Platelet-derived microparticles and their cargos: The past, present and future

All eukaryotic cells can secrete extracellular vesicles, which have a double-membrane structure and are important players in the intercellular communication involved in a variety of important biological processes. Platelets form platelet-derived microparticles (PMPs) in response to activation, injury, or apoptosis. This review introduces the origin, pathway, and biological functions of PMPs and their importance in physiological and pathological processes. In addition, we review the potential applications of PMPs in cancer, vascular homeostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, neural regeneration, biomarkers, and drug carriers to achieve targeted drug delivery. In addition, we comprehensively report on the origin, biological functions, and applications of PMPs. The clinical transformation, high heterogeneity, future development direction, and limitations of the current research on PMPs are also discussed in depth. Evidence has revealed that PMPs play an important role in cell-cell communication, providing clues for the development of PMPs as carriers for relevant cell-targeted drugs. The development history and prospects of PMPs and their cargos are explored in this guidebook.

PALEOGENE(?) DEPOSYSTEMS AND BASIN EVOLUTION IN THE EASTERN TIBETAN PLATEAU: NANGQIAN AND XIALAXIU BASINS

Paleogene sedimentary basins exposed across much of the central and eastern Tibetan Plateau may record the early history of plateau uplift related to the Indo\|Asian collision. We conducted sedimentological and stratigraphic investigations in the northeastern Qiangtang terrane, eastern Tibetan Plateau. Our results indicate development of several nonmarine basins during Paleogene(?) time, probably synchronous with northeast\|southwest contractional deformation. The Nangqian and Xialaxiu basins (96°～97°E, 32°～33°N) are composed of 500～ 20000m thick successions of primarily clastic sediment indicative of lacustrine and alluvial\|fan depositional processes. Paleocurrent measurements and sediment compositional data indicate local sediment source areas composed of Carboniferous\|Triassic carbonate and sandstone and minor Tertiary volcanic rocks. The large variability of provenance and facies types suggest that each basin evolved independently, as opposed to regional development of a single integrated basin which was partitioned by later deformation.

Effect of Antisense Oligonucleotide to AnnexinⅡon the t-PA-mediated Plasmi nogen Activation in vitro

In order to study the role of annexin Ⅱ, a recombinant expression vector, pZeoSV2(+)ANN Ⅱ, containing the annexin Ⅱ cDNA , was developed. The 1.1 kb length annexin Ⅱ cDNA was inserted into a express ion vector, PZeoSV(+) and transfected into HL 60 cells which had low baseline e xpression of Ann Ⅱ. pZeoSV(+) ANNⅡ was analyzed by restriction mapping and th e Ann Ⅱ sequence identified. The ability of the transfected cells, non transf ected and mock transfected cells to stimulate t PA depend plasminogen activat ion was compared. The results showed that HL 60 with pZeoSV(+)ANNⅡ transfectio n could significantly increase the plasminogen activation (8.9±1.2 U) in vitr o with the difference being significant as compared with non transfected (1.5±0. 4 U) and mock transfected cells (4.2±0.9 U), respectively. AntiannexinⅡoligon ucleotides significantly inhibited the binding ability of t PA and plasminogen to annexinⅡ, and obviously reduced the plasminogen activation in vitro . The above findings showed human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) treated w ith sense or missense oligonucleotides indicated no significant change in bindin g of t PA and PLG. Treatment of HUVECs with antiannexin Ⅱ oligonucleotides cou ld significantly reduce the plasminogen activation by 2.4±0.3 U as compared wit h sense oligonucleotide group in binding of t PA and PLG. These results, theref ore, suggest that Ann Ⅱ can bind plasminogen and participate in the stimulatio n of t PA dependent activation of plasminogen, and that interference with Ann Ⅱ mRNA by antisense oligonucleotide may be a new strategy for the therapy of bleeding in patients with hyperfibrinolysis.

Clinical Utility of the Ratio Between Circulating Fibrinogen and Fibrin （ogen） Degradation Products for Evaluating Coronary Artery Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Background:We investigated whether and to what extent the ratio between circulating fibrinogen (Fg) and its degradation products (FDP)reflects the severity of coronary artery disease (CAD) in type 2 diabetic patients.Methods:Plasma levels of Fg and FDP were determined,and Fg/FDP ratio was calculated in 344 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes and chest pain on exertion undergoing coronary angiography.The severity of CAD was evaluated by the number of significant CAD (＞50％ luminal diameter narrowing) and Gensini score.Results:Plasma Fg was higher,but Fg/FDP ratio was lower in patients with significant CAD (n =255) compared with those without (n =89),due to a disproportionate increase in FDP.Fg and FDP correlated positively,while Fg/FDP ratio negatively,with the number of diseased coronary arteries and the tertile of Gensini score (all P values for trend ＜ 0.01).After adjusting for age,sex,risk factors for CAD,lipid profiles,glycosylated hemoglobin A1c,creatinine,leukocyte count,and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein,Fg/FDP ratio remained an independent determinant for multivessel coronary disease (MVD) (odds ratio [OR],0.869; 95％ confidence interval [CI],0.788-0.958,P =0.005) and high tertile of Gensini score (OR,0.797,95％ CI,0.682-0.930,P =0.004).The area under the curve of Fg/FDP ratio was larger than that of Fg for predicting the presence of MVD (0.647 vs.0.563,P =0.048) and Gensini score ≥ 30 (0.656 vs.0.53 8,P =0.026).Conclusions:Elevated plasma Fg and FDP level and reduced Fg/FDP ratio are associated with presence of CAD,and Fg/FDP ratio is superior to Fg in reflecting severe coronary atherosclerosis for patients with type 2 diabetes.

Fabricating Pd isolated single atom sites on C3N4/rGO for heterogenization of homogeneous catalysis

Metal isolated single atomic sites catalysts have attracted intensive attention in recent years owing to their maximized atom utilization and unique structure.Despite the success of single atom catalyst synthesis,directly anchoring metal single atoms on three-dimensional(3D)macro support,which is promising to achieve the heterogenization of homogeneous catalysis,remains a challenge and a blank in this field.Herein,we successfully fabricate metal single atoms(Pd,Pt,Ru,Au)on porous carbon nitride/reduced graphene oxide(C3N4/rGO)foam as highly efficient catalysts with convenient recyclability.C3N4/rGO foam features two-dimensional microstructures with abundant N chelating sites for the stabilization of metal single atoms and vertically-aligned hierarchical mesostructure that benefits the mass diffusion.The obtained Pdi/C3N4/rGO monolith catalyst exhibits much enhanced activity over its nanoparticle counterpart for Suzuki-Miyaura reaction.Moreover,the Pdi/C3N4/rGO monolith catalyst can be readily assembled in a flow reactor to achieve the highly efficient continuous production of 4-nitro-1,1'-biphenyl through Suzuki-Miyaura coupling.