海洋层结的强度对印度尼西亚—澳大利亚海盆及其周边海域的海洋层结特性及其影响因素进行研究。结果显示:该海盆海洋层结在空间上表现为北部较强、南部较弱,在时间上表现为北半球春季较强、秋季较弱。对海盆内混合层温度和盐度变化的影响因素分析表明,海表通量和海洋平流作用的贡献非常显著,特别是与印尼贯穿流相关的纬向平流通过影响次表层密度结构进而对跃层底层结产生重要影响。进一步分析印尼贯穿流通量对海盆内海洋层结的影响,发现了印尼贯穿流通量与该海盆的混合层界面上下的温盐异常密切相关,该盐度异常通过影响其垂向密度梯度进而对海洋层结的季节变化产生影响。

A Regional Ocean Reanalysis System for Coastal Waters of China and Adjacent Seas

A regional ocean reanalysis system for the coastal waters of China and adjacent seas has been developed by the National Marine Data and Information Service（NMDIS）.It produces a dataset package called CORA （China ocean reanalysis）.The regional ocean model used is based on the Princeton Ocean Model with a generalized coordinate system（POMgcs）.The model is parallelized by NMDIS with the addition of the wave breaking and tidal mixing processes into model parameterizations.Data assimilation is a sequential three-dimensional variational（3D-Var） scheme implemented within a multigrid framework.Observations include satellite remote sensing sea surface temperature（SST）,altimetry sea level anomaly（SLA）,and temperature/salinity profiles.The reanalysis fields of sea surface height,temperature,salinity,and currents begin with January 1986 and are currently updated every year. Error statistics and error distributions of temperature,salinity and currents are presented as a primary evaluation of the reanalysis fields using sea level data from tidal gauges,temperature profiles,as well as the trajectories of Argo floats.Some case studies offer the opportunity to verify the evolution of certain local circulations.These evaluations show that the reanalysis data produced provide a good representation of the ocean processes and phenomena in the coastal waters of China and adjacent seas.

Variation of Indo-Pacific upper ocean heat content during 2001–2012 revealed by Argo

Understanding of the temporal variation of oceanic heat content （OHC） is of fundamental importance to the prediction of climate change and associated global meteorological phenomena. However, OHC characteristics in the Pacific and Indian oceans are not well understood. Based on in situ ocean temperature and salinity profiles mainly from the Argo program, we estimated the upper layer （0-750 m） OHC in the Indo-Pacific Ocean （40°S-40°N, 30°E-80°W）. Spatial and temporal variability of OHC and its likely physical mechanisms are also analyzed. Climatic distributions of upper-layer OHC in the Indian and Pacific oceans have a similar saddle pattern in the subtropics, and the highest OHC value was in the northern Arabian Sea. However, OHC variabilities in the two oceans were different. OHC in the Pacific has an east-west see-saw pattern, which does not appear in the Indian Ocean. In the Indian Ocean, the largest change was around 10°S. The most interesting phenomenon is that, there was a long-term shift of OHC in the Indo-Pacific Ocean during 2001-2012. Such variation coincided with modulation of subsurface temperature/salinity. During 2001-2007, there was subsurface cooling （freshening） nearly the entire upper 400 m layer in the western Pacific and warming （salting） in the eastern Pacific. During 2008-2012, the thermocline deepened in the western Pacific but shoaled in the east. In the Indian Ocean, there was only cooling （upper 150 m only） and freshening （almost the entire upper 400 m） during 2001-2007. The thermocline deepened during 2008-2012 in the Indian Ocean. Such change appeared from the equator to off the equator and even to the subtropics （about 20°N/S） in the two oceans. This long-term change of subsurface temperature/salinity may have been caused by change of the wind field over the two oceans during 2001-2012, in turn modifying OHC.

CAS-ESM2.0 Model Datasets for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1 (OMIP1)

As a member of the Chinese modeling groups,the coupled ocean-ice component of the Chinese Academy of Sciences’Earth System Model,version 2.0(CAS-ESM2.0),is taking part in the Ocean Model Intercomparison Project Phase 1(OMIP1)experiment of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6).The simulation was conducted,and monthly outputs have been published on the ESGF(Earth System Grid Federation)data server.In this paper,the experimental dataset is introduced,and the preliminary performances of the ocean model in simulating the global ocean temperature,salinity,sea surface temperature,sea surface salinity,sea surface height,sea ice,and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation(AMOC)are evaluated.The results show that the model is at quasi-equilibrium during the integration of 372 years,and performances of the model are reasonable compared with observations.This dataset is ready to be downloaded and used by the community in related research,e.g.,multi-ocean-sea-ice model performance evaluation and interannual variation in oceans driven by prescribed atmospheric forcing.

VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF UPPER WATER TEMPERATURE AND SALINITY IN THE NORTHERN SOUTH CHINA SEA AROUND THE SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

The analyses of conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) temperature and salinity data of R/V (Research Vessel) 'Shiyan 3' and R/V 'Kexue 1' observed during the South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) were made to describe the vertical structure and variation of sea temperature and salinity in the upper layer of northern South China Sea (SCS) before and after the summer monsoon onset.The stratification of the upper-layer water in northern SCS is more obvious in late April than July.Isotherm distribution at some sections forms a wave-shaped structure with obvious thermal trough and ridge.High surface temperature water was observed off northwest of Luzon Island in late April.The formation of a mixed layer in the surface layer northwest of Luzon Island is prominent in July.Water on the northern SCS continental shelf has obviously turned much fresher in July than April due to the effects of discharge from Zhujiang River and Guangdong coastal waters.

Evaluation of a global eddy-permitting hybrid coordinate ocean model

A historical run(1993–2014)of a global,eddy-permitting,hybrid coordinate ocean model(HYCOM)is evaluated against observations.The authors evaluate several metrics in the model,including the spatial distribution of sea surface temperature(SST),the zonally averaged seasonal cycle of SST,the variability of the sea level anomaly(SLA),the zonally and meridionally averaged temperature and salinity,and the equatorial undercurrent.It is found that the simulated seasonal cycle of SST is 0.2–0.8 stronger than observed at midlatitudes.The modeled SST is 0.29°C warmer than the observed for the global ocean.the structure of the subsurface temperature and salinity is similar to the observed.moreover,the variability of SLA exhibits the same pattern as observed.The modeled equatorial undercurrent in the pacific ocean is weaker than observed,but stronger than the ecco reanalysis product.overall,the model can reproduce the large-scale ocean states,and is suitable for analyses seeking to better understand the dynamics and thermodynamics of the upper ocean,as well as ocean variability.

影响剑鱼分布和延绳钓 CPUE 的主要因素研究进展

掌握剑鱼(Xiphias gladius)的分布特征,可为剑鱼的栖息生态、资源养护以及延绳钓渔具改进等研究提供科学依据。本文重点介绍了国内外关于影响剑鱼分布和延绳钓单位捕捞努力量渔获量(CPUE)因素等的研究成果,同时指出存在的问题,并提出今后进一步研究应采取的对策。结果表明:1)剑鱼进行昼夜垂直移动,根据水层含氧量变化呈“U”形移动模式,白天一般分布在8.5~13.3°C相对应的水层,夜间分布在23.6~26.2°C相对应的水层;2)剑鱼洄游到热带水域产卵和越冬,洄游到温带水域索饵;3)剑鱼聚集在锋面区和涡流场;4)月光照度影响剑鱼的垂直运动,月相也可能与剑鱼产卵行为有关;5)单丝延绳钓的剑鱼捕获率比复丝延绳钓高,浸泡时间与剑鱼CPUE呈正相关;6)使用荧光棒可提高剑鱼CPUE,荧光棒的浸泡时间与剑鱼CPUE也呈正相关。研究中存在的主要不足有:1)气侯变化与剑鱼栖息环境的关系研究不足;2)月光照度对剑鱼活动影响的定量研究较少,结论不充分;3)不同钩型、钓钩偏角与饵料对剑鱼CPUE的影响研究不足。建议今后对下列几个方面进行研究:1)增加TDR、CTD的测试实验,研究不同水层的温度、盐度、叶绿素a、溶解氧浓度等因素对剑鱼分布的影响;2)利用历史渔获统计数据、卫星遥感数据,结合海洋季风、信风的变化研究剑鱼分布与海洋环境之间的关系,找出气候变化对剑鱼分布的具体影响;3)运用照度计,定量研究月光照度对剑鱼及其饵料生物垂直运动和剑鱼产卵行为的影响;4)进一步研究不同钩型、钓钩偏角和不同饵料对剑鱼CPUE的影响。

大西洋中部大眼金枪鱼垂直分布与温度、盐度的关系

根据2001年7月4日至10月27日3艘在大西洋中部公海海域作业的中国金枪鱼延绳钓船上随机观测到的大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)的上钩钩号,应用悬链线钩深计算公式,分别计算出各钩号的钩深;根据STD仪测得的温度、盐度的垂直分布以钩深为引数,查出该尾鱼捕获时的温度和盐度数据。根据大眼金枪鱼的取样数据,利用频度统计的方法,推算出各水层、水温、盐度范围的渔获率。渔获率最大的水层、水温、盐度范围为大眼金枪鱼的最适水层、水温和盐度范围;渔获率为前3位的水层、水温、盐度范围为大眼金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层、水温和盐度范围。结果表明:大西洋中部,大眼金枪鱼的最适水层为240.00-269.99m水深、最适水温为12.00-12.99℃、最适盐度为35.00-35.09;大西洋中部渔场大眼金枪鱼活动较频繁的水层为240.00-329.99 m水深、水温为10.00-12.99℃、盐度为35.00-35.29。

微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度的研究进展

介绍了微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度的原理,回顾了在海水微波辐射亮度温度模型,机载、星载微波辐射计遥感海洋盐度实验,以及星载微波辐射计研究计划方面的进展。指出了为提高海洋盐度测量精度和空间分辨率,在盐度遥感机理、微波辐射计、及盐度反演研究方面的发展趋势。

南海Argo浮标观测结果初步分析

对投放在南海内部的4个Argo浮标轨迹特征,温、盐结构及漂移速度进行诊断分析发现,Argo浮标剖面温、盐观测结果和气候态资料一致,同时上层海洋温、盐剖面资料表现出周期约2月的扰动信号,并且温跃层起伏与同期海表高度异常相关显著。和高度计资料计算而得的海表地转流相比,由Argo浮标漂移轨迹计算的表观流量值较小。在季节时间尺度上,Argo浮标表观流和Argo浮标所停留的中层参考面季节性海流相一致。

基于Argo数据的中西太平洋鲣渔获量与水温、表层盐度关系的初步研究

根据上海金汇远洋渔业公司2007年度在中西太平洋海域进行鲣Katsuwonus pelamis围网作业的生产数据以及Argo剖面浮标数据,利用地理信息系统软件Arcview,按1°×1°的格式绘制了各月产量、表层温度、表层盐度以及50 m和200 m水层温度等,并对数据进行了综合分析。结果表明:鲣的高渔获量区域主要分布于150°～153°E、160°～161°E,0°～2°S的水域;2007年最高月产量和最高单网平均日产量(CPUE)的月份分别为8月和2月;通过K-S检验,2007年最适表层温度为29.3～30.1℃,最适表层盐度为34.0～35.2;0～200 m、50～200 m水层的垂直温差为11℃时,渔获量达到最大。Shapiro-Wilk正态性检验结果表明,渔获量与0～200 m、50～200 m水层的垂直温差服从正态分布关系。上述结论符合生产实践中获得的情况,表明Argo数据可以应用于渔业生产和科研中。

咸化湖盆中酸性流体对碎屑岩储层的改造作用

柴达木盆地西部南区新生界主要为咸化湖盆沉积,咸化环境提高了其烃类转化率,但其对储层的控制作用尚待进一步明确。通过高温高压试验模拟了地层条件下成岩流体与岩石矿物之间的物理化学作用,进而研究咸化环境中有机质演化过程中产生的有机酸对储层的改造作用。结果表明:酸性流体对岩石矿物的溶蚀作用增加了其孔隙度,但渗透率的变化存在差异性;当岩石中含有石膏和铁白云石时,铁白云石在石膏的催化作用下极易发生溶蚀作用,反应生成的Fe2+、Mg2+促进了高岭石向针叶状绿泥石的转化,从而堵塞孔隙喉道,造成岩石渗透率的下降;岩石中石膏的发育是造成高温高压地层中方解石发生沉淀的主要原因,相同条件下石膏比方解石更易溶解,其产生的过饱和钙造成方解石的沉淀,但岩石的孔隙度有所增大,因为方解石的沉淀作用造成的储集空间减小量小于石膏和长石等易溶矿物溶解造成的储集空间增大量。

盐度强化剩余污泥碱性发酵产酸

短链脂肪酸（SCFAs）是生物脱氮除磷的优质碳源,为提高剩余污泥碱性发酵SCFAs的产量,分别在20℃和35℃条件下,考察了不同盐度（0～25g/L）对剩余污泥碱性（p H=10）发酵的影响.结果表明：在20℃和35℃条件下,投加适量的氯化钠均可提高SCFAs产量,且氯化钠投加量为15g/L时SCFAs产量最大,较不投加时分别提高了42.3%和15.0%.进一步的研究表明,适量的投加氯化钠促进了生成SCFAs所需底物（蛋白质和多糖）的释放,同时提高了发酵系统的C/N（SCFAs/NH4＋-N）.因此,盐度联合碱性p H值可强化剩余污泥发酵产生SCFAs,同时达到剩余污泥减量的效果.

全球Argo实时海洋观测网全面建成

文中较详尽地介绍了全球Argo实时海洋观测网建设现状,以及Argo资料在相关领域应用研究中所取得的成果,揭示了Argo资料广阔的应用研究前景。但要实现国际Argo计划的最终目标,尚需各参与国不遗余力。

盐度—光照强度—温度对角毛藻生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响

为获知盐度—光照强度—温度对半咸水硅藻——角毛藻SHOU-B98生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量的影响,实验采用L_9(3~4)正交设计探讨其在不同盐度(6、12和18)、光照强度[10、30和50μmol/(m^2·s)]及温度(10、20和30℃)组合条件下的生长及藻细胞ARA、EPA和DHA含量的变化。结果显示,盐度、光照强度、温度三因素对角毛藻SHOUB98的生长及高不饱和脂肪酸含量均有显著影响,且存在因素间的交互作用。角毛藻SHOU-B98在盐度12、光照强度30μmol/(m^2·s)和温度30℃及盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m^2·s)和温度20℃的组合条件下生长最快,第4天后这2组做藻的生物量显著高于其他组(P<0.05)。角毛藻细胞积累不同高不饱和脂肪酸的最佳培养条件也不同,细胞积累ARA的最优培养组合条件为盐度6、光照强度50μmol/(m^2·s)和温度30℃;细胞积累EPA和DHA的最优培养组合条件为盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m^2·s)和温度20℃。研究表明,角毛藻SHOU-B98生长快且细胞脂肪酸营养价值高的培养条件为盐度18、光照强度50μmol/(m^2·s)和温度20℃的组合。