Growth and passivation of tunnels within Al foil by on-off controlling DC etching in 6 wt.% HCI solution has been investigated. It was found that, in a given etchant solution at a special temperature, the longest tunn...Growth and passivation of tunnels within Al foil by on-off controlling DC etching in 6 wt.% HCI solution has been investigated. It was found that, in a given etchant solution at a special temperature, the longest tunnel length was only a function of the turn-on interval of DC. The potential of Al foil broke at on-off controlling DC by the result from anode polarization curves and potential-time （E-t） responding curves. When DC was switched on, the potential increased abruptly over pitting potential, leading to nucleation of pits at the surface and the growth of tunnels at special length. When DC was switched off, the potential decreased rapidly to a passive value, leading to stoppage of nucleation and death of tunnels. By this way, the longest tunnel length can be controlled and a non-piercing layer can be obtained. Hence, etching of Al foil at this current is beneficial for maintaining a good mechanical strength.展开更多
The effects of trapped electrons on off-axis lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） in tokamaks are studied, A computer code for solving the Fokker-Planck equation in a toroidal geometry is developed and employed. The co...The effects of trapped electrons on off-axis lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） in tokamaks are studied, A computer code for solving the Fokker-Planck equation in a toroidal geometry is developed and employed. The code is suitable for various auxiliary heating and current drive schemes in tokamak plasmas. The influence of the resonance regime on the current drive efficiency as well as the influence of trapped particle fraction on the current drive efficiency are emphasized. It is shown that, as an electrostatic force, the lower hybrid wave causes some of the trapped electrons to be untrapped and lose their energy, which can cut the LHCD efficiency by about 30%. The ITER scaling law is also used to estimate the trapped electron effects.展开更多
Data taken in two large scale ocean observations in China in summer 1959 and 1982 were used to analyze the residual current off the Changjiang (Yangtze) River mouth. The currents at surface off the mouth in July 1959 ...Data taken in two large scale ocean observations in China in summer 1959 and 1982 were used to analyze the residual current off the Changjiang (Yangtze) River mouth. The currents at surface off the mouth in July 1959 and 1982 flow northeastward and eastward due to the river discharge, the current speed was larger in1982 than in 1959. All the bottom currents flow landward due to baroclinic effect. The surface current was controlled by the river runoff and the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). A return current at surface off the mouth was observed in September 1959. In general, the bottom currents were controlled by the TWC in most study area in addition to the runoff near the mouth. Although driven by 3-D model with the monthly averaged forces (river discharge, wind stress, baroclinic effect, open boundary water volume flux and tidal mixing) in August, the simulated circulations were basically consistent with the observed ones with episodic time manner.展开更多
这研究集中于 Hangzhou 海湾近海的沉积环境变化，华东，自从晚第四级。AMS < 啜 class= “ a-plus-plus ” > 14 </sup > 从核心 CJK10，岩性学，有孔虫类的分发，重矿物质，和 S 和 Cl 元素的 C 年龄在 23.211.0 cal ka ...这研究集中于 Hangzhou 海湾近海的沉积环境变化，华东，自从晚第四级。AMS < 啜 class= “ a-plus-plus ” > 14 </sup > 从核心 CJK10，岩性学，有孔虫类的分发，重矿物质，和 S 和 Cl 元素的 C 年龄在 23.211.0 cal ka BP 期间显示出河的平台环境；一对潮汐公寓的环境沿岸在 11.010.2 cal ka BP 期间；并且有相对低的沉积的浅海洋的环境自从 4.3 cal ka BP，评估 0.10.22 cm/a。高 depositional 从 10.9 ～ 10.2 cal ka BP 评估 1.6 cm/a 源于快速的海水平上升从 44 创造的足够的住所空间 m 到 33 m 从本地河边的高沉积交货，并且由潮汐公寓的植被的沉积的有效套住。海水平上升的率是可变的；自从 10.6 cal ka BP 1.2 cm/a 相对从 10.9 ～ 10.6 cal ka BP 2.1 cm/a 高、更低。Changjiang 沿著岸水流穿过 Hangzhou 海湾比 9.4 cal ka BP 晚在华东海的内部架上形成泥楔。CJK10 地点从近似 9.4-9.2 cal ka BP 是潮主导的架环境和富有经验的侵蚀到 4.3 cal ka BP。depositional 中断被 Changjiang 沿著岸水流引起，它在 9.4-7.5 cal ka BP 期间是相对弱的并且在 7.5-4 cal ka BP 期间在力量增加了。从 4.3 cal ka BP，来自 Changjiang 河的大量沉积部分在 Hangzhou 海湾的大陆人架上被扔，一些搬运了向南方。因此，这研究澄清导出 Changjiang 的沉积疏开和免职的历史，尽管在自从 4.3 cal ka BP 当前的 Changjiang 沿著岸的变化的一个详细记录是困难的因为证据的缺乏，获得。展开更多
In this paper, a novel junctionless field effect transistor（JLFET） is proposed. In the presence of a field plate between gate and drain, the gate-induced drain leakage（GIDL） effect is suppressed due to the decreas...In this paper, a novel junctionless field effect transistor（JLFET） is proposed. In the presence of a field plate between gate and drain, the gate-induced drain leakage（GIDL） effect is suppressed due to the decrease of lateral band-to-band tunneling probability. Thus, the off-state current Ioff, which is mainly provided by the GIDL current, is reduced. Sentaurus simulation shows that the Ioffof the new optimized JLFET is reduced by ～ 2 orders and its sub-threshold swing can reach76.8 mV/decade with little influence on its on-state current Ion, so its Ion/Ioff ratio is improved by 2 orders of magnitude compared with that of the normal JLFET. Optimization of device parameters such as Φfps（the work difference between field plate and substrate） and LFP（the length of field plate）, is also discussed in detail.展开更多
Domestic off-grid renewable energy systems have become common place in many areas of the world, as humanity seeks to keep abreast with global technological changes and advancements. This paper aims to present a cost-e...Domestic off-grid renewable energy systems have become common place in many areas of the world, as humanity seeks to keep abreast with global technological changes and advancements. This paper aims to present a cost-effective energy monitoring system which may be used to analyze and evaluate the operation of a domestic off-grid PV system. Parameters which are monitored include the output voltage and current from a 55 W polycrystalline PV panel. The output voltage and current from a power regulation circuit (which could be a DC-DC converter, solar charger or MPPT) is also monitored with this singular system which incorporates a data logging interface circuit, a data logger and a personal computer.展开更多
The circulations off the Changjiang mouth in May and November were simulated by a three dimension numerical model with monthly averaged parameters of dynamic factors in this paper. The area covers the East China Sea (...The circulations off the Changjiang mouth in May and November were simulated by a three dimension numerical model with monthly averaged parameters of dynamic factors in this paper. The area covers the East China Sea (ECS), Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Simulated results show that the circulation off the Changjiang mouth in spring and autumn is mainly the Changjiang runoff and Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). The Changjiang discharge is much larger in May than in November, and the wind is westward in May, and southward in November off the Changjiang mouth. The runoff in May branches in three parts, one eastward flows, the other two flow northward and southward along the Subei and Zhejiang coast respectively. The Changjiang diluted water expands eastward off the mouth, and forms a strong salinity front near the mouth. Surface circulation in autumn is similar to that in winter, the runoff southward flows along the coast, and the northward flowing TWC becomes weaker compared to that in spring and summer. The bottom circulations in May and November are mainly the runoffnear the mouth and the TWC offthe mouth, and the runoff and TWC are greater in May than in November.展开更多
基金This study was financially supported by Beijing Education Commission,China.
文摘Growth and passivation of tunnels within Al foil by on-off controlling DC etching in 6 wt.% HCI solution has been investigated. It was found that, in a given etchant solution at a special temperature, the longest tunnel length was only a function of the turn-on interval of DC. The potential of Al foil broke at on-off controlling DC by the result from anode polarization curves and potential-time （E-t） responding curves. When DC was switched on, the potential increased abruptly over pitting potential, leading to nucleation of pits at the surface and the growth of tunnels at special length. When DC was switched off, the potential decreased rapidly to a passive value, leading to stoppage of nucleation and death of tunnels. By this way, the longest tunnel length can be controlled and a non-piercing layer can be obtained. Hence, etching of Al foil at this current is beneficial for maintaining a good mechanical strength.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （Grant Nos 10675043, 10575031 and 10675042）.
文摘The effects of trapped electrons on off-axis lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） in tokamaks are studied, A computer code for solving the Fokker-Planck equation in a toroidal geometry is developed and employed. The code is suitable for various auxiliary heating and current drive schemes in tokamak plasmas. The influence of the resonance regime on the current drive efficiency as well as the influence of trapped particle fraction on the current drive efficiency are emphasized. It is shown that, as an electrostatic force, the lower hybrid wave causes some of the trapped electrons to be untrapped and lose their energy, which can cut the LHCD efficiency by about 30%. The ITER scaling law is also used to estimate the trapped electron effects.
文摘Data taken in two large scale ocean observations in China in summer 1959 and 1982 were used to analyze the residual current off the Changjiang (Yangtze) River mouth. The currents at surface off the mouth in July 1959 and 1982 flow northeastward and eastward due to the river discharge, the current speed was larger in1982 than in 1959. All the bottom currents flow landward due to baroclinic effect. The surface current was controlled by the river runoff and the Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). A return current at surface off the mouth was observed in September 1959. In general, the bottom currents were controlled by the TWC in most study area in addition to the runoff near the mouth. Although driven by 3-D model with the monthly averaged forces (river discharge, wind stress, baroclinic effect, open boundary water volume flux and tidal mixing) in August, the simulated circulations were basically consistent with the observed ones with episodic time manner.
基金Supported by the National Special Research Fund for Non-Profit Marine Sector(No.200805063)the Continental Shelf Drilling Program(No.GZH201100202)the State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment,Institute of Oceanology Program(No.MGE2012KG09)
文摘这研究集中于 Hangzhou 海湾近海的沉积环境变化，华东，自从晚第四级。AMS < 啜 class= “ a-plus-plus ” > 14 </sup > 从核心 CJK10，岩性学，有孔虫类的分发，重矿物质，和 S 和 Cl 元素的 C 年龄在 23.211.0 cal ka BP 期间显示出河的平台环境；一对潮汐公寓的环境沿岸在 11.010.2 cal ka BP 期间；并且有相对低的沉积的浅海洋的环境自从 4.3 cal ka BP，评估 0.10.22 cm/a。高 depositional 从 10.9 ～ 10.2 cal ka BP 评估 1.6 cm/a 源于快速的海水平上升从 44 创造的足够的住所空间 m 到 33 m 从本地河边的高沉积交货，并且由潮汐公寓的植被的沉积的有效套住。海水平上升的率是可变的；自从 10.6 cal ka BP 1.2 cm/a 相对从 10.9 ～ 10.6 cal ka BP 2.1 cm/a 高、更低。Changjiang 沿著岸水流穿过 Hangzhou 海湾比 9.4 cal ka BP 晚在华东海的内部架上形成泥楔。CJK10 地点从近似 9.4-9.2 cal ka BP 是潮主导的架环境和富有经验的侵蚀到 4.3 cal ka BP。depositional 中断被 Changjiang 沿著岸水流引起，它在 9.4-7.5 cal ka BP 期间是相对弱的并且在 7.5-4 cal ka BP 期间在力量增加了。从 4.3 cal ka BP，来自 Changjiang 河的大量沉积部分在 Hangzhou 海湾的大陆人架上被扔，一些搬运了向南方。因此，这研究澄清导出 Changjiang 的沉积疏开和免职的历史，尽管在自从 4.3 cal ka BP 当前的 Changjiang 沿著岸的变化的一个详细记录是困难的因为证据的缺乏，获得。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61704130)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant No.20101166085)the Opening Project of Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Devices&Integrated Technology from Institute of Microelectronics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.90109162905)
文摘In this paper, a novel junctionless field effect transistor（JLFET） is proposed. In the presence of a field plate between gate and drain, the gate-induced drain leakage（GIDL） effect is suppressed due to the decrease of lateral band-to-band tunneling probability. Thus, the off-state current Ioff, which is mainly provided by the GIDL current, is reduced. Sentaurus simulation shows that the Ioffof the new optimized JLFET is reduced by ～ 2 orders and its sub-threshold swing can reach76.8 mV/decade with little influence on its on-state current Ion, so its Ion/Ioff ratio is improved by 2 orders of magnitude compared with that of the normal JLFET. Optimization of device parameters such as Φfps（the work difference between field plate and substrate） and LFP（the length of field plate）, is also discussed in detail.
文摘Domestic off-grid renewable energy systems have become common place in many areas of the world, as humanity seeks to keep abreast with global technological changes and advancements. This paper aims to present a cost-effective energy monitoring system which may be used to analyze and evaluate the operation of a domestic off-grid PV system. Parameters which are monitored include the output voltage and current from a 55 W polycrystalline PV panel. The output voltage and current from a power regulation circuit (which could be a DC-DC converter, solar charger or MPPT) is also monitored with this singular system which incorporates a data logging interface circuit, a data logger and a personal computer.
文摘The circulations off the Changjiang mouth in May and November were simulated by a three dimension numerical model with monthly averaged parameters of dynamic factors in this paper. The area covers the East China Sea (ECS), Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. Simulated results show that the circulation off the Changjiang mouth in spring and autumn is mainly the Changjiang runoff and Taiwan Warm Current (TWC). The Changjiang discharge is much larger in May than in November, and the wind is westward in May, and southward in November off the Changjiang mouth. The runoff in May branches in three parts, one eastward flows, the other two flow northward and southward along the Subei and Zhejiang coast respectively. The Changjiang diluted water expands eastward off the mouth, and forms a strong salinity front near the mouth. Surface circulation in autumn is similar to that in winter, the runoff southward flows along the coast, and the northward flowing TWC becomes weaker compared to that in spring and summer. The bottom circulations in May and November are mainly the runoffnear the mouth and the TWC offthe mouth, and the runoff and TWC are greater in May than in November.
