Synthesis and Characterization of Phenyl Camellia oleifera Seed Oil Ester Plasticizing PVC

Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.

Plasticizing Effect of Camellia oleifera Seed-Oil-Based Plasticizer on PVC Material Modification

In this study,as the plasticizer,Camellia oleifera seed-oil-based cyclohexyl ester(COSOCE)was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexene oxide and refined C.oleifera seed oil(RCOSO)obtained by acidification hydrolysis after saponification.In addition,the structure of the target product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,and Raman spectroscopy.COSOCE was used as plasticizer-modified polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes.The structure of the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The properties of the COSOCE-modified PVC membrane were characterized by contact angle measurements,universal testing machine,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results revealed that(1)The COSOCE-modified PVC membranes exhibit a good microscopic morphology.Combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and contact angle measurement results,the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes are confirmed to be a hydrophilic material.(2)The modified PVC membrane with 60%COSOCE exhibited the best mechanical properties.The tensile strength reached 23.56±2.94 MPa.(3)COSOCE-modified PVC material exhibited better thermal stability,with a loss rate of less than 75%at the end of the first decomposition stage.Compared with that of the dioctyl-phthalate(DOP)-modified PVC membrane,the initial decomposition temperature of PVC was increased by 1.17°C–8.17°C,and the residual rate was increased by 0.67%–5.75%.The carbon–carbon double bond in the COSOCE molecular structure can remove the free radicals generated during the degradation of PVC material and slow down the decomposition rate of PVC.In addition,the double bond can be cross-linked partially with the PVC molecular chain containing the conjugated polyene structure,thereby increasing the movement resistance of the PVC molecular chain segment.Hence,COSOCE can replace DOP as a PVC plasticizer.

Anti-Fatigue Effect of Blended <i>Camellia oleifera Abel</i>Tea Oil and Ge-132 in Mice

Nowadays, people are busier and busier for working and living, and suffer a lot of pressure on their body or mind. Therefore, people are prone to have fatigue activity and decrease their working efficiency and happiness. It was reported that fatigue is a common symptom in the community, with up to half of the general population complaining of fatigue. More and more researchers devoted themselves to studying natural active ingredients in organism as the anti-fatigue drugs to release fatigue symptom. However, these natural ingredients were difficult to obtain from plants, animals and microorganisms by separating and purifying. In addition, some active substances have many side effects. In our study, we employed tea seed oil as main ingredients blended with bis-(carboxyethylgermanium) sesquioxide (Ge-132) to investigate the effects of anti-fatigue on mice by administrating mice with low dose, intermediate dose and high dose of tea seed oil complex for 0, 2 or 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-fatigue were body weight, weight-loaded force swimming, blood urea nitrogen, blood lactic acid and hepaticglycogen. And the results showed that appropriate level of tea seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and prolong the weight-loaded swimming time, and had an active effect on the bloodurea nitrogen, hepatic glycogen and blood lactic acid level mice, which significantly embodied the anti-fatigue activity of tea seed oil complex.

Determination of Tea Saponin in Camellia Seed Oil with UV and HPLC Analysis

A simple procedure is described for the HPLC and UV determination of tea saponin in tea seed oil. Determinate was accomplished with UV wavelength detection 550 nm for saponification sample, and HPLC was done under conditions: C18 analytical column of TC-C18, 4. 6 × 250 mm, column temperature at room temperature, injected sample volume was 10 μL, mobile phase’s methanol, flow-rate 0.8 ml/min and detection wavelength 280 nm.

Estimating the Age of Oil-tea Camellia Trees

To determine the age of oil-tea camellia trees, regression equations including Logistic, Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Korf, and Richards were used to calculate accumulative growth rate using basal trunk disc and investigate the relations between the age of oil-tea camellia trees and their growth rate of secondary trunk. The Gompertz equation Y=71.296 1exp （-3.874 4exp （-0.006 4t）） was the most optimal equation to simulate the accumulative growth rate of basal trunk disc. This equation could be used to estimate the age of oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. The Korf equation Y=576.900 1exp （-4.153 0x -0.314 2 ） was the best equation to describe the relation between the age and growth rate of different secondary trunks. With the adjustment coefficient and average growth of different secondary trunk discs, it is possible to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. In addition, taking three or more discs from the same diameter group and calculating their average growth rate could lead to more accurate results. For trees that grow in different areas, environmental conditions should be carefully considered when using the above two equations to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees.

Thermal Behavior and UV Properties of Organomodified Kaolin Oleochemically Derived from Rubber Seed Oils (<i>Hevea brasiliensis</i>) and Tea Seed Oils (<i>Camellia sinensis</i>)

Kaolin was modified using a chemical complex of hydrazine hydrate and oleochemical sodium salts derived from rubber seed oil (SRSO) and tea seed oil (STSO) respectively. Characterization of the pristine kaolin and the modified kaolins were performed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Simultaneous Thermogravimetric/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA) and UV Spectrophotometry. TG/DTA revealed that the incorporation of the oleochemical salts enhanced thermal decomposition of kaolin into metakaolin. Ultraviolet spectrophotometric studies conducted on the modified kaolin show for the first time that the SRSO-modified kaolin and STSO-modified kaolin have a peak absorbance wavelengths of 312.72 nm and 314.26 nm respectively. This shows that the modified kaolin is a promising candidate for sunscreen applications.

Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Blended <i>Camellia oleifera</i>Abel Oil and Eucommia Extract on SHR Mice

In our study, we employed Camellia seed oil as the main ingredients blended with Eucommia Extract to investigate the effects of anti-hypertensive on mice by administrating mice with low dose, middle dose and high dose of Camellia seed oil complex for 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-hypertensive were body weight, blood systolic pressure (BSP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pm meam blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR). And the results showed that appropriate level of Camellia seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and had an active effect on the cardiovascular system of mice, which significantly embodied the anti-hypertensive activity of Camellia seed oil complex.

Physicochemical Properties and Functional Compounds of Commercial Green Tea Seed Oil

Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated.Fatty acid composition and catechin content of the oil was determined by GC and HPLC analysis.The oil is stable at low temperature.High flash point(267.8 ± 5.1℃) showed the high thermal stability of green tea seed oil as well,which support for suitability to use as cooking oil.Specific gravity and refraction index of green tea seed oil was found as 0.913 and 1.4679,respectively.Color of the oil was measured as 99.7 ± 0.2 for lightness,1.9 ± 0.1 for greenness and 6.6 ± 0.1 for yellowness.Acid value(KOH mg/ml),iodine value,unsaponifiable matter(%) and saponification value of green tea seed oil were 0.21,104.1,0.11 and 215,respectively.Fatty acids compositions of green tea seed oil was found to be dominated by oleic acid(81.3%) and presence of minor amount of linoleic acid(4.8%),palmitic acid(4.6%),palmitoleic acid(3.3%),linolenic acid(3.2%) and stearic acid(1.0%).The presence of antioxidative compounds such as(-)-epicatechingallate(207.2 ± 0.2 g /g) and(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(99.5 ± 0.6 g/g) in the oil could enhance its shelf life during storage.

Production of Cocoa Butter Replacer by Dry Fractionation, Partial Hydrogenation, Chemical and Enzymatic Interesterification of Tea Seed Oil

Production of cocoa butter replacer (CBR) from tea seed oil through common modification methods of oils (dry fractionation, partial hydrogenation, chemical and enzymatic interesterification) was evaluated. Some physico-chemical properties (iodine, saponification, acid and peroxide values) and fatty acid composition (FAC) of modified samples were analyzed and compared with a reference cocoa butter (CB). Solid and liquid fractions for large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids (approx. 80%) and thereby lower iodine values (81 - 85 gI2/100g) than that of CB (37% and 34 gI2/100 g, respectively), are not suitable as CBR. Among all ratios of chemically and enzaymatically interesterified oil blends (20%, 25% and 30% of hydrogenated tea seed oil with 80%, 75% and 70% of tea seed oil/liquid fraction/solid fraction), the samples with ratio of 30:70 from both chemical and enzymatic interesterification had FAC and iodine value closer to that of CB. A comparision between chemically and enzymatically interesterified samples (CISs and EISs, respectively), in terms of solid fat content (SFC) indicated that although the SFC values in EIS were much lower than that of CB, but the thermal behavior of this sample is comprable to CB at 20℃- 30℃ (sharp melting point of CB).

黑茶籽油成分分析及其对于H_(2)O_(2)诱导HFF-1细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

对茶籽油的活性成分及其抗氧化活性进行研究。对不同产地的茶籽油的脂肪酸、α-生育酚含量进行了测定,发现黑茶籽油的三种不饱和脂肪酸(油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸)总含量(83.72%),α-生育酚(1.33 mg/g)相比于其他茶籽油(绿茶籽油、普洱茶籽油)、山茶籽油(有机山茶油)和油茶籽油(有机油茶籽油、古树茶籽油)含量更高。在此基础上,测试了黑茶籽油对于DPPH自由基、ABTS自由基、羟基自由基的清除能力。结果表明黑茶籽油在0.15 g/mL质量浓度时,对于DPPH、ABTS自由基的清除率分别93.08%和94.85%;在0.3 g/mL质量浓度下,对羟基自由基的清除率为91.25%,相较于其他茶籽油表现出更好的自由基清除效果。此外,还测定了黑茶籽油对于双氧水诱导的人成纤维细胞(HFF-1)氧化应激以及衰老的抑制作用。细胞增殖实验、活性氧自由基测定实验和β-半乳糖苷酶染色实验的结果表明,黑茶籽油在10~50μg/mL质量浓度下对双氧水诱导的HFF-1细胞氧化应激具有一定的保护作用,表现出抗氧化、抗衰老的活性。

基于HS-SPME-GC-MS和ROAV法表征不同处理的原味油茶籽油风味物质

基于顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用法(HS-SPME-GC-MS)和相对气味活度值法(ROAV)表征了压榨前炒籽、压榨前蒸籽、压榨后煮油等三种处理方式所得原味油茶籽油(F-OCO、S-OCO、B-OCO)中的风味物质。三种处理方式所得原味油茶籽油共包括醇类(0.33%~5.69%)12种、酯类(10.94%~16.50%)20种、酸类(0.63%~6.76%)14种、酮类(1.50%~6.76%)5种、烷烃类(0.61%~3.00%)13种、烯烃类(6.94%~19.63%)7种、酚类(1.21%~2.42%)1种、醛类(26.19%~52.32%)6种、杂环类化合物(11.81%~42.84%)28种。PCA结果显示三种不同处理方式得到的原味油茶籽油挥发性化合物种类差异明显。三种处理方式所得的原味油茶籽油共鉴定出106种风味物质,ROAV结果表明三种原味油茶籽油中关键风味物质存在一定差异。炒籽后压榨的原味油茶籽油鉴定出48个化合物,关键风味物质有壬醛、正己醛、2-戊基呋喃、正辛醛、庚酸、己酸、庚醛、苯甲醛等8个;蒸籽后压榨的原味油茶籽油鉴别出38个化合物,关键风味物质有壬醛、2-戊基呋喃、γ-十二内酯、正辛醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、正己醛、D-柠檬烯、γ-辛内酯、苯乙烯等9个;压榨后煮制的原味油茶籽油鉴别出75个化合物,关键风味物质有壬醛、γ-十二内酯、正己醛、正辛醛、2-戊基呋喃、1-辛烯-3-醇、D-柠檬烯等7个。该结果为油茶籽的加工利用提供理论依据。

气相色谱-质谱法结合气相色谱法鉴别山茶籽油真实属性

该研究旨在建立一种GC-MS结合GC对掺假山茶籽油进行定性鉴别的方法。该实验基于GC-MS法检测植物油中β-香树脂醇的含量,以实现样品的批量初筛,再结合GC法检测其中油酸与亚油酸的含量进行确证,实现山茶籽油掺假的定性鉴别。结果表明,β-香树脂醇的测定出峰较快、检测周期短、线性关系良好。该方法在低、中、高水平的加标回收率为82.6%~111.5%,相对标准偏差均低于5.36%,可实现植物油样品的批量初筛。结合GC检测其脂肪酸含量进行确证,油酸和亚油酸含量可作为山茶籽油掺假的鉴别指标。该方法可实现山茶籽油中掺入一种或其他几种植物油(花生油、玉米油、菜籽油与大豆油)的定性鉴别,其掺假判定限为10%。

基于GC-IMS技术分析湿提和热榨油茶籽油风味的差异

为探究不同工艺对油茶籽油风味的影响,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)技术对湿提和热榨油茶籽油风味物质进行分析。结果表明:湿提和热榨油茶籽油中均鉴定出32种风味物质;醛类是湿提和热榨油茶籽油主要的风味成分,其在湿提和热榨油茶籽油含量分别为62.62%和70.52%;湿提和热榨油茶籽油风味成分差异主要在于醛类和醇类物质含量,湿提油茶籽油的醇类和酯类物质含量高于热榨油茶籽油,糠醛含量(1.96%)远低于热榨茶籽油(11.18%);通过主成分分析和样品间相似度分析比较,两种工艺油茶籽油整体风味差异明显。湿提油茶籽油可能具有比热榨油茶籽油更柔和的风味和更安全的食用价值。

油茶籽饼中茶皂苷的超声-微波辅助法提取工艺优化

为提高茶皂苷的提取率,扩大茶皂苷的应用范围,以脱脂油茶籽饼为原料,采用超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷。以油茶皂苷提取率为考察指标,在单因素试验的基础上,采用Plackett-Burman试验设计筛选出具有显著影响的试验因素,再通过响应面法对茶皂苷提取工艺进行优化。另外,将超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷的工艺与超声辅助法和微波辅助法提取工艺进行了对比。结果表明:超声-微波辅助法提取茶皂苷的最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数59%、料液比1∶12、提取液pH 7、超声功率475 W、超声时间4 min、超声工作2 s间隔2 s、微波功率480 W、提取温度59℃、微波提取时间8 min,在此条件下茶皂苷提取率为98.40%,产品纯度为64.7%;超声辅助法和微波辅助法茶皂苷的提取率分别为69.06%和71.40%。与超声辅助法和微波辅助法相比,超声-微波辅助法能够显著提高茶皂苷提取率。

基于UPLC-MS/MS的油茶种仁成分差异分析及其油脂抗氧化活性研究

为研究油茶种仁的主要代谢成分,分析高州油茶和普通油茶内种仁成分差异,比较2种油茶种仁油脂的抗氧化活性。采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱广泛靶向代谢组技术,通过聚类分析、样本相关性分析和正交偏最小二乘判别分析等方法,比较相同生境下高州油茶和普通油茶内种仁的代谢物质成分的异同,最后以索氏提取法提取种仁油脂,比较油脂抗氧化活性差异。结果表明:从2种油茶种仁中共检出11类536种代谢物,其中高州油茶种仁特有代谢物25种,普通油茶种仁特有代谢物16种。2种油茶种仁筛选得到差异代谢物197种,占总代谢物的36.75%,其中高州油茶种仁相对普通油茶种仁有103种代谢物含量较高,占总差异代谢物52.28%,94种成分含量较低,占总差异代谢物47.72%;197种差异代谢物主要分布在20条代谢途径中,前4条通路分别是黄酮生物合成通路、苯丙烷生物合成通路、酪氨酸代谢通路和花青素生物合成通路。两种油茶种仁油脂的抗氧化活性:高州油茶茶籽油的DPPH自由基清除率在油脂质量浓度大于6.0 mg/mL时略高于普通油茶,且当油脂质量浓度超过0.4 mg/mL时,高州油茶茶油的羟基清除率略高于普通油茶。高州油茶种仁含有丰富的黄酮类和酚酸类化合物,且脂质的种类与含量比普通油茶种仁丰富。油茶种仁的代谢物差异可能是影响两种茶油成分、抗氧化活性不同的关键因素。

GC和LF-NMR结合化学计量学方法检测掺假油茶籽油

为了对油茶籽油品质控制及评价提供支撑,以纯油茶籽油和掺假油茶籽油(分别掺入菜籽油、花生油、棕榈油和高油酸花生油)为试验材料,采用气相色谱法(GC)分析其脂肪酸组成,采用低场核磁共振技术(LF-NMR)测定其横向弛豫特性数据,结合主成分分析(PCA)、偏最小二乘判别分析(PLS-DA)和偏最小二乘分析(PLS)等化学计量学方法建立油茶籽油掺假的定性和定量分析模型。结果表明:5种植物油的脂肪酸组成和LF-NMR横向弛豫特性数据存在显著区别;油茶籽油和其他4种植物油在PCA得分图上可清晰区分;PLS-DA模型可有效区分油茶籽油和掺假油茶籽油,判别正确率均可达100%;建立的油茶籽油中掺入菜籽油、花生油、棕榈油、高油酸花生油的PLS定量预测模型,真实值与预测值的相关系数(R2)分别为0.994 1、0.998 6、0.997 6、0.978 1。综上,GC和LF-NMR结合PCA、PLS-DA以及PLS等化学计量学方法可用于油茶籽油掺假类别判定及掺假量分析。

Processing technology of Camellia oleifera seed

Camellia oleifera industry plays a key role in the safety of edible oils in China,and its seed has great potential for comprehensive utilization.This review mainly introduced processing technology of Camellia seed,which included pretreatment,extraction,and high value utilization.The comprehensive utilization and nutritional value of Camellia seed were discussed.Microwave is the best pretreatment method,and shelling technology can improve oil yield.Cold pressing technology was widely accepted and aqueous enzymatic method had wide prospects.Comprehensive utilization technology of Camellia oleifera cake mainly focused on saponin extracting.In the future,processing technology of Camellia seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

中国主要油茶产区山茶炭疽菌群体遗传结构分析

以中国主要油茶产区的油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)炭疽病优势种山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)的16个地理种群168个菌株为供试材料,应用ISSR分子标记技术进行遗传多样性和种群遗传结构分析。16个地理种群的多态位点百分比(PPB)为98.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0.28,Shannon信息多样性指数(Is)为0.43,遗传相似度(I)平均为0.834,遗传距离(D)平均为0.183,表明山茶炭疽菌遗传多样性水平较高且异质性较强,种群间存在一定程度的遗传变异,遗传距离与地理距离之间无相关性。湖北省、浙江省、江西省、湖南省和广西5个省级种群总基因多样度(Ht)为0.274 8,遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.517 4,基因流(Nm)为0.466 4,表明山茶炭疽菌5个省级种群虽然被分化,但是不存在基因流动现象(Nm<1)。

Changes in PAH and 3-MCPDE contents at the various stages of Camellia oleifera seed oil refining

Objectives:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester(3-MCPDE)were studied in camellia oil.It is important to study the changes in the content of PAHs and 3-MCPDE at different refining stages(from crude oil to the final refined oil product)to elucidate the influence of the refining procedures on their change.Materials and methods:The PAHs and 3-MCPDE in camellia oil from different refining stages(from crude oil to the product)of a plant were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and calculated by the internal standard method.Results:The overall PAH content was(79.64±2.43)μg/kg in crude camellia oil.After refining treatment,the PAH content decreased to(18.75±0.55)μg/kg.The 3-MCPDE content increased during the refining process from 0 mg/kg in the crude oil to 4.62 mg/kg in the refined oil product.Conclusions:This is the first study to simultaneously monitor changes in both PAH and 3-MCPDE contents during the production of camellia oil.These results confirmed the effectiveness of the refining method on PAH removal and the increase in 3-MCPDE at high temperature.It is suggested that novel processing methods or refining parameters need further optimization to decrease the overall concentrations of PAHs and 3-MCPDE in camellia oil.