Initial Labor Market Conditions and Individual Employability

Initial labor market conditions affect how individuals build their human capital and look for jobs and thus can have long-term effects on their income levels,work performance,and career development.Based on data from the Urban Household Survey(UHS)of urban households in China from 1986 to 2009,we perform an empirical test of how initial labor market conditions affect the employability of individuals.Our research shows that people’s future incomes suffer if they start out in an adverse job market.Each percentage point of increase in the unemployment rate at an individual’s entry into the labor market is associated with a two-percentage-point drop in his or her average annual income.Even after looking at different parts of the job market and sample groups,this conclusion still holds.In the context of global economic instability,our findings may assist government policymakers in addressing adverse labor market conditions.

Does labor off-farm employment inevitably lead to land rent out?Evidence from China

The focus of land economics is on how to decrease the misallocation of resources to achieve an optimal allocation of resources. Both the theories of new economics of labor migration(NELM) and the conclusions of empirical studies reveal that land resources will inevitably be reallocated(e.g., rented out) if the resources of family labor are reallocated(e.g., off-farm employment). However, this study reveals that off-farm employment does not inevitably lead to land rent out. More precisely, this study uses survey data on 8031 peasant households from 27 provinces in China and explores the relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out by describing spatial features and through empirical analysis(e.g., IV-Probit model and IV-Tobit model). The results show the following: 1) There is an indirect relationship between off-farm employment and land rent out regarding spatial area aggregation, i.e., regions with a higher ratio of off-farm employment also have a lower area of land rent out. 2) Off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the behavior of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the behavior, i.e., there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between off-farm employment and the behavior of land rent out, with the turning point being 55.55% offfarm employment. 3) Off-farm employment is significantly positively correlated with the area of land rent out, but its square is significantly negatively correlated with the area, i.e., there is an inverted Ushaped relationship between off-farm employment and the area of land rent out, with the turning point being 56.22% off-farm employment. This study helps explain why China has a high ratio of off-farm employment but a lower rate of land rent out.

Integrated Development of China's Agricultural Labor Market from the Perspective of Convergence of Planting Industry Marginal Labor Productivity

Using Compilation of National Cost Benefit Data of Agricultural Products in 1990-2009 and based on the convergence of planting industry marginal labor productivity,this paper studies the integration of agricultural labor market in China. Firstly,it calculates labor output elasticity of each province for wheat,japonica rice and corn. Secondly,it builds indicators reflecting change level of marginal labor productivity. Researches show that in 1990-2000,the difference level of marginal labor productivity expands. From 2000,it starts to fall and becomes more and more stable. However,due to difference of crops and farming custom,the turning point of marginal labor productivity is not consistent with each other. Even so,it is still possible to reach the conclusion that agricultural labor market is gradually integrated from 2000.

Growing inequalities call for a flexible yet secure labor market

This paper examines inequalities in China’s job market.The first section answers the question of whether rapid economic growth in China has created adequate employment,concluding that it has,based on an analysis of aggregate growth and employment data.Section Two presents the general trends in labor supply and demand in China,and concludes that the unlimited labor supply seems to be diminishing,but this does not mark the coming of a labor shortage;in fact,China seems to have a sufficient supply of labor for the next 20 years.Section Three discusse: major problems facing the labor market,which include the structural problems of employment,informal employment,and distorted primary income distribution.Section Four argues that a well-functioning labor market must be able to combine flexibility with security in the pursuit of balance between economic growth and employment.

China’s Labor Market in Seven Decades

Soon after its founding in 1949,the People’s Republic of China established an all-round planned economic system,abolished the labor market,put labor authorities in charge of urban employment planning and placements,and assigned rural workforce as members of the People’s Communes.This planned labor system lasted until the reform and opening up program was launched in 1978.In the face of great employment pressures as educated youth returned from the countryside to cities,the government took a series of policies to bring the educated youth into the workforce through referral by labor authorities,voluntarily organized employment,and self-employment.With the abolition of the centralized job placement system,China’s labor market started to develop,giving play to the comparative advantage of abundant labor force,and the dual economic structure started to integrate.After decades of rapid growth and job creation,China’s labor market have turned from oversupply to undersupply since 2003,and labor remuneration increased sharply.China’s changing resource endowment structure was accompanied by a shift in its labor market policy from employment to the labor market.Over the past four decades of reform and opening up,the Chinese government enacted wise labor market policies in each critical stage.

Research on the Shaping and Structuring of the Chinese Labor Market

The shaping of the Chinese labor market is the core of the structural transformation of the Chinese economy and society since 1978.Based on the labor market segmentation theory,this paper tries to analyze the transformational process of changing from the employment structure under the planned economy system to the labor market,the result of which shows that the Chinese labor market presents obvious structuralization(or segmentation),forming a three-part labor market—peasant-worker labor market,talent labor market and the labor market inside the state-owned enterprise,each owning a respective function.The development of the present Chinese labor market faces serious problems of employment and re-structuring.

Labor Market Changes during Transformation and Upgrading of China's Three Major Special Economic Zones

Regional economic integration can enhance the overall strength and competitiveness of the zone. The Yangtze River Delta,the Pearl River Delta and the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei economic circles are the top three zones with economic viability in China. With the development of the economy,these three zones all follow the modern " tertiary,secondary,primary" industrial structure,while the corresponding employment population structure lags behind to a certain extent. Besides,the three major special economic zones are the regions receiving most of the migrant population in China. The inflow of labor has played a double-edged role in local economic and social development. Through systematically comparing the labor market changes in transformation and upgrading of the three major special economic zones,the reform experience could be obtained: urbanization can promote urban employment,industrial agglomeration can attract different employment types,and labor market system reform can enhance labor coordination in the zone.

Key Trends in the Global Labor Market

In this study,the globalization of the labor force and its reflections on the labor markets are discussed.In this section,the results of the study will be evaluated.The fact that production can be divided into stages has enabled the production of each stage of production to be produced where it can be produced at the lowest cost internationally,thus production is organized in the form of global value chains.Global value chains have a hierarchical structure based on power relations.At the top of the chain is an oligopolist MNC,while at the very bottom there are a large number of micro-production units that compete against each other with costly competition.This situation causes an asymmetric structure in international markets.The globalization of the workforce is in the form of such a production organization and participation in such international markets.The pressures that transfers to reduce the cost of production make them feel at different intensities depending on the level of labor force being added to a ring in the global value chain.

A model of local labor market regulation of China in the transition period

With the establishment of labor market of China, market is playing a more and more important role in allocation of human resources. However, with the transition of economy in China and industrial upgrading in recent years, many labor problems have occurred which do harm to the sustainable development of local economy. The paper researches on the labor market issues of China from the perspective of local labor market regulation. Firstly, it reviews the theories of local labor market regulation. And then the main components of local labor market regulation of China are identif ied and the evaluation index system is established. The results of analysis of the calculated output show that (1) the local labor market regulation of China has an obvious character of gradient distribution geographically and decreases gradually from east to west; (2) of all the regulations, the regulation of the development of human capital has the most signif icant impact on local economy currently which is followed by the regulation of labor relation and the regulation of market participation. As to the regulation of social security, it has no signif icant impact on the development of local economy.

从劳动力迁移视角审视传统乡村向现代乡村的演化

人口迁移是促进农村转型发展的重要驱动力,然而,鲜有研究从劳动力迁移视角审视中国的乡村如何从传统向现代演化。聚焦该议题,发现缺乏人口流动是传统乡村的典型特征,劳动力迁移使乡村原本可预期的以人情交换为主要特征的利益交换模式逐渐淡化,继而演化出以市场交易机制为主导的合作模式。但这并不意味着维系传统乡村熟人社会的机制不再发挥作用,村庄剩余人口间的互助与合作、迁移群体与村庄的联系以及“城归”群体作用的发挥均受到乡村熟人社会规则的约束。构建合适的体制机制,充分发挥市场的作用以及乡村剩余人口间信息对称的优势,促进农户间密切协作,是未来乡村治理的关键所在。同时,构建迁移人口与村庄的利益联结机制能够为乡村治理现代化提供更多可能。

数字经济发展助推共同富裕的机制分析——来自劳动力市场的经验证据

深入考察数字经济在实现共同富裕中的作用是加快实现中国式现代化的关键要义。利用劳动力市场数据检验数字经济助推我国共同富裕进程的影响机制,以及不同发展阶段的数字经济对于我国共同富裕进程的差异性影响。结果表明:数字经济发展能显著推动我国共同富裕进程且存在区域异质性,表现为东、西部地区数字经济发展助推本地区的共同富裕进程效果尤为显著。机制分析和进一步检验结果表明,劳动力技能升级在数字经济发展助推共同富裕的过程中具有中介效应,且当数字经济发展到一定门槛阈值将提高劳动力技能升级对我国共同富裕进程的积极影响。

数字经济对劳动力市场一体化影响研究——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验

数字经济已逐渐成为推动我国经济高质量发展的重要引擎,也为劳动力市场提供了新动力与新机遇。本文利用2011—2021年我国省际面板数据,采用空间面板杜宾模型实证研究了我国数字经济建设对劳动力市场一体化的影响。研究发现:数字经济发展水平对劳动力市场一体化具有显著的促进作用;数字经济具有空间溢出效应,可以有效推动本地与邻近地区的劳动力市场一体化进程;数字经济主要通过增强劳动力流动与谈判力量来间接影响劳动力市场一体化;数字经济对劳动力市场一体化的作用存在明显的区域异质性,中西部地区和人力资本水平较低的地区受到的影响效应较大。因此,应不断夯实劳动力流动基础、激发劳动力流动活力、拓展劳动力流动空间,弥补数字鸿沟,激发数字经济红利,助力全国统一大市场建设。

数据要素市场化对中国企业全球价值链分工的影响

选取中国工业企业数据和海关贸易数据,实证考察数据要素市场化对企业全球价值链分工的影响以及作用机制。研究结果显示,数据要素市场化可显著促进企业深度参与全球价值链分工;机制检验结果表明,产业结构升级效应和技术创新效应是数据要素市场化驱动企业深度参与全球价值链分工的重要渠道;异质性检验表明,数据要素市场化对非东部地区企业全球价值链分工的促进作用更明显。有鉴于此,应持续深化数据要素市场化改革、加快建设现代产业体系、大力发展数智经济核心产业、实施差异化发展战略,以期提高企业嵌入全球价值链分工体系的附加价值。

国有企业工资溢价与形成机制

本文基于三轮中国企业雇主—雇员匹配数据追踪调查(CMEELS)数据,采用分位数回归和反事实分解方法,对2017—2021年国有企业工资溢价及其形成机制进行探究。研究发现:这段时期国企相对于非国企存在工资溢价,工资溢价主要集中在中高收入层次上,形成国企工资溢价的主要原因是国企和非国企间的劳动力市场分割。进一步分析表明,在高工资水平上,女性和农村户口持有者等群体在非国有企业受到了工资歧视,因此上述群体中存在较大的国企工资溢价。据此本文建议未来应坚持劳动力市场化改革方向,有针对性地打破国企和非国企之间的劳动力市场分割,加强对就业歧视行为的约束,提高中国劳动力市场运行效率。

外来劳动力技能多样性对城乡融合的影响——基于长江经济带县域的实证研究

利用熵值法测度长江经济带县域城乡融合发展水平,并利用全国流动人口动态监测调查数据构建外来劳动力技能多样性指标,实证检验外来劳动力技能多样性对县域城乡融合发展的影响效应和机制。研究发现:长江经济带县域城乡融合发展水平呈波动上升趋势,且呈现下游县域>上游县域>中游县域的空间分异格局;外来劳动力技能多样性能显著促进县域城乡融合,但影响效应存在区域异质性和流入方向异质性,在下游县域、城市群县域中,外来劳动力技能多样性促进县域城乡融合发展的效应更为明显,农村外来劳动力技能多样性的效应更强;机制检验表明,外来劳动力技能多样性能加速形成厚劳动力市场,推进农业技术创新,进而促进县域城乡融合。

分割还是融合:数字经济如何影响中国城乡劳动力就业市场

中国经济步入新时代后,数字经济的快速发展为城乡劳动力就业市场带来了新的挑战。区别于以往在传统经济发展情境下对城乡劳动力就业市场的研究,本文将数字经济发展与中国城乡劳动力就业市场纳入同一研究框架,以探究数字经济冲击对城乡劳动力就业市场的影响。在理论上,构建数字经济冲击背景下城乡边际劳动生产力分割和劳动力流动的理论模型;实证上,基于2013~2020年中国省级面板数据,检验了数字经济对城乡劳动力就业市场的影响与机制,并进一步分析了数字金融的效能。研究发现:第一,数字经济显著促进了城乡劳动力就业市场的分割,这一结论在利用多种方法进行稳健性检验后依然成立;第二,数字经济对城乡劳动力市场分割的影响具有区域异质性差异,所有制分割是数字经济推动城乡劳动力市场分割的重要条件;第三,数字经济相关产业的发展及区域产业结构的转型升级是数字经济影响城乡劳动力就业市场分割的有效机制;第四,数字金融作为产业数字化融合的典范,显著抑制了城乡劳动力就业市场分割。此结论可为探讨数字经济为城乡劳动力就业市场带来何种改变,以及带来这种改变的机制为何提供有益参考。

稳定就业如何影响技能形成——基于我国企业雇佣制度的历史考察

技能,尤其是专有技能的形成,需要个体扎根某一岗位长时间的耕耘和摸索,这就需要为劳动者提供相对稳定的工作环境和就业保障。计划经济时期,我国国有企业执行统包统配的计划式就业,企业采取劳动竞赛、厂内师徒制、技术协作等方法促进个体的技能形成;社会主义市场经济时期,公有制企业以编制制度,为部分技术技能人才提供了就业稳定的制度保障,同时进一步延续和创新了技能竞赛、基于专家工作室的师徒制、职称评定等制度促进员工的技能形成,而非公有制企业则通过签订长期合同、竞业禁止等给予雇员稳定雇佣的可信承诺,并通过强化员工忠诚教育、建立内部人才上升和流动通道、建立内部人才培养体系和劳动力市场等措施,提升员工专有技能的形成效率。本质上,这是社会主义市场经济环境下,企业内劳动力商品化和去商品化之间的一次再平衡。企业以稳定的雇佣承诺尊重和保护劳动者作为人的特质和需求,并通过师徒传承、生涯发展、锦标赛和内培内招四大机制,发挥劳动力作为生产要素的价值。这一机制还受到国家经济体制以及规范有序的行业内部劳动力市场的宏观影响。未来我国的就业政策、教育政策、社会保障政策应重点促进社会群体的稳定就业,通过积极创设稳定就业的制度环境、提升中小微企业的人力资源开发与技能形成能力、提升职业院校校企合作人才培养的结构性与合规性,协助企业构筑健康稳定、可预期的劳资合作关系。

数字经济背景下反垄断法的时代使命

数字经济领域日益严峻的垄断问题引发了全球范围内的反垄断热潮,理解数字经济背景下反垄断法的时代使命,有助于我们更好地把握反垄断执法的方向和力度。首先,反垄断法肩负着维护经济民主的使命,它贯穿于经济运行的各个环节,在当下中国集中体现为实现共同富裕的伟大目标。其次,反垄断法肩负着维护政治民主的使命,数字平台通过各种方式获得了广泛的政治权力,而技术性反垄断忽视了反垄断法的政治性基因。再次,反垄断法肩负着促进知识共享的文化使命,“知识垄断型资本主义”严重阻碍了知识传播,要重视知识产权领域的反垄断。最后,反垄断法还肩负着维护劳动力市场自由竞争、保障劳动幸福的社会使命,长期忽视劳动力市场反垄断会导致劳动者不断被剥削,我们需要在既有的消费者福利标准外为反垄断法注入劳动者福利标准。