Power Quality Improvement and Signal Conditioning of PV Array and Grid Interfaced Off-board Charger for Electric Vehicles with V2G and G2V Capabilities

In this work,we present a photovoltaic(PV)-based off-board charging system integrated with the grid using a voltage source converter(VSC).The control of the grid-tied off-board charger is derived from the joint logarithmic hyperbolic cosine robust sparse adaptive filter(JLHCAF)algorithm.This algorithm effectively tracks the fundamental component of the load current in a short duration,providing a good dynamic response.Due to its robustness against impulsive interference,the JLHCAF outperforms other sparsity-aware robust algorithms The cascaded proportional-integral(PI)controller is used to control the bidirectional buck-boost converter for electric vehicle(EV)charging/discharging,which acts in buck operation if the EV is being charged and in boost operation if it is discharged.The reference DC link voltage for the controller is derived by using adaptive MPPT technique.The bidirectional properties of the system enable various functions,including grid-to-vehicle(G2V),vehicle-to-grid(V2G),PV source-to-grid(PV2G),vehicle-to-home(V2H),and PV source-to-vehicle(PV2V)operations.Additionally,the system can supply power to critical nonlinear loads.The control strategy ensures compliance with the power quality requirements set by the IEEE standard,as demonstrated in the results.To validate the effectiveness of the proposed system,we conducted tests under dynamic conditions by disconnecting and reconnecting household loads.Furthermore,the off-board charging system was subjected to actual conditions,such as variations in solar PV insolation,and its steady-state performance was evaluated through simulation and laboratory experimental prototypes.The results,including total harmonic distortion(THD),support the validation of the developed charging system.

Design of a novel 50kW fast charger for electric vehicles

A novel 50 kW fast charger was proposed for electric vehicles. The proposed fast charger is divided into two main sections an AC-DC converter performing a PFC function and a DC-DC converter performing a charging function. A transformer including leakage inductances was used in the AC-DC converter in order to obtain isolation and inductance. A series-connection topology was used in the DC-DC converter between the DC-bus and outlet. This topology enables high power conversion efficiency up to 95% for the DC-DC converter. In order to reduce the impact of the 50 kW charging on the AC grid, the proposed fast charger system includes a buffering battery unit between the two main power conversion units. This leads to reductions in the power installation costs of power companies and to improvements in the power quality were verified through simulations and experimental results. on the AC grid. The performances of the proposed fast charger system

Pulse Quick Charger of Electric Vehicle

In order to improve the charging efficiency of lead acid battery, shorten the charging time and avoid the battery polarization, a new charging method was put forward. Based on the analyzed results of charging characteristic of lead acid battery, a pulse quick charger is designed to adjust the charging current pulse’s amplitude and pulse width automatically stage by stage according to the measured battery voltage and feedback current. Compared with other kinds of quick chargers, it has such characteristics as shorter charging time, higher charging efficiency and lower temperature increasing during the charging process. As a result, the battery polarization is reduced efficiently.

Comparison among Chargers of Electric Vehicle Based on Different Control Strategies

The charger of electric vehicle is a power electronic device which consists of rectifying devices and DC-DC converters. This nonlinear diode rectifier circuit has low power factor and high harmonic content. In order to improve power factor and reduce the harmonic distortion rate of the AC side current, single-phase non-controlled rectifier charger needs to install the active power factor correction device. A piece of power system analysis software which is called PSCAD is used in modeling of an EV charger which contains Boost-APFC. By means of simulation and analysis, differences of APFC characteristics between the hysteresis current control mode and average current control mode which has an influence on the power grid are compared. The consequence of simulation shows that the two control strategies achieve power factor correction and harmonic reduction requirements;Boost type power conversion circuit employs the average current control mode is better, which has following features: relatively faster settling time of the output voltage, relatively smaller overshoot, lower current harmonic distortion rate on AC side, lower switching frequency and better control effect.

Impact Analysis of Off-board Charger to Power Quality

In this paper, we tested the entire charging process of a single off-board charger in one charging station in Beijing. Among the testing data, we chose the typical power quality parameters and compared them with national standard. Then we drew conclusions as follows: 1) Electric vehicle battery is the capacitive load. It can export reactive power when charging. 2) In the charging process of the off-board charger, indicators of voltage deviation, frequency deviation, power factor, and voltage distortion rate are qualified. 3) Off-board charger produces odd harmonics in the charging process, and with increasing harmonic order, harmonic content reduces. There is a certain amount of high-order harmonic in off-board charger, mainly distributing around 6650 kHz. 4) Generated harmonics of the actual device, the harmonic is mainly reflected in the current, voltage, only a small distortion.

Predictive control of plug-in electric vehicle chargers with photovoltaic integration

This paper presents a model predictive control(MPC) for off-board plug-in electric vehicle(PEV)chargers with photovoltaic(PV) integration using two-level four-leg inverter topology. The PEV charger is controlled by a unified controller that incorporates direct power and current MPC to dynamically control decoupled active-reactive power flow in a smart grid environment as well as to control PEV battery charging and discharging reliably. PV power generation with maximum power tracking is seamlessly integrated with the power flow control to provide additional power generation. Fast dynamic response and good steady-state performance under all power flow modes and various environmental conditions are evaluated and analyzed. From the results obtained, the charger demonstrates less than 1.5% total harmonic distortion as well as low active and reactive power ripple of less than 7% and 8% respectively on the grid for all power flow modes. The PEV battery also experiences a low charging and discharging current ripple of less than 2.5%. Therefore,the results indicate the successful implementation of the proposed charger and its control for PV integrated offboard PEV chargers.

Contemporary Trends in Power Electronics Converters for Charging Solutions of Electric Vehicles

Electrifying the transport sector requires new possibilities for power electronics converters to attain reliable and efficient charging solutions for electric vehicles(EVs).With the continuous development in power electronics converters,the desire to reduce gasoline consumption and to increase the battery capacity for more electric range is achievable for EVs in the near future.The main interface between the power network and EV battery system is a power electronics converter,therefore,there is a considerable need of new power converters with low cost and high reliability for the advance charging mechanism of EVs.The rapid growth in power converter topologies brings substantial opportunities in EV charging process.In view of this fact,this paper investigates the significant aspects,current progress,and challenges associated with several power converters to suggest further improvements in charging systems of EVs.In particular,an extensive analysis of front-end as well as back-end converter configurations is presented.Moreover,the comparative properties of resonant converter topologies along with other DCDC converters are discussed in detail.Additionally,isolated,and non-isolated topologies with soft switching techniques are classified and rigorously analyzed with a view to their respective issues and benefits.It is foreseen that this paper would be a valuable addition and a worthy source of information for researchers exploring the area of power converter topologies for charging solutions of EVs.

Short-term interaction between electric vehicles and microgrid in decentralized vehicle-to-grid control methods

In this paper,a particular standard MicroGrid(MG)is accurately simulated in the presence of the Electric Vehicles(EVs)participating in decentralized primary frequency control service.It examines effect of number of the participating EVs on the short-term dynamic behaviour.The simulation results confirm that frequency deviation will not definitely become zero even though an unlimited number of the EVs participate.The output power of each EV is determined according to the frequency deviation.On the other hand,the output power of each EV affects the value of the frequency deviation,especially in small-scale MGs and MGs with predominant inductance behaviour.Eventually,an equilibrium point is reached after a new EV is added that depends on the characteristics of the MG and the functions executed in the MG central controller during such a service.Additionally,effect of Reflex method,an advanced charging technique for EVs,on the frequency deviation is examined.

Analysis of the Impact of Different PEV Battery Chargers during Faults

With a high penetration of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in the electric grid, utilities will have to face the challenges related to them. Considerable research is being done to study and mitigate the impact of PEVs on the electric grid and devise methodologies to utilize them for energy storage and distributed generation. In this paper, the impact of PEVs in a smart car park, placed in an unbalanced distribution system, during a Single Line to Ground fault with auto-recloser operation is studied. Level-2, bidirectional battery chargers with Current Controlled and Voltage Controlled Voltage Source Converters are modeled for the battery charging systems of the PEVs. A smart car park, with 16 vehicles connected to each of the three phases is simulated at one of the buses in the IEEE 13 Bus Test Feeder. The impacts observed during the fault are analyzed and a method to mitigate them is suggested.

电动汽车用多相电驱重构型车载充电系统关键技术综述

电驱重构型车载充电系统为电动汽车电气部分提供了一种全新轻量化设计思路,旨在利用电驱单元分时执行电驱与充电2种变流功能。相较于三相电驱系统,多相电驱系统具有输出转矩平滑、容错性能强等诸多优势特性。鉴于此,该文首先归纳现有并网式多相电驱重构型车载充电系统的拓扑结构与控制策略,并介绍其容错运行方案;然后,着重分析太阳能电动汽车用多能量端口电驱重构型车载充电系统的工作原理与控制策略;最后,总结全文并对多相电驱重构型车载充电系统的发展方向进行展望。

光伏-直流智能充电桩有序充电策略与应用效果

在双碳目标的指引下,建筑屋顶可作为分布式光伏的重要场景,同时汽车电动化是交通领域减碳的关键举措。然而,大量光伏出力和电动汽车充电需求在时间上的不匹配,给电网稳定性带来较大压力。提出一种光伏-直流智能充电桩的有序充电策略,在满足充电需求的基础上,减少外网供电,可有效提高光伏自消纳能力和负荷满足率。以北京市某办公建筑为例,通过实验测试和模拟计算,分析了不同天气条件下系统运行效果。结果表明,该充电策略可以完全利用建筑光伏满足电动汽车充电需求,无须向外网取电,即负荷满足率可达100%。与传统恒功率充电方式相比,光伏消纳率提高了42%,光伏最大并网功率下降了54%,为建筑光伏高效利用和交通领域电气化提供借鉴和参考。

电动汽车充电桩远程核查装置的研制

本文提出了一种针对电动汽车充电桩的远程核查装置,并介绍各个单元的原理和特点;采用闭环霍尔电流传感器测量充电电流,提高电能计量的精度和在电动汽车充电时核查充电桩的电能计量准确度;根据充电桩的工作特点,设计装置自行测量电量方案,并依托现有无线通信技术建立数据平台。实验证明:该装置能降低检定人员工作强度、有效利用社会电动汽车资源,具有普遍适用性。

基于场地电动车柔性分配功率充电机的研究与应用

随着场地电动车的广泛应用,其充电需求日益增长,特别是对于内置电池多样性的充电解决方案。针对这一问题,研究并设计了一种非车载低压快速充电机,该充电机能够智能地分配功率,以适应不同电动车的充电需求。首先详细阐述了柔性功率分配的技术原理,以及优化功率分配算法。然后介绍了充电机硬件构成的几个核心模块,包括:主控制器、功率模块(分为前级AC/DC和后级DC/DC)和功率分配单元。最后介绍了充电机的软件业务实现逻辑,通过硬件和软件的综合设计,实现了充电过程的智能化和自动化。该研究的创新之处在于提出了一种新型的快速充电解决方案,通过柔性分配功率,达到减少充电时长,节能增效的目标。

电动汽车充电站对电网谐波的影响分析

简述电动汽车充电站对电网谐波的影响,重点分析不同结构充电机对电网的谐波影响,给出了各种充电站谐波测试结果,简述谐波抑制技术措施,提出并实施了电动汽车充电站电能质量在线监测和谐波治理方案。实施结果表明,采用有源滤波器后网侧5、7次谐波电流明显减少,满足国标GB/Z17625.6—2003规定限制值。

典型住宅小区接入电动汽车的供电方式研究

针对3种典型住宅小区的供电方式,首先计算了住宅小区供电系统公共连接点及低压母线上的电能质量指标及变压器的K系数,然后深入讨论了规模化电动汽车接入对居民住宅小区的电能质量影响、小区现有设备接纳电动汽车的能力、小区供电改造等问题,最后,提出适合规模化电动汽车充电负荷接入的小区供电方式和允许接入小区的电动汽车车载充电机的特性条件。研究发现:别墅小区生活供电系统可同时承担电动汽车车载充电负荷和普通负荷;多层小区及高层小区生活供电系统无法支撑电动汽车车载充电负荷直接接入,需为其配置独立的供电设施。采取上述充电供能方式后,普通型电动汽车车载充电机也能满足各住宅小区生活供电电能质量指标,以及公共连接点的电能质量指标。

电动汽车充电设施监控系统设计与实现

介绍了电动汽车充电设施监控的特点,通过系统需求分析确定了监控系统各部分的功能要求,进而提出了系统设计思路;根据功能服务分类与抽象提出了系统分层体系架构设计方案,把监控系统分为系统平台层、支撑服务层、公共服务层以及应用层4层;提出了3种主要应用环境下充电设施监控的通信组网方式;给出了跨平台监控系统软件各个分层的具体实现。

电动汽车充电站谐波分析

在电力系统中电动汽车充电机为非线性负荷,大型充电站有很多这类充电机,所产生的谐波对电网造成极大的危害,为了抑制谐波以得到较好的电能质量必须对大型充电站产生的谐波进行预测。首先建立单个充电机谐波分析数学模型,利用商用电动汽车充电机收集的数据对谐波电流进行计算,再利用概率统计学大数定律和中心极限定理,建立多谐波源谐波分析数学模型,研究多个电动汽车充电机产生的谐波电流及其概率特性。研究表明,利用概率统计学理论可以预测多谐波源产生的谐波电流。该研究结果同样适用于其他多个非线性负载产生的谐波电流的分析。

电动汽车充电站监控系统的设计与实现

介绍了当前电动汽车充电站建设的3种典型模式,在此基础之上设计了一种电动汽车充电站监控系统。该系统主要包括软件统一支撑平台、充电监控、配电监控、烟雾报警监视、电池维护监控、快速更换设备监控、数据交换和转发等功能。并介绍了该系统的应用情况,指出了该系统的发展方向。

电动汽车充电机对电能计量的影响

建立考虑线路阻抗和配电变压器的电动汽车充电机模型,仿真分析了充电机直流大功率充电和脉冲充电对电能计量的影响。仿真分析结果表明:恒流充电时充电机向电网注入谐波功率,注入功率的大小随充电功率和线路阻抗的增大呈上升趋势,但总体上占基波功率比值很小,为0.012%,对电能计量造成的影响有限;充电功率变化时谐波功率的特点与恒流充电时基本相同;脉冲充电方式下,谐波电流受脉冲充电频率影响较大,高频脉冲充电时含有大量偶次谐波与间谐波,采用积分算法原理进行电能计量的误差大于0.5%。

电动汽车V2G技术综述

目前,汽车到电网(Vehicle to Grid,V2G)技术正受到人们的广泛关注,这是因为通过V2G,电网效率低以及可再生能源波动的问题不仅可以得到很大程度的缓解,还可以为电动车用户创造收益。本文首先给出了V2G的概念及其可行性评估情况,其次根据应用对象的不同将V2G的实现方法分成四类,综述了V2G涉及的关键问题:智能调度、智能充放电管理、双向充电器以及V2G运行对电池的影响,并且介绍了国内的相关研究情况。最后对V2G涉及的各项先进技术及发展趋势进行总结,并结合我国具体国情提出了相关建议。