Comprehensive reutilization of herbal waste:Coproduction of magnolol,honokiol,and β-amyrin from Magnolia officinalis residue

Herbal extraction residues(HERs)cause serious environmental pollution and resource waste.In this study,a novel green route was designed for the comprehensive reutilization of all components in HERs,taking Magnolia officinalis residues(MOR)as an example.The reluctant structure of MOR was first destroyed by alkali pretreatment to release the functional ingredients(magnolol and honokiol)originally remaining in MOR and to make MOR more accessible for hydrolysis.A metal–organic frame material MIL-101(Cr)with a maximum absorption capacity of 255.64 mg g^(-1)was synthesized to absorb the released honokiol and magnolol from the pretreated MOR solutions,and 40 g L^(-1)reducing sugars were obtained with 81.8%enzymatic hydrolysis rate at 10%MOR solid loading.Finally,382 mg L-1β-amyrin was produced from MOR hydrolysates by an engineered yeast strain.In total,1 kg honokiol,8 kg magnolol,and 7.64 kg β-amyrin could produce from 1 ton MOR by this cleaner process with a total economic output of 170,700 RMB.

Cornus officinalis with high pressure wine steaming enhanced anti-hepatic fibrosis: Possible through SIRT3-AMPK axis

Cornus officinalis,a medicinal and edible plant known for its liver-nourishing properties,has shown promise in inhibiting the activation of hepatic stellate cells(HSCs),crucial indicators of hepatic fibrosis,especially when processed by high pressure wine steaming(HPWS).Herein,this study aims to investigate the regulatory effects of cornus officinalis,both in its raw and HPWS forms,on inflammation and apoptosis in liver fibrosis and their underlying mechanisms.In vivo liver fibrosis models were established by subcutaneous injection of CCl4,while in vitro HSCs were exposed to transforming growth factor-b(TGF-b).These findings demonstrated that cornus officinalis with HPWS conspicuously ameliorated histopathological injury,reduced the release of proinflammatory factors,and decreased collagen deposition in CCl4-induced rats compared to its raw form.Utilizing ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer(UHPLC-QTOF-MS)combined with network analysis,we identified that the pharmacological effects of the changed components of cornus officinalis before and after HPWS,primarily centered on the adenosine phosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase(AMPK)pathway.Of note,cornus officinalis activated AMPK and sirtuin 3(SIRT3),promoting the apoptosis of activated HSCs through the caspase cascade by regulating caspase3,caspase6 and caspase9.small interfering RNA(siRNA)experiments showed that cornus officinalis could regulate AMPK activity and its mediated-apoptosis through SIRT3.In conclusion,cornus officinalis exhibited the ability to reduce inflammation and apoptosis,with the SIRT3-AMPK signaling pathway identified as a potential mechanism underlying the synergistic effect of cornus officinalis with HPWS on anti-liver fibrosis.

Screening for Anti-tumor Activity of Fractions from Buddleja officinalis Maxim

[Objectives]The anti-tumor activity of fractions from Buddleja officinalis Maxim.by petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water solvent was studied.[Methods]The ethanol extract from B.officinalis Maxim.was extracted and then concentrated with petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water,respectively,and the extracts were obtained.The inhibitory effects of the four different fractions on the growth of three tumor cell lines in vitro were detected by CCK-8 method,and the median inhibitory concentration(IC 50 value)was calculated.[Results]The four fractions inhibited the growth of the three tumor cell lines in vitro,among which the n-butanol fraction had the best anti-tumor activity.The IC 50 values of the n-butanol fraction on human gastric cancer(SGC-7901),human breast cancer(MCF-7)and human liver cancer(BEL-7404)cell lines were 0.08,1.58 and 0.12 mg/mL,respectively.[Conclusions]Petroleum ether,ethyl acetate,n-butanol and water fractions from the ethanol extract of B.officinalis Maxim.had certain anti-tumor effects,and the n-butanol fraction had the best anti-tumor activity.

Exploring the mechanism of action of herb pair Pinellia Ternata-Magnolia Officinalis in the treatment of liver cancer based on network pharmacology and molecular docking

Background:Explore the anti-tumor mechanism of herb pair Pinellia ternate-Magnolia officinalis(BX-HP)in liver cancer through network pharmacology using molecular docking methods.Method:The active ingredients and corresponding targets of the herb pair Pinellia ternate-Magnolia officinalis were obtained from the HERB database.The relevant targets for liver cancer were obtained from GeneCards,DisGeNET,TTD,and Drugbank databases.Obtain common targets between herb pair Pinellia ternate-Magnolia officinalis and liver cancer through the Bioinformatics platform,establish a PPI network diagram using STRING software,and perform GO functional enrichment and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis on the DAVID platform.AutoDockTools 1.5.7 software and molecular dynamics simulation analysis are used to evaluate the binding of components to target proteins.HERB database,SwissTargetPrediction database,SwissADME database,UniProt database,GeneCards database,TTD database,DRUGBANK database,DisGeNET database,String,DAVID.Bioinformatics platform,PDB database,PubChem and TCMSP database.Result:A total of 22 active ingredients with a Probability>0.1 targets in Magnolia officinalis were screened,26 active ingredients with a Probability>0.1 targets in Pinellia ternata,ten vital active ingredients,corresponding to 979 and 803 targets with a Probability>0.1 targets,2536 liver cancer-related targets,and 279 targets in the herb pair Pinellia ternata-Magnolia officinalis.The GO functional enrichment analysis resulted in 1297 entries,namely 971 biological process entries,118 cell localization entries,and 208 molecular function entries.Three signaling pathways were annotated through the KEGG pathway.Based on molecular docking,ten vital active ingredients and five target proteins were validated to exhibit an excellent binding affinity.The above data indicates that combining the herb pair Pinellia ternata-Magnolia officinalis may treat liver cancer through specific targets and signaling pathways.Conclusion:Herb pair Pinellia ternata-Magnolia officinalis has a synergistic effect on treating liver cancer through multicomponent,multitarget,and multi-pathway approaches.This study provides a sufficient theoretical basis for subsequent research.

基于荧光光谱和拉曼光谱技术的中药检测研究

中医药是中华文化的瑰宝和中华文明的结晶,在全民健康中发挥着重要作用。由于中药生长环境受限及市场需求量的增大,市场上出现了许多以次充好、以假乱真的中药,这对中药发展及质量保障都极为不利。因此,对中药的检测和鉴定非常重要。为了探究中药的荧光光谱和拉曼光谱特性,选取白芷、苏木、山药、地榆四种中药进行分类检测研究。一方面,从化学成分和结构的角度分析中药白芷和苏木产生荧光的可能性,采用F-4600型荧光光谱仪(200~750 nm)分别在不同激发波长和不同浓度下测试了白芷和苏木水浸液的荧光光谱,探究了白芷和苏木水浸液的荧光光谱特性,并对荧光强度与不同浓度、激发波长的关系进行了探讨。另一方面,采用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱仪(100~4000 cm^(-1))对4种不同产地的山药和2种不同产地的地榆中药饮片的拉曼光谱分别进行测试研究。结果表明,白芷水浸液在波长260~350 nm的光激发下,产生较强荧光,最佳激发波长是340 nm,荧光峰值波长为420 nm,其荧光强度随浓度的增大而增强,且样品浓度较低时,荧光强度与浓度成线性关系;苏木水浸液在200~290 nm的光激发下,产生较强荧光,最佳激发波长为220 nm,荧光峰值波长为345 nm,随浓度的增加,荧光强度先增强后减弱,在浓度为0.175 mg·mL^(-1)时荧光强度达到最大。白芷水浸液和苏木水浸液的荧光强度都与激发波长的关系呈现高斯分布,符合荧光规律。分析山药和地榆的拉曼光谱,发现不同产地的拉曼特征基本一致,确认山药的拉曼特征峰主要集中在477、862、939、1080、1258、1337和1457 cm^(-1)处;地榆的拉曼特征峰主要集中在862和1337 cm^(-1)处,主要归属与已有的化学成分研究结果相符。部分特征峰处拉曼活性出现差异,可以作为区分不同产地中药的依据。该研究结果不仅为荧光光谱在中药鉴定及质量分析中的应用提供了实验数据和方法参考,也为利用拉曼光谱技术实现中药的快速准确检测及产地归属奠定了基础。

Variation, heredity and selection of effective ingredients in Magnolis officinalis of different provenances

Bark samples of Magnolis officinalis were collected from a 7-year-old trial plantation with 13 provenances in Jingning County of Zhejiang Province on June 25, 2000. The contents of magnolol and honokiol of M. officinalis were analyzed by the method of HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatogram). The results showed that such qualitative traits as the content of magnolol, content of honokiol, total content of key phenols, and the ratio of magnolo to honokiol differ significantly between the provenances. The provenances with a sharpened leaf tip from the western part of Hubei Province has a highest content of phenols, and that with a concave leaf tip from the Lushan Mountain has a lowest content of phenols. All these four qualitative traits were genetically controlled, with a heritability between 0.8342 and 0.9871 in terms of provenance. In addition, both longitudinal and latitudinal geographical variations could be found, with longitudinal variations being dominant. As a result, 3 superior provenances from Wufeng, Enshi and Hefeng of the western part of Hubei as well as 10 high-quality individuals were selected.

Greenhouse Intercropping of Green Asparagus(Asparagus officinalis Linn) and Coriander(Coriandrum sativum L.)

Greenhouse cultivation in northern China has the characteristic of single mode, and the intercropping mode is not common. Greenhouse intercropping of green asparagus （Asparagus officinalis Linn） and coriander （Coriandrum sativurn L.） not only could increase vegetable kinds, but also could improve cropping index, and the asparagus growers＇ income could also be improved. This paper introduced the intercropping technique of green asparagus and coriander, so as to provide technical support for large-area extension of greenhouse green asparagus cultivation and break the situation of single mode for .qreenhouse cultivation.

药用野生稻(Oryza officinalis Wall)和转bar基因水稻(Oryza sativa L.)花粉杂交的基因漂移

采用生殖生物学方法研究了药用野生稻和转bar基因水稻花粉杂交的基因漂移。结果表明 ,供试水稻花粉在药用野生稻柱头上的萌发生长与药用野生稻自花授粉花粉的萌发生长有一定差异 ,表现在穿过柱头的花粉粒百分率及内容物释放和正在凝缩、释放的花粉粒百分率较少。虽然转基因水稻花粉能在药用野生稻柱头上正常萌发生长 ,并能释放内容物 ,但杂交后结实率为 0 ,表明转基因水稻和药用野生稻杂交不亲和。他们的不亲和性不是在花粉的萌发和穿过柱头这一阶段 ,具体原因有待进一步研究。在本实验条件下转基因水稻和药用野生稻没有发生成功的基因交流。

川牛膝(Cyathula officinalis Kuan.)RAPD和AFLP标记的多态性聚类分析

[目的]用RAPD和AFLP技术对采自主产区不同地域的川牛膝Cyathula officinalis Kuan.、头花杯苋Cyathula capitata(Wall) Moq及它们的杂交品种杂交牛膝Hybrid accsssion进行多态性和聚类分析研究。[方法]用酚-氯仿法提取的基因组DNA,经RAPD及AFLP程序扩增后分别用琼脂糖凝胶和PAGE电泳检测,使用NTSYSpc-2.10s软件用UPGMA方法对检测结果进行聚类。[结果]RAPD和AFLP技术在分析遗传多样性和品种鉴定方面各有优缺点;采自同一地方的川牛膝具有最近的亲缘关系,头花杯苋、杂交牛膝与其他采自各地的川牛膝品种之间的遗传差异较大。[结论]在川牛膝中,DNA的差异与地域性有较大关系,说明药材确有地道性的特征,从而在DNA水平上证明了药用植物上的地道性观点。

不同种源迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis)种子萌发特性比较研究

在实验室条件下对6个种源迷迭香种子进行重量、形状及萌发特性的比较研究。迷迭香种子近椭圆形,长宽比为1.74～1.98,种子百粒重在0.12～0.18 g之间。其中,欧洲种源种子重量显著高于美洲种源种子(P<0.05)。萌发环境因子试验中,光照、温度和不同种源地对种子的发芽势和发芽率影响差异显著(P<0.05),15℃和光照条件下迷迭香种子有最高的发芽率;源于法国的种子发芽率为82%,显著高于其他种源地的种子发芽率(P<0.05),源于美国的种子发芽率最低,仅有27%;来自法国的种子平均发芽时间最长,为11 d,来自美国的平均发芽时间最短,为3 d。不同种源间发芽势与发芽率的变化趋势相同,发芽率与平均发芽时间呈负相关性,发芽率与种源地花期降雨量呈负相关性。迷迭香种子存在生理后熟或休眠机制,花期温度和降雨是影响不同种源种子萌发能力差异的主要原因,可将6个种源种子其分为欧洲和北美洲两大类,其形态学和生理指标表现出较强的地域性。

Genetic Analysis of Monosomic Alien Addition Line MAAL8 of O. officinalis(CC)-O. sativa(AA)

[Objective] By carrying out the anther culture on the monosomic alien addition line MAAL8 of O.officinalis-O.sativa and the back crossing with O.sativa H1493,the genetic characteristics of monosomic alien addition line were studied.[Method] The phenotype analysis was used to study the separation proportion of progeny.Moreover,SSR and the methylation analysis were used to study the transmission behavior of nonhomologous chromosome.[Result] 78 plants of 145 backcross progenies preserved the rolled leaf mark trait of MAAL8.In 32 anther culture plants,five plants had the normal rolled leaves,and two plants had the extremely rolled leaves.The rest had the flat leaves.14 couples of SSR markers were used to analyze,and it indicated that all the rolled-leaf plants could obtain the characteristic band type of O.officinalis,but the flat-leaf plants showed none of them.11 polymorphic RFLP markers were used to carry out Methylation-Sensitive Southern analysis.It showed that the methylation variation manners of eight markers between AA and CC genomes were different.[Conclusion] The nonhomologous chromosome of MAAL8 could pass to the progenies independently and integrally via the meiosis,and the phenotype characteristics didn＇t change.Moreover,the methylation manner of O.officinalis could inherit stably in the hybrid progeny as the addition of single chromosome.The stability of methylation might have the certain effect on the relatively independent inheritance of nonhomologous chromosome in the genome environment of O.sativa.

Study on Chloroplast psbA-trnH Nucleotide Variation and Genetic Differentiation in Cultivated Plants of Gentiana officinalis from Qinghai

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the genetic diversity and analyze the genetic differentiation of germplasm resources of Gentiana officinalis H.Smith from Qinghai.[Method] The cpDNA of chloroplast psbA-trnH gene was sequenced to analyze the genetic diversity of six populations of G.officinalis.[Result] A total of 10 distinct haplotypes were detected in the studied populations,and seven variable sites were found by comparing their sequences.G.officinalis with high-level genetic diversity（h=0.771）.Genetic diversity was largely varied within populations,ranging from 0.563 to 0.857 for haplotype diversity,and from 0.002 43 to 0.005 83 for nucleotide diversity,respectively.Genetic differentiation among populations（Gst） of G.officinalis was 0.196 0;gene flow（Nm） was 2.05;80.40% of the genetic variability occurred within population.[Conclusion] The cultivated G.officinalis in Qinghai showed rich genetic diversity,which is beneficial for the production of high-quality herb medicine.

太空诱变对迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)形态参数、光合能力和次生代谢产物含量和成分的影响

以未经太空诱变的迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)为对照,研究了经返回式卫星搭载进行太空诱变后迷迭香在形态参数、光合作用以及次生产物代谢方面的变化。结果显示:太空诱变后,迷迭香优良株系的株高、冠幅、分枝数、分枝长、地上部生物量等形态参数有了明显提高,特别是反映迷迭香可采收量的地上部生物量,比诱变前提高了1.24倍。进一步研究发现,光合能力的提升是迷迭香诱变株系形态参数发生变化的一个重要原因,因为迷迭香诱变株系的叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率、表观量子效率比对照明显提高,而光补偿点则明显下降。作为迷迭香中最主要的生物活性物质,鼠尾草酸、迷迭香酸和精油的含量在太空诱变株系中明显高于对照,并且精油中主要组分的比例也发生了显著变化。上述结果表明,太空诱变中迷迭香可获得生物产量和经济产量的有益突变,从而证明航天育种技术在迷迭香优良品种选育中是可行的。

Distribution, Development and Utilization of Bioactive Components Resources of Russian Melilotus officinalis

To confirm the content and distribution of bioactive components in roots, stems, leaves and grains of Russian Me/i/otus officina/is ＇Sligen 1 ＂, an experiment involving bioactive components detection and field planting was conducted. Kjeldahl method and high performance gas chromatography were used to detect the protein. The automatic amino acid analyzer was used to detect amino acid. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and molecular distillation apparatus were used to confirm the fatty acid content. Gravimetric method was used to detect saponin and alkaloid contents. High performance liquid chromatography was used to detect the coumarin content. The polyphenol content was determined by forint reagent colorimetric method. Anthracene copper-sulfuric acid colorimetry was used to detect the polysaccharide, and aluminum nitrate-sodium nitrite-sodium hydroxide col- orimetric method was used to confirm flavone. The results showed that protein and amino acid were mainly distributed in leaves and seeds. The fatty acid was mainly distributed in seeds. The saponin was mainly distributed in roots and leave. The polyphenol was mainly distributed in roots, stems and leaves. The alkaloid was mainly distributed in stems, leaves and seeds. Seeds mainly contained coumarin. M. officinalis had little polysaccharide and flavone. The total production of bioactive in- gredients was 3 016.3 kg/hm2. The output of crude protein, amino acids and fatty acids was 1 400.6, 1 246.8, 112.2, respectively. The yields of effective components saponins, alkaloids, polyphenols and coumarin were 97.0, 77.9, 41.7, 40.1 kg/hm2, respectively. After separation, extraction and purification, those components can be used as the natural ingredients to develop medicine, food, chemical and other biotechnological products.

用荧光显微镜技术观察药用野生稻(Oryza officinalis Wall)和转基因水稻的不亲和性

采用荧光显微镜技术观察转基因水稻花粉在药用野生稻柱头上的萌发及在花柱内的生长过程,以明确两者之间不亲和性发生的阶段,为判断其能否发生基因漂流提供依据。结果表明,两种转基因栽培稻(Y003和99t)的花粉在药用野生稻柱头上的萌发率均比药用野生稻自花授粉的低,花粉管在花柱中的生长速度较慢,且分别在到达花柱中部(Y003)或花柱基部(99t)时停止生长,顶端异常膨大,杂交子房逐渐萎缩,结实率为0。药用野生稻与栽培稻杂交不亲和的原因是花粉管在花柱中停止生长、不能进入胚囊完成受精,在自然条件下转基因栽培稻中的外源基因向药用野生稻漂流的可能性较小。

巴戟天质量评价研究进展

巴戟天为著名的“四大南药”之一,具有补肾阳、强筋骨、抗抑郁等多种药理作用。药材的真伪优劣直接影响到巴戟天在临床应用中的有效性与安全性,但目前巴戟天药材的质量评价标准尚不完善,建立科学全面的巴戟天质量评价体系对保证巴戟天用药安全有效至关重要。通过综述巴戟天药材的质量评价方法,针对巴戟天质量评价体系中存在的问题进行分析,并提出合理建议,以期为后续巴戟天的研究及其质量标准的完善提供参考。

外源钙对盐胁迫下草木樨(Mellilotus officinalis L.)叶片超微结构的影响

以草木樨(Mellilotus officinalis L.)为研究对象,观测了外源钙离子(0、10、20mmol/L CaCl2)对盐胁迫下(0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L NaCl),草木樨叶片表皮细胞、气孔特性、表皮毛形态结构的影响.结果表明,当Na^+浓度不超过100 mmol/L时,叶表皮细胞、气孔及表皮毛形态结构与对照组相比无明显改变.当Na^+浓度超过150 mmol/L时,表皮毛出现明显损伤,表皮细胞及气孔下腔分泌物明显增多,气孔趋于关闭.外源Ca^2+对盐胁迫下草木樨叶片的损伤具有一定的缓解作用,维持细胞正常的形态结构,提高气孔密度和气孔指数,有效地减小盐胁迫的伤害,增强了植物的耐盐性.尤其是10 mmol/L Ca^2+的保护作用优于20 mmol/L Ca^2+,较高浓度的Ca^2+也会对植物造成胁迫.因此,采用外源Ca^2+增强植物耐盐性时,应根据植物特性,选择适宜浓度,避免造成双重胁迫.

稻属种间杂种(Oryza sativa×O.officinalis)回交世代的形态学研究

两个组合（中８６－４４×ＹＤ１７８５、中１５６×３－６６）的种间杂种（Ｏ．ｓａｔｉｖａ×Ｏ．ｏｆｆｉｃｉｎａｌｉｓ）Ｆ１植株，完全不育。以栽培稻为轮回亲本进行回交，结合胚拯救技术，获得两组合回交一代（ＢＣ１Ｆ１）植株。两组合回交一代（ＢＣ１Ｆ１）群体中分别出现６个和７个类型的植株，完全不育。通过继续回交获得的组合中８６－４４×ＹＤ１７８５回交二代（ＢＣ２Ｆ１）植株中，出现了４个类型的植株，株型似栽培稻，大部分植株可育。经自交获得株型好，结实正常，抗性强的中间材料。结果表明：（１）栽野杂种回交世代出现疯狂分离，药用野生稻遗传上存在较大异质性；（２）通过连续两次回交，结合胚拯救技术，可改变杂种野生性状，获得具有药用野生稻优良基因的中间材料，如７５－２、７９－１、７９－１１三个株系；（３）证实胚拯救技术在种间杂交转移药用野生稻有利基因中是一条行之有效的途径。

A New Phenylethanoid Glucoside from Buddleia officinalis

A new phenylethanoid glycoside, neobudofficide B was isolated from Buddleia officinalis. On the basis of spectral and chemical evidence, the glycoside was identified as β ( 3′, 4′ dihydroxy, 6′ N pyridinechloride phenyl ) ethyl O α L rhamnopyranosyl ( 1→3 ) β D ( 4″ O caffeoyl ) glucopyranoside.

贵州引种的迷迭香(Rosmarinus officinalis L.)中挥发油化学成分分析

对贵州引种的迷迭香中挥发油的化学成分进行定性和定量分析 ,并与不同来源的迷迭香油的化学成分进行比较。结果表明 ,从贵州引种的迷迭香挥发油中分离出 38种成分 ,鉴定出 2 7种 ,鉴定率为71 0 5 % ,主要成分是α -蒎烯 (α -Pinene) ,含量 2 5 .4 4% ;1,8-桉树脑 (1,8-Cineole) ,含量 2 0 .2 7% ;其次是樟脑 (Camphor) ,含量 7.6 7% ;莰烯 (Camphene) ,含量 7.10 % ;龙脑 (Borneol) ,含量 3.30 % ;β -石竹烯 (β -Caryophyllene) ,含量 3.2 3%。贵州引种的迷迭香中挥发油的化学成分主要是α -蒎烯、1,8-桉树脑 ,占挥发油检出成分的 4 5 .71%。该挥发油按化学成分分类属α -蒎烯、1.