Synthesis and Characterization of Phenyl Camellia oleifera Seed Oil Ester Plasticizing PVC

Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.

Plasticizing Effect of Camellia oleifera Seed-Oil-Based Plasticizer on PVC Material Modification

In this study,as the plasticizer,Camellia oleifera seed-oil-based cyclohexyl ester(COSOCE)was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexene oxide and refined C.oleifera seed oil(RCOSO)obtained by acidification hydrolysis after saponification.In addition,the structure of the target product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,and Raman spectroscopy.COSOCE was used as plasticizer-modified polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes.The structure of the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The properties of the COSOCE-modified PVC membrane were characterized by contact angle measurements,universal testing machine,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results revealed that(1)The COSOCE-modified PVC membranes exhibit a good microscopic morphology.Combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and contact angle measurement results,the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes are confirmed to be a hydrophilic material.(2)The modified PVC membrane with 60%COSOCE exhibited the best mechanical properties.The tensile strength reached 23.56±2.94 MPa.(3)COSOCE-modified PVC material exhibited better thermal stability,with a loss rate of less than 75%at the end of the first decomposition stage.Compared with that of the dioctyl-phthalate(DOP)-modified PVC membrane,the initial decomposition temperature of PVC was increased by 1.17°C–8.17°C,and the residual rate was increased by 0.67%–5.75%.The carbon–carbon double bond in the COSOCE molecular structure can remove the free radicals generated during the degradation of PVC material and slow down the decomposition rate of PVC.In addition,the double bond can be cross-linked partially with the PVC molecular chain containing the conjugated polyene structure,thereby increasing the movement resistance of the PVC molecular chain segment.Hence,COSOCE can replace DOP as a PVC plasticizer.

New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..

Anti-Hypertensive Effects of Blended <i>Camellia oleifera</i>Abel Oil and Eucommia Extract on SHR Mice

In our study, we employed Camellia seed oil as the main ingredients blended with Eucommia Extract to investigate the effects of anti-hypertensive on mice by administrating mice with low dose, middle dose and high dose of Camellia seed oil complex for 4 weeks. The specific tests of studying effects of anti-hypertensive were body weight, blood systolic pressure (BSP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pm meam blood pressure (MBP) and heart rate (HR). And the results showed that appropriate level of Camellia seed oil complex could decrease the body weight and had an active effect on the cardiovascular system of mice, which significantly embodied the anti-hypertensive activity of Camellia seed oil complex.

Physicochemical Properties and Functional Compounds of Commercial Green Tea Seed Oil

Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated.Fatty acid composition and catechin content of the oil was determined by GC and HPLC analysis.The oil is stable at low temperature.High flash point(267.8 ± 5.1℃) showed the high thermal stability of green tea seed oil as well,which support for suitability to use as cooking oil.Specific gravity and refraction index of green tea seed oil was found as 0.913 and 1.4679,respectively.Color of the oil was measured as 99.7 ± 0.2 for lightness,1.9 ± 0.1 for greenness and 6.6 ± 0.1 for yellowness.Acid value(KOH mg/ml),iodine value,unsaponifiable matter(%) and saponification value of green tea seed oil were 0.21,104.1,0.11 and 215,respectively.Fatty acids compositions of green tea seed oil was found to be dominated by oleic acid(81.3%) and presence of minor amount of linoleic acid(4.8%),palmitic acid(4.6%),palmitoleic acid(3.3%),linolenic acid(3.2%) and stearic acid(1.0%).The presence of antioxidative compounds such as(-)-epicatechingallate(207.2 ± 0.2 g /g) and(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(99.5 ± 0.6 g/g) in the oil could enhance its shelf life during storage.

Processing technology of Camellia oleifera seed

Camellia oleifera industry plays a key role in the safety of edible oils in China,and its seed has great potential for comprehensive utilization.This review mainly introduced processing technology of Camellia seed,which included pretreatment,extraction,and high value utilization.The comprehensive utilization and nutritional value of Camellia seed were discussed.Microwave is the best pretreatment method,and shelling technology can improve oil yield.Cold pressing technology was widely accepted and aqueous enzymatic method had wide prospects.Comprehensive utilization technology of Camellia oleifera cake mainly focused on saponin extracting.In the future,processing technology of Camellia seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

High-performance size-exclusion chromatography studies on the formation and distribution of polar compounds in camellia seed oil during heating

Camellia seed oil （CSO） is rich in oleic acid and has a high number of active components, which give the oil high nutritional value and a variety of biological activity. The aim of the present study was to determine the changes in the content and distribution of total polar compounds （TPC） in CSO during heating. TPC were isolated by means of preparative flash chromatography and further analyzed by high-performance size-exclusion chromatography （HPSEC） The TPC content of CSO increased from 4.74% to 25.29%, showing a significantly lower formation rate as compared to that of extra virgin olive oil （EVOO） and soybean oil （SBO） during heating. Furthermore, heating also resulted in significant differences （P〈0.05） in the distribution of TPC among these oils. Though the content of oxidized triacyl- glycerol dimers, oxidized triacylglycerol oligomers, and oxidized triacylglycerol monomers significantly increased in all these oils, their increased percentages were much less in CSO than those in EVOO, indicating that CSO has a greater ability to resist oxidation. This work may be useful for the food oil industry and consumers in helping to choose the correct oil and to decide on the useful lifetime of the oil.

Changes in PAH and 3-MCPDE contents at the various stages of Camellia oleifera seed oil refining

Objectives:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol ester(3-MCPDE)were studied in camellia oil.It is important to study the changes in the content of PAHs and 3-MCPDE at different refining stages(from crude oil to the final refined oil product)to elucidate the influence of the refining procedures on their change.Materials and methods:The PAHs and 3-MCPDE in camellia oil from different refining stages(from crude oil to the product)of a plant were analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and calculated by the internal standard method.Results:The overall PAH content was(79.64±2.43)μg/kg in crude camellia oil.After refining treatment,the PAH content decreased to(18.75±0.55)μg/kg.The 3-MCPDE content increased during the refining process from 0 mg/kg in the crude oil to 4.62 mg/kg in the refined oil product.Conclusions:This is the first study to simultaneously monitor changes in both PAH and 3-MCPDE contents during the production of camellia oil.These results confirmed the effectiveness of the refining method on PAH removal and the increase in 3-MCPDE at high temperature.It is suggested that novel processing methods or refining parameters need further optimization to decrease the overall concentrations of PAHs and 3-MCPDE in camellia oil.

Moisture sorption and thermodynamic properties of Camellia oleifera seeds as influenced by oil content

Moisture sorption isotherms and thermodynamic properties of Camellia oleifera seeds as influenced by oil content were investigated.Moisture desorption and adsorption isotherms of Camellia oleifera seeds,kernels and shells from three varieties were determined using constant temperature and humidity chamber method at different temperatures(10°C,25°C,and 40°C)with water activity ranging from 0.20 to 0.90.Six selected mathematic models were employed to fit the experimental data.The Peleg model gave the best results for both seeds and kernels and Langmuir model was the best for shells.The difference of equilibrium moisture contents at the same water activities during desorption and adsorption indicated the occurrence of hysteresis of adsorption processes and the equilibrium moisture contents tended to decrease with the increasing oil content and temperature.The binding energy and average capacity per unit mass decreased with increasing temperature and oil content.The relationships between water activity and the logarithm of sorption activity showed the capillary porous body characteristics of the seeds.

基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速测定及特征波长特性研究

为了探索紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱测定油茶籽油掺伪量的方法,按照不同掺伪比例制备了244个油茶籽油掺伪大豆油、菜籽油、花生油、玉米油的样本,以自主搭建的实验平台采集所制备样本在200~1100 nm范围内的反射光谱。将原始光谱进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)-连续小波变换(CWT)预处理后,利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以2∶1的比例将样本划分成校正集和预测集。采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、连续投影算法(SPA)、自主软收缩算法(BOSS)、迭代变量子集优化算法(IVSO)进行特征波长选择,分别建立基于支持向量机(SVM)、极限学习机(ELM)、随机森林(RF)的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型,同时对特征波长的特性进行了研究。结果表明:原始光谱经过SG-CWT(L5)预处理和BOSS特征波长筛选后,建立的基于SVM的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型能够鉴别掺伪量为1%及以上的油茶籽油,该模型在十折交叉验证和网格搜索法下得到最佳惩罚因子(c)和核函数(γ)分别为5.2780和0.1088,其预测决定系数(R_(P)^(2))、预测均方根误差(RMSE_P)、预测平均绝对误差(MAE_(P))分别为0.9985、0.0134、0.0102。特征波长聚集程度和陡度对模型预测结果存在一定影响。综上,建立的基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型预测误差小,预测效果较好。

油茶籽油品质性状研究进展

油茶籽油的品质和质量是衡量油茶品质的关键标准之一。目前,油茶籽油品质高低的评价指标主要集中在理化性质、脂肪酸组成及功能性营养成分等方面。其中不饱和脂肪酸总量、角鲨烯、维生素E的含量以及酸值、过氧化值等是评价油茶籽油品质的重要依据之一。随着油茶籽油品质性状的比较研究逐渐增多,对于这些性状合成相关基因的集中研究显得不够深入,并且大多数基因之间的相互作用机制尚未清楚。为进一步了解品质性状对油茶良种选育的影响,为选育高品质油茶品种提供参考,本文综述了油茶籽油脂肪酸组成及生物活性成分等品质性状的研究,并探讨了影响品质性状的因素。同时,分析了脂肪酸和功能性营养成分合成代谢相关基因的深层次分子研究进展,对开发油茶重要品质性状关联的分子标记具有指导意义。

湖南省主要品种油茶籽油的营养品质研究

我国长江流域及以南地区,都是油茶种植的最佳地区,以湖南省种植面积为最多。为探究湖南不同油茶的生产适应性,分析湖南不同油茶品种的差异性,研究不同品种对油茶籽油品质的影响,包括湖南省6个全国主推品种:华鑫、华金、华硕、湘林210、湘林1号和湘林27号,还有其他主要种植品种,如衡东大桃系列、湘林系列、和湘林97号。该研究对不同品种油茶籽油的脂肪酸组成与活性物质含量进行分析检测,应用聚类分析和主成分分析方法综合评价。结果显示,油茶籽油主要脂肪酸为油酸、棕榈酸和亚油酸;不饱和脂肪酸含量超过88%。油茶籽油中甾醇总含量为583.35~1623.79 mg/kg,主要组分为Δ7-豆甾烯醇和β-谷甾醇,占甾醇总量85%以上。油茶籽油中生育酚以α-生育酚为主,占总生育酚80%以上。油茶籽油的角鲨烯含量为70.49~304.32 mg/kg。油茶籽油中多酚含量为3.37~19.14 mg/kg。聚类分析将油茶籽油样品分为5类,主成分分析结果表明,Y15华硕油茶籽油综合评分最高。

基于气相色谱-离子迁移谱技术分析不同预处理技术对压榨山茶油风味的影响

旨在提升山茶油风味品质,采用气相色谱-离子迁移谱(GC-IMS)技术分析微波、烘烤、蒸制3种预处理技术对压榨山茶油中挥发性成分的影响,并结合正交偏最小二乘判别分析(OPLSDA)、相对气味活度值(ROAV)和聚类分析比较不同预处理压榨山茶油挥发性成分的差异。结果表明:不同预处理压榨山茶油中共鉴定出40种挥发性成分,其中醛类18种(40.02%~51.88%)、醇类9种(10.99%~19.85%)、酮类6种(19.37%~27.35%)、酯类3种(4.21%~11.44%)、吡嗪类2种(1.25%~6.50%)、烃类1种(0.19%~0.32%)和酸类1种(0.35%~2.16%),其中微波预处理压榨山茶油的挥发性物质含量最高,其次为烘烤、蒸制的;OPLS-DA建立的模型能够有效地区分不同预处理压榨山茶油,并根据变量投影重要性(VIP)值大于1筛选出了10种特征挥发性成分,分别是2-甲基丁醛D、3-甲基丁醛D、2,3-戊二酮、乙酸甲酯、2-甲基吡嗪、丙酮、3-羟基-2-丁酮、顺-2-庚烯醛、正己醇、1-丁醇,其中前5种为关键风味成分(ROAV大于1);聚类分析表明不同预处理压榨山茶油的10种特征挥发性成分存在差异,分类结果与OPLS-DA分类基本一致。综上,不同预处理技术所得压榨山茶油的风味不同,可通过OPLS-DA和聚类分析进行区分。

油茶籽油滤饼提取物抗氧化能力的初步研究

本研究以热风烘干和自然晒干处理的油茶籽压榨所得茶油过滤滤饼(H-CFC、NH-CFC)为材料,分别采用甲醇提取、酸水解和碱水解等方法对滤饼的总酚和抗氧化能力进行了初步分析。结果表明,直接添加质量分数1%H-CFC可以显著增加热风烘干油茶籽过滤油(H-CSO)的氧化诱导时间,直接添加NH-CFC对自然晒干油茶籽过滤油(NH-CSO)的氧化诱导时间无显著影响。H-CFC和NH-CFC的甲醇提取物总酚含量分别是油中的339.5倍和234.5倍。H-CFC甲醇提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是NH-CFC的1.45倍、1.75倍、1.19倍、1.97倍。酸水解H-CFC提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是碱水解样品的1.27倍、4.91倍、2.93倍和5.67倍;酸水解NH-CFC提取物的总酚含量、DPPH清除能力、ABTS清除能力和FRAP还原能力分别是碱水解的1.67倍、2.61倍、11.50倍和3.47倍。油茶籽油滤饼可以考虑作为优良的天然抗氧化剂来源。

不同加工方式的油茶籽油对变应性接触性皮炎的抗炎效果

为了明确不同加工方式的油茶籽油对变应性接触性皮炎(ACD)的治疗效果,并探究油茶籽油中的主要抗炎物质,分别制备低温压榨油茶籽油、热榨油茶籽原油、热榨精炼油茶籽油、土榨油茶籽油和超临界CO_(2)油茶籽油,分析不同加工方式及添加不同活性物质的油茶籽油对ACD模型小鼠耳廓肿胀的影响,并结合ELISA法、HE染色和免疫组化探究其对小鼠炎症的抑制效果。结果表明:超临界CO_(2)油茶籽油对ACD小鼠耳廓肿胀的抑制率最高,与阳性对照组相比其小鼠血清中炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6含量降低率超过10%,炎症细胞浸润程度明显好转,耳廓肿胀组织中NF-κB阳性表达量与阴性对照组相比无显著差异;预防性给药的抗炎效果普遍低于造模后给药;倍数添加角鲨烯和生育酚的油茶籽油对ACD小鼠耳廓肿胀的抑制率显著提高,在50%左右,且角鲨烯、生育酚处理组小鼠耳廓组织中NF-κB阳性表达量与阴性对照组无显著差异。因此,外用超临界CO_(2)萃取的油茶籽油治疗小鼠ACD效果最佳,其抗炎效果并非源于单一活性成分,与角鲨烯和生育酚等活性成分均密切相关。

油茶籽壳多糖超声辅助提取工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

旨在为开发利用油茶籽壳多糖提供基础,以油茶籽壳为原料,通过单因素试验结合响应面法对超声辅助提取多糖的工艺条件进行优化,并对超声辅助提取油茶籽壳多糖(CFP-U)的理化性质(分子质量、单糖组成、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外光谱、微观结构)和体外抗氧化活性(羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和ABTS+自由基清除率)进行了测定。结果表明:CFP-U的最优超声辅助提取工艺条件为超声时间20min、超声功率650W、液料比40∶1,在此条件下油茶籽壳多糖的得率为(3.28±0.06)%;高效凝胶渗透色谱分析表明,CFP-U的纯度较高,分子质量为91.6kDa;高效液相色谱分析表明,CFP-U的单糖由平均摩尔比为0.05∶0.14∶0.05∶1.00∶0.05∶0.30∶0.35∶0.41的甘露糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖醛酸、半乳糖醛酸、葡萄糖、半乳糖、木糖和岩藻糖构成;红外光谱表明,CFP-U存在α-糖苷键、β-糖苷键和吡喃糖环;紫外全波长扫描表明,CFP-U中基本不含蛋白质;扫描电子显微镜观察发现,CFP-U呈不规则形态,为片状结构,表面光滑;体外抗氧化活性测定表明CFP-U能有效清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和ABTS+自由基,并在一定浓度范围内呈剂量效应关系,且抗氧化活性优于传统热水法提取的油茶籽壳多糖。综上,采用超声辅助法可以有效提取油茶籽壳多糖,且油茶籽壳多糖具有较强的体外抗氧化能力。

10t/d双螺杆榨油机压榨油茶籽的工艺研究

为提高油茶籽油的品质,减少传统油茶籽制油工艺对油茶籽油的营养成分损失,对日处理10t双螺杆榨油机压榨油茶籽的工艺进行了研究。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:油茶籽经过分级处理后入榨油茶仁水分控制在9%、油茶仁中含壳控制在8%时,压榨饼中残油率为2.49%,且产品符合一级油的国家标准。与市场上销售的油茶籽油相比,通过本工艺获得的油茶籽油中α-生育酚的保留率更高,从而进一步提高油茶籽油的营养价值,可为我国油茶籽油的高值化加工提供了技术参考。

基于电子鼻与HS-SPME-GC-MS技术的武夷茶区3种茶叶籽油挥发性香气成分的比较分析

以武夷茶区3种茶叶籽油为研究对象,首先采用定量描述分析法(QDA)对3种茶叶籽油的感官属性进行了分析,然后利用顶空固相微萃取气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)结合电子鼻(E-nose)对其挥发性香气成分进行了区分和比较。结果表明,不同品种茶叶籽油在多个感官属性上差异明显,E-nose可有效区分3种茶叶籽油,GC-MS在3种茶叶籽油中共检测出52种挥发性香气成分,并采用香气活力值(OAV)确定了3种茶叶籽油的关键香气物质,3种茶叶籽油香气成分和关键香气物质的组成、含量各不相同。研究结果可为不同品种茶叶籽油的品种鉴别提供一定的理论依据。

含壳率对油茶籽油品质特性的影响

为了探究螺旋压榨过程中含壳率对油茶籽油品质特性的影响规律,考察了含壳率对螺旋压榨油茶籽油的出油率、理化指标、生物活性物质、脂肪酸组成、氧化诱导时间以及挥发性风味成分等品质特性的影响。结果表明,螺旋压榨出油率随着含壳率的增加而提高,到20%时趋于稳定,最高出油率为26.29%。且当壳质量分数为20%时,油茶籽油的酸价、过氧化值、水分及挥发物质量分数均最低,分别为0.82 mg/g、0.37 mmol/kg和0.07%,氧化诱导时间最长,为22.62 h,同时其色度值和磷脂含量均处较低水平。当壳质量分数为30%~40%时,油茶籽油中多酚含量最高,为67.48 mg/kg,且油茶籽油的色泽相对较深。含壳率对油茶籽油的甾醇、角鲨烯、维生素E含量以及脂肪酸组成无显著影响。通过电子鼻和GC-IMS对不同含壳率油茶籽油中挥发性风味成分进行分析,结果表明,油茶籽油中主要挥发性化合物为醛类、醇类、酯类、酮类和杂环类物质等,且含壳率较高的油茶籽油和含壳率较低的油茶籽油中的挥发性成分有显著差异,当壳质量分数低于20%时,油茶籽油中挥发性成分含量较多,其香味较为浓郁,随着含壳率的增加,油茶籽油中挥发性物质含量也随之减少。综合油茶籽油的理化指标、生物活性物质含量、氧化稳定性及挥发性成分含量,螺旋压榨油茶籽油时的物料理想壳质量分数为20%。

影响油茶籽油品质的因素分析

油茶籽油属于高品质的烹饪食用油,还是一种新型的天然植物油。其营养价值丰富,且有益于人体健康,在世界范围内受到了广泛的研究与关注。然而,油茶籽油的品质受其品种特性、栽培方式、土壤性质、管理措施、加工工艺、海拔高度等诸多因素的影响,使油茶籽油的理化指标和成分含量等发生变化,因此有必要研究影响其品质的因素。本文对影响油茶籽油品质的因素,如产地、预处理方式、加工工艺、贮藏方式等进行了综合评述。