Aero-Hydro-Elastic-Servo Modeling and Dynamic Response Analysis of A Monopile Offshore Wind Turbine Under Different Operating Scenarios

This paper constructs a coupled aero-hydro-elastic-servo simulation framework for a monopile offshore wind turbine(OWT).In this framework,a detailed multi-body dynamics model of the monopile OWT including the gearbox,blades,tower and other components(nacelle,hub,bedplate,etc.)has been explicitly established.The effects of pile−soil interaction,controller and operational conditions on the turbine dynamic responses are studied systematically in time domain and frequency domain.The results show that(1)a comprehensive drivetrain model has the capability to provide a more precise representation of the complex dynamic characteristics exhibited by drivetrain components,which can be used as the basis for further study on the dynamic characteristics of the drivetrain.(2)The pile−soil interaction can influence the wind turbine dynamic responses,particularly under the parked condition.(3)The effect of the pile−soil interaction on tower responses is more significant than that on blade responses.(4)The use of the controller can substantially affect the rotor characteristics,which in turn influences the turbine dynamic responses.(5)The tower and blade displacements under the operational condition are much larger than those under the parked condition.The model and methodology presented in this study demonstrate potential for examining complex dynamic behaviors of the monopile OWTs.To ensure accuracy and precision,it is imperative to construct a detailed model of the wind turbine system,while also taking into account simulation efficiency.

Dynamic Simulation on Collision Between Ship and Offshore Wind Turbine

By using ABAQUS/Explicit, the dynamic process of an offshore wind turbine(OWT) stricken by a ship of 5000DWT in the front direction is simulated. The OWT is located on a large-scale prestressing bucket foundation constructed by an integrated installation technique. According to the simulation results, under the ship collision, a certain range of plastic zone appears within a local area of arc transition structure of the bucket foundation, and the concrete plastic zone is seriously damaged. As the stress level of OWT tower is relatively low, the OWT tower is less affected. A great inertial force is generated at the top of the OWT tower as the mass of nacelle and blades is up to 400 t. The displacement of the tower is in the opposite direction of the ship collision at the end of 1 s under the action of inertial force. There is only a minor damage in the ship bow. Most of the kinetic energy is transformed into the plastic dissipation and absorbed by the arc transition structure of bucket foundation.

Design and Evaluation Tool for Operations and Maintenance Logistics Concepts for Offshore Wind Power Plants

In this article, the authors give an overview of different logistics concepts for operation and maintenance of OWPP （offshore wind power plants）. These can be generally classified into onshore based and offshore based concepts. The operation of OWPPs can still be improved as research has shown that the availability of OWPPs is low compared to onshore wind power plants. There are a few tools to calculate operating costs and to evaluate the different concepts. However, most tools have a weak focus on logistics although logistics account for a big share of the costs. The tool the authors are introducing in this article focuses on the logistics processes. It is first explained and then tested with an OWPP scenarin

A Crashworthy Device Against Ship-OWT Collision and Its Protection Effects on the Tower of Offshore Wind Farms

At present, more and more offshore wind farms have been built anti ntnnerous projects are on the drawing tables. Therefore, the study on the safety of collision between ships and offshore wind turbines （OWT） is of great practical signifieance. The present study takes the advantage of the famous LS-DYNA explicit code to simulate the dynamic proeess of the collision between a typical 3MW offshore wind turbine model with monopile fi）undation and a simplified 2000t-class ship model. In the simulation, the added mass effect of the ship, contact nonlinearity of collision, material nonlinearity of steel and aluminum foam and adaptive mesh tectmique for large structure deformation have been taken into considera- tion. Proposed is a crashworthy device for OWF of new conceptual steel sphere shell-cireular ring aluminum foam pad, and the good pe.rfurmanee of the device under the conditions of ship-OWT front impact and side impact has been verified from the views of theoretical analysis and numerical results. The new crashworthy device can effectively smooth the contact force and reduce the top structure dynamic response, using its own structure plastic deformation to absorb most of the ship collision enerty. As a result, the main structure of the OWF and the inside key electric control equipments can be saved by scarifying the structural plastic deformation of new sphere crashworthy device. What is more, the sphere configuratiun design of the crashworthy device can effectively guide the ship to run away from the main OWT structure and reduce the damage of the ship and OWT to some degree during side impact.

Development of Optimal Maintenance Policies for Offshore Wind Turbine Gearboxes Based on the Non-homogeneous Continuous-Time Markov Process

Gearbox in offshore wind turbines is a component with the highest failure rates during operation. Analysis of gearbox repair policy that includes economic considerations is important for the effective operation of offshore wind farms. From their initial perfect working states, gearboxes degrade with time, which leads to decreased working efficiency. Thus, offshore wind turbine gearboxes can be considered to be multi-state systems with the various levels of productivity for different working states. To efficiently compute the time-dependent distribution of this multi-state system and analyze its reliability, application of the nonhomogeneous continuous-time Markov process(NHCTMP) is appropriate for this type of object. To determine the relationship between operation time and maintenance cost, many factors must be taken into account, including maintenance processes and vessel requirements. Finally, an optimal repair policy can be formulated based on this relationship.

Ship collision impact on the structural load of an offshore wind turbine

When a maintenance and operations ship is berthing,there is a chance the ship may collide into the wind turbine.When these ships collide into wind turbine structures,this can result in significant changes to the foundation and structure of the wind turbine.In this paper,the structural load of a 4 MW offshore wind turbine was analyzed during a collision with an operations and maintenance ship.The variations in the wind speeds on hub height,waves,and the sea currents were measured.The dynamic simulation of the wind turbine was carried out using the test data as the input parameters.As a result,the load condition of the turbine without a collision was obtained.Finally,the measured turbine load was compared with the simulation results.This study shows that the collision of the operation and the maintenance ship increases the bending moments at the tower’s bottom and the blade’s roots.

Multi-ACO Application in Routing and Scheduling Optimization of Maintenance Fleet (RSOMF) Based on Conditions for Offshore Wind Farms

Reducing the operation and maintenance (O & M) cost is one of the potential actions that could reduce the cost of energy produced by offshore wind farms. This article attempts to reduce O & M cost by improving the utilization of the maintenance resources, specifically the efficient scheduling and routing of the maintenance fleet. Scheduling and routing of maintenance fleet is a non-linear optimization problem with high complexity and a number of constraints. A heuristic algorithm, Ant Colony Optimization (ACO), was modified as Multi-ACO to be used to find the optimal scheduling and routing of maintenance fleet. The numerical studies showed that the proposed methodology was effective and robust enough to find the optimal solution even if the number of offshore wind turbine increases. The suggested approaches are helpful to avoid a time-consuming process of manually planning the scheduling and routing with a presumably suboptimal outcome.

Offshore Wind Power Evaluation Based on Nearshore Wind Power Correlations

As the increasing number of wind energy is integrated into the national power grid,analyses of wind energy are becoming increasingly more crucial.The interaction between the topography and the northeast(NE)monsoon brings abundant wind resources to the Taiwan Strait in autumn and winter.The offshore area has stronger and more stable wind resources,so deployment of offshore wind power is also actively being carried out.However,development of offshore wind power systems requires stricter evaluation and decision-making.Therefore,this study implements a multi-site measurement verification to establish the relationship between the wind resources of the nearshore wind turbine system and a potential offshore power site in Chanbin.In the absence of a wind turbine at a specific location,potential of offshore wind energy is analyzed through wind resources.The findings showed that although the distance between these two sites is substantial,the nearshore and offshore areas at Chanbin experience similar wind conditions,and nearshore wind turbine can respond well to changes in wind speed and generate power accordingly.Afterwards,on this basis,the offshore power potential was evaluated and compared with the nearshore wind turbine systems.The results suggested the advantages of offshore wind power.A further analysis of the differences between power generation on a monthly basis was carried out to determine the distribution of wind turbine operation modes and illustrate the influence of the NE monsoon.

广东省海上风电母港发展现状及规划布局建议

近10年,海上风电方兴未艾,广东省从近海逐步到深远海规模化开发海上风电,规划打造粤东、粤西1000万千瓦级海上风电基地,阳江、汕尾、揭阳、汕头先后启动海上风电相关物料码头、重大件设备码头以及运营维护码头建设,海上风电母港初见雏形。调研广东省海上风电母港建设和运营情况,对比分析国内外海上风电母港的发展现状,总结固定式风电机组和漂浮式风电机组发展对港口资源的使用需求,并结合广东省海上风电规划容量和沿海港口规划布局情况,基于集约、高效利用岸线和土地资源以及促进海上风电产业集群集聚发展的角度,提出海上风电母港规划布局建议,供海上风电母港选址建设和港口规划调整参考。

考虑故障关联不确定性的海上风电机组预防性维护策略优化方法

针对海上风电机组部件故障关联作用的不确定性量化及维护策略优化问题,提出了一种考虑故障关联不确定性的海上风电机组预防性维护策略优化方法。首先,采用区间分析方法对故障关联不确定性进行量化,引入区间故障关联系数描述故障关联的不确定性对机组部件可靠度的影响。其次,根据部件运行状态信息,利用神经网络捕捉故障关联图的时空特征,构建基于图注意力-门控循环单元神经网络(GAT-GRU)的故障关联预测模型,形成区间故障关联系数矩阵。最后,以维护费用最低为目标函数,部件可靠性指标为约束条件,构建了考虑故障关联不确定性的联合维护模型,优化各部件的预防性维护时间区间。算例仿真结果验证了所提方法的有效性和经济性。

声学探测技术在海上风电桩基检测中的应用

海上风机维护是保障海上风电场正常运行的重要工作,水声学海底探测方法在海上风电场运维中的应用越来越广泛。提出在风电桩基检测中综合使用多波束测深仪、侧扫声纳、浅地层剖面仪的联合探测作业技术,利用多波束获取全覆盖水深地形,利用侧扫声纳获取海底地貌,利用浅地层剖面仪获取海缆埋藏状态,通过对3类声纳数据综合分析,确定风电桩基及附近地形、地貌、电缆等的位置、深度、状态等信息。将该方法应用于阳江风电场故障风机抢修项目中,验证了方法的有效性。实践表明:该方法可以广泛应用于海上风电桩基检测等海洋工程领域,对其他海上风电场桩基检测有一定借鉴意义。

我国海上风电发展现状与趋势综述

近年来,在碳达峰目标与碳中和愿景下,海上风电在我国取得了长足的发展。分析了我国目前海上风电的发展现状与未来规划,对海上风电装机规模、新增机型以及采用的技术路线进行了汇总。重点介绍了海上风电基础型式、防腐技术和运维技术,其中,漂浮式海上风电是基础型式研究的重点,运维巡检和运维管理系统是风电运维技术研究的重点。通过分析海上风电的发展状况,整理了各项技术的主要技术路线和先进成果。最后,基于目前国内的技术发展现状及需求,对我国海上风电未来发展趋势进行展望。

海上风电场运维设计方法

海上风电机组的运维成本占海上风电场全生命周期成本的很大部分,因此降低运维成本是保证海上风电经济效益的关键。分析目前海上风电场常用的运维方法,提出多种人员转运船、运维母船、直升机组合的运维方案。根据海上风电场的位置、运维方式、维修时间、运维计划等因素,以最低的运维成本为目标,建立海上风电场运维模型,得到多种运维方案的最优运维团队数量。以江苏某风电场为例,根据风电场的特点进行实际运维方案设计,得到最佳运维方案。

海上风电机组预测性运维模式研究

海上风电向深远海方向快速发展,为降低海上风电机组全生命周期度电成本、解决海上风电机组全生命周期内低成本、高可靠性运维问题,提出利用SCADA数据、CMS数据、环境数据等海上风场数据,进行海上风场预测性运维的运维方式。针对海上风电机组故障预警,提出利用设计阈值、基于LSTM预测模型的预警模式,实现风机关键部件的故障预警;针对海上风场运维排程,提出基于Kruskal的择优排程方法;针对运维解决方案,提出专家知识库的搭建和闭环反馈方法。研究表明,基于现有智能监测、检测技术、数据分析处理技术,通过完善专家知识库即可实现预测性运维。研究成果为海上风电运维系统搭建提供一定的参考。

基于重要度的风电机组备件分类策略研究

针对风电行业备件数量多、需求波动大、分布地区广和业务需求多样的特性,现有评价指标体系不能全面评估的问题,提出了基于重要度的两级多指标分类方法。首先,对风电企业运维业务数据进行分析,从风电机组备件采购、备件调配、备件使用的3个准则17个指标建立层次备件评价指标体系,并依据指标特点构建赋分体系。其次选取定性、定量指标计算备件重要度,作为先筛选再分类两级分类依据,得出3大类、27小类的分类结果。最后对分类结果进行分析,提出相应的管理建议。

面向风电机组运维的知识图谱构建研究与应用

规模化风机高频运维信息愈发呈现数据高维、类间互联、规模攀升的特点,传统人工孤岛式故障检修运维模式难以适应人机料法环一体式发展进程。针对风机全环节、全要素的主动运维要求,提出知识规则、主从设备、规范条例一体融合的风电机组运维知识图谱构建方法。利用图论文本关键词提取算法(TextRank)完成对风电专业运维文本的实体识别与关系抽取,用以提高特征词的提取精度。采用Neo4j图数据库构建风电安全管理规程图谱及风电设备运维图谱,实现多元数据的互联与可视,进而实现风电运维信息的智能化查询。应用上述方法构建了629个实体、742条关系类型的风机知识图谱。数据查询试验表明:该方法的精确率及召回率等主要指标均在89%以上,较传统数据库方法平均提升了6.5%。该方法建立了运维要求可视表达和类间任务关联。运维大数据的有效查询,将有助于节省双碳战略风电运维力量,提高运维智能化水平。

典型海域多种海上风电运维方案经济性分析

为了对比不同海况下不同规模海上风电场最适用的运维方案,通过建立的海上风电场运维经济性分析模型,对比多种人员转运船、运维母船、自升式平台、直升机组合的运维方案,针对我国典型海况进行不同运维方案的运维团队数量设计,并进行经济性分析。结果表明,对于海况较好、风机数量较少的海上风电场来说,直升机的使用率更低,更适用只使用人员转运船的运维方案。

运维船与半潜式风机平台碰撞过程的物理建模仿真分析

随着海上浮式风机的大型化和作业水深的增加,风机运维服务船舶与风机平台之间的碰撞是影响风机安全运营的重要风险之一,而目前已有的研究主要聚焦于固定式海上风机。本文针对运维船与半潜式浮式风机的碰撞问题,基于多体水动力学建立运维船与半潜式浮式风机的运动方程,并采用物理建模方式模拟浮体间的碰撞力。首先,在时域内模拟因运维船动力定位故障导致其与风机平台的碰撞过程;在此基础上,分析撞击速度、撞击位置等因素对浮体运动响应的影响规律。研究结果表明,碰撞力具有作用时间短、幅值大的特点,其幅值与浮体间的相对速度呈线性关系;因运维船附加质量较小,碰撞对其横摇、艏摇速度影响显著,同时运维船的撞击位置直接决定了浮体动能之间的能量重分配,进而影响碰撞力幅值及浮体运动响应。

基于ABC-BP神经网络的海上风机碰撞损伤识别

为降低海上风机与近海船舶发生碰撞的风险,避免产生结构性损伤,以单桩式海上风机为研究对象,开展海上风机与近海船舶碰撞损伤识别研究。通过模拟2 000 t、3 000 t和4 000 t等3种吨位的船舶与单桩风机碰撞,利用经人工蜂群(ABC)算法优化的反向传播(BP)神经网络实现对海上风机损伤程度的识别,继而识别碰撞船舶的吨位。将识别结果与采用其他神经网络的识别结果相对比,结果表明,ABC-BP神经网络在海上风机结构损伤识别中的准确率能达到99%,均方根误差仅为1.82,可为相应维修策略的制定提供技术支持。

基于AQWA的新型10 MW浮式平台运动响应分析

随着海上风机由近海进入深海,低功率的风机不再满足海上发电需求,需要设计出新的海上浮式平台来支撑更大功率的风机。基于频域与时域的分析方法,运用AQWA软件,对一种新型10 MW浮式平台在风、浪、流联合作用下的水动力性能进行研究。通过对不同浪向角下幅值响应算子(RAO)、附加质量、运动响应以及系泊张力的计算,结果表明,平台垂荡、横摇和纵摇的固有周期可以有效避开海上波浪能量集中的周期范围;在极限工况下纵荡、纵摇以及垂荡的最值分别为16.83 m、11.81°以及-6.213 m,说明有着良好的运动性能;系泊缆的安全系数为1.92,于允许安全系数1.67,能够保证平台安全运行。