With the rapid development of machine learning,the demand for high-efficient computing becomes more and more urgent.To break the bottleneck of the traditional Von Neumann architecture,computing-in-memory(CIM)has attra...With the rapid development of machine learning,the demand for high-efficient computing becomes more and more urgent.To break the bottleneck of the traditional Von Neumann architecture,computing-in-memory(CIM)has attracted increasing attention in recent years.In this work,to provide a feasible CIM solution for the large-scale neural networks(NN)requiring continuous weight updating in online training,a flash-based computing-in-memory with high endurance(10^(9) cycles)and ultrafast programming speed is investigated.On the one hand,the proposed programming scheme of channel hot electron injection(CHEI)and hot hole injection(HHI)demonstrate high linearity,symmetric potentiation,and a depression process,which help to improve the training speed and accuracy.On the other hand,the low-damage programming scheme and memory window(MW)optimizations can suppress cell degradation effectively with improved computing accuracy.Even after 109 cycles,the leakage current(I_(off))of cells remains sub-10pA,ensuring the large-scale computing ability of memory.Further characterizations are done on read disturb to demonstrate its robust reliabilities.By processing CIFAR-10 tasks,it is evident that~90%accuracy can be achieved after 109 cycles in both ResNet50 and VGG16 NN.Our results suggest that flash-based CIM has great potential to overcome the limitations of traditional Von Neumann architectures and enable high-performance NN online training,which pave the way for further development of artificial intelligence(AI)accelerators.展开更多
Field training is the backbone of the teacher-preparation process.Its importance stems from the goals that colleges of education aim to achieve,which include bridging the gap between theory and practice and aligning w...Field training is the backbone of the teacher-preparation process.Its importance stems from the goals that colleges of education aim to achieve,which include bridging the gap between theory and practice and aligning with contemporary educational trends during teacher training.Currently,trainee students attendance in field training is recordedmanually through signatures on attendance sheets.However,thismethod is prone to impersonation,time wastage,and misplacement.Additionally,traditional methods of evaluating trainee students are often susceptible to human errors during the evaluation and scoring processes.Field training also lacks modern technology that the supervisor can use in case of his absence from school to monitor the trainee students’implementation of the required activities and tasks.These shortcomings do not meet the needs of the digital era that universities are currently experiencing.As a result,this paper presents a smart management system for field training based on Internet of Things(IoT)and mobile technology.It includes three subsystems:attendance,monitoring,and evaluation.The attendance subsystem uses an R307 fingerprint sensor to record trainee students’attendance.The Arduino Nano microcontroller transmits attendance data to the proposed Android application via an ESP-12F Wi-Fi module,which then forwards it to the Firebase database for storage.The monitoring subsystem utilizes Global Positioning System(GPS)technology to continually track trainee students’locations,ensuring they remain at the school during training.It also enables remote communication between trainee students and supervisors via audio,video,or text by integrating video call and chat technologies.The evaluation subsystem is based on three items:an online exam,attendance,and implementation of required activities and tasks.Experimental results have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed management system in recording attendance,as well as in monitoring and evaluating trainee students during field traiing.展开更多
The COVID-19 outbreak severely affected formal face-to-face classroom teaching and learning.ICT-based online education and training can be a useful measure during the pandemic.In the Pakistani educational context,the ...The COVID-19 outbreak severely affected formal face-to-face classroom teaching and learning.ICT-based online education and training can be a useful measure during the pandemic.In the Pakistani educational context,the use of ICT-based online training is generally sporadic and often unavailable,especially for developing English-language instructors’listening comprehension skills.The major factors affecting availability include insufficient IT resources and infrastructure,a lack of proper online training for speech and listening,instructors with inadequate academic backgrounds,and an unfavorable environment for ICT-based training for listening comprehension.This study evaluated the effectiveness of ICT-based training for developing secondary-level English-language instructors’listening comprehension skills.To this end,collaborative online training was undertaken using random sampling.Specifically,60 private-school instructors in Chakwal District,Pakistan,were randomly selected to receive online-listening training sessions using English dialogs.The experimental group achieved significant scores in the posttest analysis.Specifically,there were substantial improvements in the participants’listening skills via online training.Given the unavailability of face-to-face learning during COVID-19,this study recommends using ICT-based online training to enhance listening comprehension skills.Education policymakers should revise curricula based on online teaching methods and modules.展开更多
This paper presents a new online incremental training algorithm of Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which aims to perform the expectation-maximization(EM) training incrementally to update GMM model parameters online ...This paper presents a new online incremental training algorithm of Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which aims to perform the expectation-maximization(EM) training incrementally to update GMM model parameters online sample by sample, instead of waiting for a block of data with the sufficient size to start training as in the traditional EM procedure. The proposed method is extended from the split-and-merge EM procedure, so inherently it is also capable escaping from local maxima and reducing the chances of singularities. In the application domain, the algorithm is optimized in the context of speech processing applications. Experiments on the synthetic data show the advantage and efficiency of the new method and the results in a speech processing task also confirm the improvement of system performance.展开更多
BACKGROUND Nursing officers are an integral component of any medical team.They participate in taking care of basic airway management and assist in advanced airway management,specifically amidst the current coronavirus...BACKGROUND Nursing officers are an integral component of any medical team.They participate in taking care of basic airway management and assist in advanced airway management,specifically amidst the current coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.AIM To assess the efficacy of a standardized web-based training module for nurses in preparedness to fight against COVID-19.METHODS The training was held in three sessions of 1 h each,consisting of live audio-visual lectures,case scenarios,and skill demonstrations.The sequence of airway equipment,drug preparation,airway examination,and plans of airway management was demonstrated through mannequin-based video-clips.RESULTS Pre-and post-test scores as well as objective structured clinical examination scores were analyzed using Student’s t-test and the Likert scale was used for feedback assessment.It was found that the mean score out of the total score of 20 was 8.47±4.2 in the pre-test,while in the post-test it was 17.4±1.8(P value<0.001).The participants also felt self-reliant in executing the roles of airway assistant(63.3%)and drug assistant(74.3%).Fear of self-infection with COVID-19 was also high,as 66%of participants feared working with the patient’s airway.CONCLUSION Amidst this COVID-19 emergency,when the health care systems are being persistently challenged,training of nursing staff in the safe conduct of airway management can ensure delivery of life-saving treatment.展开更多
Teaching and training through online tools were used by most Higher Education Institute(HEIs)worldwide during COVID-19 to cater to the needs of students who stay far away from educational institutions.After the pandem...Teaching and training through online tools were used by most Higher Education Institute(HEIs)worldwide during COVID-19 to cater to the needs of students who stay far away from educational institutions.After the pandemic,the virtual model of education and training became a trend.The students and teachers are also more used to this trend which is giving more opportunities to both learners and instructors.One of the notable benefits of virtual teaching and learning platform is that it provides a flexible environment to gain knowledge,skills,and attitude simultaneously along with formal off-line education.From the earlier studies it is found that the majority of studies have focused on traditional,offline training methods and only a few studies have focused on virtual training.Therefore,the present study examined the effectiveness of virtual training using the Kirkpatrick model.For this purpose,a research instrument based on the Kirkpatrick model was constructed and distributed among the UG and PG students in Mangalore City.A total of 143 responses were collected,of which 132 were completed responses and all of them were considered for analysis.Descriptive statistics and one sample t-test are employed to analyse and interpret the data.The findings revealed that virtual training is more effective compared to traditional and offline training methods.Henceforth,the training and education provided through virtual platforms made significant contributions to the employability of youngsters.展开更多
An online algorithm for training LS-SVM (Least Square Support VectorMachines) was proposed for the application of function estimation and classification. Online LS-SVMmeans that LS-SVM can be trained in an incremental...An online algorithm for training LS-SVM (Least Square Support VectorMachines) was proposed for the application of function estimation and classification. Online LS-SVMmeans that LS-SVM can be trained in an incremental way, and can be pruned to get sparseapproximation in a decremental way. When a SV (Support Vector) is added or removed, the onlinealgorithm avoids computing large-scale matrix inverse. Thus the computation cost is reduced. Onlinealgorithm is especially useful to realistic function estimation problem such as systemidentification. The experiments with benchmark function estimation problem and classificationproblem show the validity of this online algorithm.展开更多
The naive, Bayes (NB) model has been successfully used to tackle spare, and is very accurate. However, there is still room for improwment. We use a train on or near error (TONE) method in online NB to enhance the ...The naive, Bayes (NB) model has been successfully used to tackle spare, and is very accurate. However, there is still room for improwment. We use a train on or near error (TONE) method in online NB to enhance the perfornmnee of NB and reduce the number of training emails. We conducted an experiment to determine the performanee of the improved algorithm by plotting (I-ROCA)% curves. The resuhs show that the proposed method improves the performanee of original NB.展开更多
目的探讨线上工作坊模式对内科专业住院医师规范化培训(简称住培)指导医师临床操作技能直接观察评估(direct observation of procedural skills,DOPS)师资培训的应用效果。方法选取2022年11月参加广东省内科专业住培普通师资培训班的45...目的探讨线上工作坊模式对内科专业住院医师规范化培训(简称住培)指导医师临床操作技能直接观察评估(direct observation of procedural skills,DOPS)师资培训的应用效果。方法选取2022年11月参加广东省内科专业住培普通师资培训班的45名指导医师为研究对象,采用线上分组讨论与教学视频评价反馈相结合的线上工作坊模式进行DOPS师资培训,采用问卷自评的方式评价指导医师对DOPS的掌握程度,并通过问卷调查了解培训前后指导医师对线上DOPS的培训需求与满意度。结果培训前仅17.8%的指导医师使用过DOPS量表;指导医师在培训后对DOPS的掌握程度明显高于培训前[(3.71±0.69)分比(2.29±0.87)分,P<0.01];且95.6%及以上的指导医师表示能够理解“DOPS评分项目的均质化制定方法”和“形成性反馈技巧”;100.0%的指导医师表示在今后住培教学中愿意尝试使用DOPS。课程的整体满意度评分为(8.40±1.70)分。结论线上工作坊模式对内科专业住培指导医师DOPS师资培训的短期效果满意,可进一步在住培形成性评价师资培训中推广应用。展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.62034006,92264201,and 91964105)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Nos.ZR2020JQ28 and ZR2020KF016)the Program of Qilu Young Scholars of Shandong University.
文摘With the rapid development of machine learning,the demand for high-efficient computing becomes more and more urgent.To break the bottleneck of the traditional Von Neumann architecture,computing-in-memory(CIM)has attracted increasing attention in recent years.In this work,to provide a feasible CIM solution for the large-scale neural networks(NN)requiring continuous weight updating in online training,a flash-based computing-in-memory with high endurance(10^(9) cycles)and ultrafast programming speed is investigated.On the one hand,the proposed programming scheme of channel hot electron injection(CHEI)and hot hole injection(HHI)demonstrate high linearity,symmetric potentiation,and a depression process,which help to improve the training speed and accuracy.On the other hand,the low-damage programming scheme and memory window(MW)optimizations can suppress cell degradation effectively with improved computing accuracy.Even after 109 cycles,the leakage current(I_(off))of cells remains sub-10pA,ensuring the large-scale computing ability of memory.Further characterizations are done on read disturb to demonstrate its robust reliabilities.By processing CIFAR-10 tasks,it is evident that~90%accuracy can be achieved after 109 cycles in both ResNet50 and VGG16 NN.Our results suggest that flash-based CIM has great potential to overcome the limitations of traditional Von Neumann architectures and enable high-performance NN online training,which pave the way for further development of artificial intelligence(AI)accelerators.
文摘Field training is the backbone of the teacher-preparation process.Its importance stems from the goals that colleges of education aim to achieve,which include bridging the gap between theory and practice and aligning with contemporary educational trends during teacher training.Currently,trainee students attendance in field training is recordedmanually through signatures on attendance sheets.However,thismethod is prone to impersonation,time wastage,and misplacement.Additionally,traditional methods of evaluating trainee students are often susceptible to human errors during the evaluation and scoring processes.Field training also lacks modern technology that the supervisor can use in case of his absence from school to monitor the trainee students’implementation of the required activities and tasks.These shortcomings do not meet the needs of the digital era that universities are currently experiencing.As a result,this paper presents a smart management system for field training based on Internet of Things(IoT)and mobile technology.It includes three subsystems:attendance,monitoring,and evaluation.The attendance subsystem uses an R307 fingerprint sensor to record trainee students’attendance.The Arduino Nano microcontroller transmits attendance data to the proposed Android application via an ESP-12F Wi-Fi module,which then forwards it to the Firebase database for storage.The monitoring subsystem utilizes Global Positioning System(GPS)technology to continually track trainee students’locations,ensuring they remain at the school during training.It also enables remote communication between trainee students and supervisors via audio,video,or text by integrating video call and chat technologies.The evaluation subsystem is based on three items:an online exam,attendance,and implementation of required activities and tasks.Experimental results have demonstrated the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed management system in recording attendance,as well as in monitoring and evaluating trainee students during field traiing.
基金The authors are grateful to the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number(TURSP-2020/36),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia。
文摘The COVID-19 outbreak severely affected formal face-to-face classroom teaching and learning.ICT-based online education and training can be a useful measure during the pandemic.In the Pakistani educational context,the use of ICT-based online training is generally sporadic and often unavailable,especially for developing English-language instructors’listening comprehension skills.The major factors affecting availability include insufficient IT resources and infrastructure,a lack of proper online training for speech and listening,instructors with inadequate academic backgrounds,and an unfavorable environment for ICT-based training for listening comprehension.This study evaluated the effectiveness of ICT-based training for developing secondary-level English-language instructors’listening comprehension skills.To this end,collaborative online training was undertaken using random sampling.Specifically,60 private-school instructors in Chakwal District,Pakistan,were randomly selected to receive online-listening training sessions using English dialogs.The experimental group achieved significant scores in the posttest analysis.Specifically,there were substantial improvements in the participants’listening skills via online training.Given the unavailability of face-to-face learning during COVID-19,this study recommends using ICT-based online training to enhance listening comprehension skills.Education policymakers should revise curricula based on online teaching methods and modules.
文摘This paper presents a new online incremental training algorithm of Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which aims to perform the expectation-maximization(EM) training incrementally to update GMM model parameters online sample by sample, instead of waiting for a block of data with the sufficient size to start training as in the traditional EM procedure. The proposed method is extended from the split-and-merge EM procedure, so inherently it is also capable escaping from local maxima and reducing the chances of singularities. In the application domain, the algorithm is optimized in the context of speech processing applications. Experiments on the synthetic data show the advantage and efficiency of the new method and the results in a speech processing task also confirm the improvement of system performance.
文摘BACKGROUND Nursing officers are an integral component of any medical team.They participate in taking care of basic airway management and assist in advanced airway management,specifically amidst the current coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic.AIM To assess the efficacy of a standardized web-based training module for nurses in preparedness to fight against COVID-19.METHODS The training was held in three sessions of 1 h each,consisting of live audio-visual lectures,case scenarios,and skill demonstrations.The sequence of airway equipment,drug preparation,airway examination,and plans of airway management was demonstrated through mannequin-based video-clips.RESULTS Pre-and post-test scores as well as objective structured clinical examination scores were analyzed using Student’s t-test and the Likert scale was used for feedback assessment.It was found that the mean score out of the total score of 20 was 8.47±4.2 in the pre-test,while in the post-test it was 17.4±1.8(P value<0.001).The participants also felt self-reliant in executing the roles of airway assistant(63.3%)and drug assistant(74.3%).Fear of self-infection with COVID-19 was also high,as 66%of participants feared working with the patient’s airway.CONCLUSION Amidst this COVID-19 emergency,when the health care systems are being persistently challenged,training of nursing staff in the safe conduct of airway management can ensure delivery of life-saving treatment.
文摘Teaching and training through online tools were used by most Higher Education Institute(HEIs)worldwide during COVID-19 to cater to the needs of students who stay far away from educational institutions.After the pandemic,the virtual model of education and training became a trend.The students and teachers are also more used to this trend which is giving more opportunities to both learners and instructors.One of the notable benefits of virtual teaching and learning platform is that it provides a flexible environment to gain knowledge,skills,and attitude simultaneously along with formal off-line education.From the earlier studies it is found that the majority of studies have focused on traditional,offline training methods and only a few studies have focused on virtual training.Therefore,the present study examined the effectiveness of virtual training using the Kirkpatrick model.For this purpose,a research instrument based on the Kirkpatrick model was constructed and distributed among the UG and PG students in Mangalore City.A total of 143 responses were collected,of which 132 were completed responses and all of them were considered for analysis.Descriptive statistics and one sample t-test are employed to analyse and interpret the data.The findings revealed that virtual training is more effective compared to traditional and offline training methods.Henceforth,the training and education provided through virtual platforms made significant contributions to the employability of youngsters.
基金This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 69889050)
文摘An online algorithm for training LS-SVM (Least Square Support VectorMachines) was proposed for the application of function estimation and classification. Online LS-SVMmeans that LS-SVM can be trained in an incremental way, and can be pruned to get sparseapproximation in a decremental way. When a SV (Support Vector) is added or removed, the onlinealgorithm avoids computing large-scale matrix inverse. Thus the computation cost is reduced. Onlinealgorithm is especially useful to realistic function estimation problem such as systemidentification. The experiments with benchmark function estimation problem and classificationproblem show the validity of this online algorithm.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant NO. 60903083Research fund for the doctoral program of higher education of China under Grant NO.20092303120005the Research Fund of ZTE Corporation
文摘The naive, Bayes (NB) model has been successfully used to tackle spare, and is very accurate. However, there is still room for improwment. We use a train on or near error (TONE) method in online NB to enhance the perfornmnee of NB and reduce the number of training emails. We conducted an experiment to determine the performanee of the improved algorithm by plotting (I-ROCA)% curves. The resuhs show that the proposed method improves the performanee of original NB.
文摘目的探讨线上工作坊模式对内科专业住院医师规范化培训(简称住培)指导医师临床操作技能直接观察评估(direct observation of procedural skills,DOPS)师资培训的应用效果。方法选取2022年11月参加广东省内科专业住培普通师资培训班的45名指导医师为研究对象,采用线上分组讨论与教学视频评价反馈相结合的线上工作坊模式进行DOPS师资培训,采用问卷自评的方式评价指导医师对DOPS的掌握程度,并通过问卷调查了解培训前后指导医师对线上DOPS的培训需求与满意度。结果培训前仅17.8%的指导医师使用过DOPS量表;指导医师在培训后对DOPS的掌握程度明显高于培训前[(3.71±0.69)分比(2.29±0.87)分,P<0.01];且95.6%及以上的指导医师表示能够理解“DOPS评分项目的均质化制定方法”和“形成性反馈技巧”;100.0%的指导医师表示在今后住培教学中愿意尝试使用DOPS。课程的整体满意度评分为(8.40±1.70)分。结论线上工作坊模式对内科专业住培指导医师DOPS师资培训的短期效果满意,可进一步在住培形成性评价师资培训中推广应用。