Whole petroleum system and ordered distribution pattern of conventional and unconventional oil and gas reservoirs

The classical source-to-trap petroleum system concept only considers the migration and accumulation of conventional oil and gas in traps driven dominantly by buoyance in a basin,although revised and improved,even some new concepts as composite petroleum system,total petroleum system,total composite petroleum system,were proposed,but they do not account for the vast unconventional oil and gas reservoirs within the system,which is not formed and distributed in traps dominantly by buoyancedriven.Therefore,the petroleum system concept is no longer adequate in dealing with all the oil and gas accumulations in a basin where significant amount of the unconventional oil and gas resources are present in addition to the conventional oil and gas accumulations.This paper looked into and analyzed the distribution characteristics of conventional and unconventional oil/gas reservoirs and their differences and correlations in petroliferous basins in China and North America,and then proposed whole petroleum system(WPS)concept,the WPS is defined as a natural system that encompasses all the conventional and unconventional oil and gas,reservoirs and resources originated from organic matter in source rocks,the geological elements and processes involving the formation,evolution,and distribution of these oil and gas,reservoirs and resources.It is found in the WPS that there are three kinds of hydrocarbons dynamic fields,three kinds of original hydrocarbons,three kinds of reservoir rocks,and the coupling of these three essential elements lead to the basic ordered distribution model of shale oil/gas reservoirs contacting or interbeded with tight oil/gas reservoirs and separated conventional oil/gas reservoirs from source rocks upward,which is expressed as“S\T-C”.Abnormal conditions lead to other three special ordered distribution models:The first is that with shale oil/gas reservoirs separated from tight oil/gas reservoirs.The second is that with two direction ordered distributions from source upward and downward.The third is with lateral distribution from source outside.

Integrated Reservoir Prediction and Oil-Gas Evaluation in the Maoshan Area

The Maoshan area is an area with well-developed igneous rocks and complex structures. The thickness of the reservoirs is generally small. The study of the reservoirs is based on seismic data, logging data and geological data. Using techniques and software such as Voxelgeo, BCI, RM, DFM and AP, the authors have made a comprehensive analysis of the lateral variation of reservoir parameters in the Upper Shazu bed of the third member of the Palaeogene Funing Formation, and compiled the thickness map of the Shazu bed. Also, with the data from ANN, BCI and the abstracting method for seismic characteristic parameters in combination with the structural factors, the authors have tried the multi-parameter and multi-method prediction of petroleum, delineated the potential oil and gas areas and proposed two well sites. The prediction of oil and gas for Well JB2 turns out to be quite successful.

Prediction of Sedimentary Microfacies Distribution by Coupling Stochastic Modeling Method in Oil and Gas Energy Resource Exploitation

In view of the problem that a single modeling method cannot predict the distribution of microfacies, a new idea of coupling modeling method to comprehensively predict the distribution of sedimentary microfacies was proposed, breaking the tradition that different sedimentary microfacies used the same modeling method in the past. Because different sedimentary microfacies have different distribution characteristics and geometric shapes, it is more accurate to select different simulation methods for prediction. In this paper, the coupling modeling method was to establish the distribution of sedimentary microfacies with simple geometry through the point indicating process simulation, and then predict the microfacies with complex spatial distribution through the sequential indicator simulation method. Taking the DC block of Bohai basin as an example, a high-precision reservoir sedimentary microfacies model was established by the above coupling modeling method, and the model verification results showed that the sedimentary microfacies model had a high consistency with the underground. The coupling microfacies modeling method had higher accuracy and reliability than the traditional modeling method, which provided a new idea for the prediction of sedimentary microfacies.

Impacts of proppant distribution on development of tight oil reservoirs with threshold pressure gradient

Field evidence indicates that proppant distribution and threshold pressure gradient have great impacts on well productivity.Aiming at the development of unconventional oil reservoirs in Triassic Chang-7 Unit,Ordos Basin of China,we presented an integrated workflow to investigate how(1)proppant placement in induced fracture and(2)non-linear flow in reservoir matrix would affect well productivity and fluid flow in the reservoir.Compared with our research before(Yue et al.,2020),here we extended this study into the development of multi-stage fractured horizontal wells(MFHWs)with large-scale complicated fracture geometry.The integrated workflow is based on the finite element method and consists of simulation models for proppant-laden fluid flow,fracture flow,and non-linear seepage flow,respectively.Simulation results indicate that the distribution of proppant inside the induced cracks significantly affects the productivity of the MFHW.When we assign an idealized proppant distribution instead of the real distribution,there will be an overestimation of 44.98%in daily oil rate and 30.63%in cumulative oil production after continuous development of 1000 days.Besides,threshold pressure gradient(TPG)also significantly affects the well performance in tight oil reservoirs.If we simply apply linear Darcy’s law to the reservoir matrix,the overall cumulative oil production can be overrated by 77%after 1000 days of development.In general,this research provides new insights into the development of tight oil reservoirs with TPG and meanwhile reveals the significance of proppant distribution and non-linear fluid flow in the production scenario design.

Sequence boundaries and regularities in the oil-gas distribution of the low swelling slope belt in the continental rift basin

Where are the zones more enriched in sand deposits in the down slope and deep depression of the low swelling slope belt? Are there any screening conditions for oil and gas there? These are the chief geological problems to be solved during exploration of a region. Taking the Paleogene system developed along the east slope belt of Chengdao as an example the concepts of sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary sequenc are applied. A new research method likened to a way ''to get a melon by following the vine'' is proposed to determine the direction for exploring within un-drilled or less-drilled areas. This is the process: ''the characteristics of the sequence boundary ? the forming mechanism of the stratigraphic sequence ? the conditions of oil and gas accumulation ? the distribution zones of oil and gas''. The relationship between the dynamic mechanism of stratigraphic sequence and the forming conditions for oil and gas accumulation establishes that the tectonic disturbance of the slope belt has significant responses as denudation and deposition. Above the stratigraphic sequence boundary there are large scale sand bodies of the low stand system tract (LST) that have developed in the low swelling slope belt and its deep depression. Below the sequence boundary there are the remaining sand bodies of the high stand system tract (HST). On the slope there is a convergence of mudstone layers of the extended system tract (EST) with the mudstone of the underlying strata, which constitutes the screening conditions for the reservoir of the down slope and deep depression. The distribution regularities in preferred sand bodies on the surface of the sequence boundary, and in the system tract, indicate the ordering of oil-gas deposits. From the higher stand down to the depth of the slope there are, in order, areas where exploration was unfavorable, major areas of stratigraphic overlap of oil-gas reservoirs, unconformity screened oil-gas reservoirs, and, finally, sandstone lens oil-gas reservoirs. The low swelling slope belt of Chengdao was tectonically active, which is typical for a continental rift basin. The methodology and results of the present paper are significant for the theory and practice of predicting subtle reservoir and selecting strategic areas for exploration.

Predicting the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Yanchang Formation Chang 7 shale oil reservoir of Ordos Basin, central China

The Yanchang Formation Chang 7 oil-bearing layer of the Ordos Basin is important in China for producing shale oil.The present-day in situ stress state is of practical implications for the exploration and development of shale oil;however,few studies are focused on stress distributions within the Chang 7 reservoir.In this study,the present-day in situ stress distribution within the Chang 7 reservoir was predicted using the combined spring model based on well logs and measured stress data.The results indicate that stress magnitudes increase with burial depth within the Chang 7 reservoir.Overall,the horizontal maximum principal stress(SHmax),horizontal minimum principal stress(Shmin) and vertical stress(Sv) follow the relationship of Sv≥SHmax>Shmin,indicating a dominant normal faulting stress regime within the Chang 7 reservoir of Ordos Basin.Laterally,high stress values are mainly distributed in the northwestern parts of the studied region,while low stress values are found in the southeastern parts.Factors influencing stress distributions are also analyzed.Stress magnitudes within the Chang 7 reservoir show a positive linear relationship with burial depth.A larger value of Young's modulus results in higher stress magnitudes,and the differential horizontal stress becomes higher when the rock Young's modulus grows larger.

An improved oil recovery prediction method for volatile oil reservoirs

To describe the complex phase transformation in the process of depletion exploitation of volatile oil reservoir,four fluid phases are defined,and production and remaining volume of these phases are calculated based on the principle of surface volume balance,then the recovery prediction method of volatile oil reservoir considering the influence of condensate content in released solution gas and the correction method of multiple degassing experiments data are established.Taking three typical kinds of crude oil(black oil,medium-weak volatile oil,strong volatile oil)as examples,the new improved method is used to simulate constant volume depletion experiments based on the corrected data of multiple degassing experiment to verify the reliability of the modified method.By using"experimental data and traditional method","corrected data and traditional method"and"corrected data and modified method",recovery factors of these three typical kinds of oil are calculated respectively.The source of parameters and the calculation methods have little effect on the recovery of typical black oil.However,with the increase of crude oil volatility,the oil recovery will be seriously underestimated by using experimental data or traditional method.The combination of"corrected data and modified method"considers the influence of condensate in gas phase in both experimental parameters and calculation method,and has good applicability to typical black oil and volatile oil.The strong shrinkage of volatile oil makes more"liquid oil"convert to"gaseous oil",so volatile oil reservoir can reach very high oil recovery by depletion drive.

A novel type curve for estimating oil recovery factor of gas flooding

A novel type curve is presented for oil recovery factor prediction suitable for gas flooding by innovatively introducing the equivalent water-gas cut to replace the water cut,comprehensively considering the impact of three-phase flow(oil,gas,water),and deriving the theoretical equations of gas flooding type curve based on Tong’s type curve.The equivalent water-gas cut is the ratio of the cumulative underground volume of gas and water production to the total underground volume of produced fluids.Field production data and the numerical simulation results are used to demonstrate the feasibility of the new type curve and verify the accuracy of the prediction results with field cases.The new type curve is suitable for oil recovery factor prediction of both water flooding and gas flooding.When a reservoir has no gas injected or produced,the gas phase can be ignored and only the oil and water phases need to be considered,in this case,this gas flooding type curve returns to the Tong’s type curve,which can evaluate the oil recovery factor of water flooding.For reservoirs with equivalent water-gas cuts of 60%-80%,the regression method of the new type curve works well in predicting the oil recovery factor.For reservoirs with equivalent water-gas cuts higher than 80%,both the regression and assignment methods of the new type curve can accurately predict the oil recovery factor of gas flooding.

Evolution of lithofacies and paleogeography and hydrocarbon distribution worldwide(Ⅱ)

Based on the compilation and analysis of the lithofacies and paleogeography distribution maps at present and paleoplate locations during six key geological periods of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic,the lithofacies and paleogeography features and their development laws were expounded.Based on our previous research results on lithofacies and paleogeography from Precambrian to Paleozoic,we systematically studied the features and evolution laws of global lithofacies and paleogeography from the Precambrian and their effects on the formation of source rocks,reservoirs,cap rocks and the distribution of oil and gas worldwide.The results show that since Precambrian,the distribution areas of uplift erosion and terrestrial clastic deposition tended to increase gradually,and increased significantly during the period of continental growth.The scale of coastal and shallow marine facies area had three distinct cycles,namely,from Precambrian to Devonian,from Carboniferous to Triassic,and from Jurassic to Neogene.Correspondingly,the development of shallow carbonate platform also showed three cycles;the lacustrine facies onshore was relatively developed in Mesozoic and Cenozoic;the sabkha was mainly developed in the Devonian,Permian and Triassic.The Cretaceous is the most important source rock layers in the world,followed by the Jurassic and Paleogene source rocks;the clastic reservoirs have more oil and gas than the carbonate reservoirs;the basins with shale caprocks have the widest distribution,the most abundant reserves of oil and gas,and the evaporite caprocks have the strongest sealing capacity,which can seal some huge oil and gas fields.

Evaluation of reservoir environment by chemical properties of reservoir water‒A case study of Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai oilfield,Ordos Basin,China

The Ordos Basin is the largest continental multi-energy mineral basin in China,which is rich in coal,oil and gas,and uranium resources.The exploitation of mineral resources is closely related to reservoir water.The chemical properties of reservoir water are very important for reservoir evaluation and are significant indicators of the sealing of reservoir oil and gas resources.Therefore,the caprock of the Chang 6 reservoir in the Yanchang Formation was evaluated.The authors tested and analyzed the chemical characteristics of water samples selected from 30 wells in the Chang 6 reservoir of Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin.The results show that the Chang 6 reservoir water in Ansai Oilfield is dominated by calcium-chloride water type with a sodium chloride coefficient of generally less than 0.5.The chloride magnesium coefficients are between 33.7 and 925.5,most of which are greater than 200.The desulfurization coefficients range from 0.21 to 13.4,with an average of 2.227.The carbonate balance coefficients are mainly concentrated below 0.01,with an average of 0.008.The calcium and magnesium coefficients are between 0.08 and 0.003,with an average of 0.01.Combined with the characteristics of the four-corner layout of the reservoir water,the above results show that the graphics are basically consistent.The study indicates that the Chang 6 reservoir in Ansai Oilfield in the Ordos Basin is a favorable block for oil and gas storage with good sealing properties,great preservation conditions of oil and gas,and high pore connectivity.

高含CO_(2)凝析气藏成藏过程中的流体相行为及油环体积预测

成藏后期的CO_(2)充注导致里贝拉区块高含CO_(2)次生凝析气藏的流体相行为十分复杂,油环体积预测难度很大。本文通过流体相平衡模拟、组分梯度分布计算及CO_(2)充注可视化实验,刻画了CO_(2)充注过程中的油气相行为,揭示了油环体积的动态变化规律,建立了基于气顶气组分拟合的高含CO_(2)次生凝析气藏油环体积预测新方法。研究结果表明:1)CO_(2)充注下的油环体积变化分为4个阶段:充注初期,油环以溶胀为主;充注前期,CO_(2)不断置换并萃取油相中的轻质组分,油环体积迅速降低;充注中期,CO_(2)持续萃取油相的轻、中质组分,油环体积缓慢减小;充注后期,CO_(2)-原油组分传质作用明显减弱,压缩效应导致油环体积进一步减小。2)轻质组分的强流动性使气顶气组成均一,重力分异作用使纵向上油环组分呈梯度变化。3)油环体积与气顶气组成和气油比密切相关。4)基于气顶气拟合新方法和不同井深现场勘探预测的油环体积占比分别为19.21%和22.30%,与CO_(2)充注可视化实验获得的油环体积占比(20.60%)较为吻合。

鄂尔多斯盆地马岭—乔川地区长6油层组油藏分布特征及控制因素

基于岩心观察、测井解释及开采数据分析,结合流体包裹体等测试,对马岭—乔川地区长6油层组的油藏分布特征及控制因素开展研究。研究结果表明,研究区油藏纵向上主要分布在长63油层段,长62、长61油层段含油性显著变差;平面上,长63油层段以L125,B452和L411井区为中心,油藏团块状分布,呈两条带沿北西南东向延伸,油层厚度主要在5~20 m之间,长62、长61油层呈孤立土豆疙瘩状分布,分布规模小。长6油层组油藏以岩性油藏为主,包裹体均一温度集中在70~90℃,荧光以黄褐色为主,结合区域埋藏史分析显示该区油藏充注为晚侏罗世和中-晚白垩世,表现为早期充注。长6油层组烃源岩厚度、距离,砂体砂质碎屑流砂体性质、物性和叠置类型是其形成油气藏的重要影响因素;长63油层段相比长62和长61油层段具有更靠近烃源岩,砂质碎屑流成因砂体分布广、孔渗条件好、叠置厚层砂体类型发育等优势。研究区最为有利油藏的勘探目标为长63油层段Y470,L374,B452等井区附近,有利勘探区面积达到517.28 km 2。

番禺油田群稠油油藏储集层构型特征及剩余油挖潜

针对番禺油田群稠油油藏采出程度低、隔夹层发育、剩余油预测难等问题,亟需提高储集层构型解剖和预测精度。利用地质、地震和测井资料,采用自然伽马回返率和大数据统计技术,识别储集层3级、4级和5级构型界面,研究各级次夹层的分布模式,定量表征储集层构型单元砂体内部结构以及夹层的展布形态,分析剩余油赋存模式及其主控因素,厘清构型界面对剩余油的控制作用。研究结果表明:储集层中发育的3级斜交型前积夹层能延缓流体垂向渗流,4级叠置型水平夹层能阻止流体垂向窜流;剩余油运移能量和方向主要受3级夹层、4级夹层及韵律差异控制。利用低产低效井侧钻10口调整井,初期总产量为680.00 m~3/d,侧钻后日产油量为侧钻前的5倍。

基于不连续边界识别的辫状河储层夹层研究——以渤海海域P油田馆陶组为例

渤海海域P油田发育河道切叠频繁的辫状河储层,已钻井揭示其储层内夹层发育,导致钻后水淹状态和产能差异较大,夹层精细刻画和精确表征是剩余油挖潜的关键。分析了P油田夹层分布特征及成因,认为夹层分布与构型边界具有较好的相关性,因此提出了基于不连续边界识别的夹层刻画方法。通过两级不连续边界分析识别出边界河道、内部主河道和内部次河道,分别对应复合心滩边界河道充填、单心滩边界河道充填和串沟充填3种夹层类型,建立了各级河道的定量判别标准,确定了夹层厚度中心线;根据研究区300个井组侧钻井资料,分析确定了夹层的平均厚度和翼展宽度;利用分类插值和井点校正得到了夹层厚度分布图。结果表明,P油田馆陶组辫状河储层夹层多以宽翼条带状分布,3种夹层的平均厚度分别为3、2和1m,平均翼展宽度分别为100、50和25m。应用本方法对C10井区L50小层进行了精细研究,夹层刻画结果有效指导了剩余油的挖潜。

Data driven prediction of oil reservoir fluid properties

Accuracy of the fluid property data plays an absolutely pivotal role in the reservoir computational processes.Reliable data can be obtained through various experimental methods,but these methods are very expensive and time consuming.Alternative methods are numerical models.These methods used measured experimental data to develop a representative model for predicting desired parameters.In this study,to predict saturation pressure,oil formation volume factor,and solution gas oil ratio,several Artificial Intelligent(AI)models were developed.582 reported data sets were used as data bank that covers a wide range of fluid properties.Accuracy and reliability of the model was examined by some statistical parameters such as correlation coefficient(R2),average absolute relative deviation(AARD),and root mean square error(RMSE).The results illustrated good accordance between predicted data and target values.The model was also compared with previous works and developed empirical correlations which indicated that it is more reliable than all compared models and correlations.At the end,relevancy factor was calculated for each input parameters to illustrate the impact of different parameters on the predicted values.Relevancy factor showed that in these models,solution gas oil ratio has greatest impact on both saturation pressure and oil formation volume factor.In the other hand,saturation pressure has greatest effect on solution gas oil ratio.

陆相断陷盆地相控油气特征及其基本模式

地质相是沉积地层内沉积物(岩)形成条件的物质表现,由宏观到微观分为4个层次,即构造相、沉积相、岩石相和岩石物理相。不同层次地质相的控油气作用具有不同形式的表现。研究表明,陆相断陷盆地内不同的构造单元、不同的沉积相控制着不同类型油气藏的形成与分布;不同的构造单元和不同的沉积相的储油气层的临界孔隙度和渗透率随埋藏深度增大而降低;在不考虑构造和沉积相背景条件下,不能依据地层的绝对孔渗条件判别和评价有效储集层。沉积颗粒不粗不细的优相砂岩类地层控制着油气的富集成藏;相同背景条件下相对高孔渗的储集层控制着油气的富集成藏。优相与相对高孔渗控藏是相控油气作用的基本模式。利用相控油气作用的基本模式可以预测有利成藏领域。

剩余油分布规律的精细数值模拟

以胜二区沙二段８ 单元为研究对象，建立了该开发单元储层物性和原油物性随不同开发阶段变化的数值模型，并在此基础上进行了精细油藏数值模拟研究。研究结果表明，渗透率、原油粘度和密度随不同开发阶段的变化对剩余油分布和油田开发效果影响均较大。对注水开发历史较长的油田，在进行精细油藏数值模拟时，应该考虑渗透率和原油物性随时间的变化，从而为进入注水开发的老油田的挖潜上产提供可靠的决策依据。通过对８单元的精细油藏模拟，掌握了目前该单元的剩余油分布规律和水淹状况。

构造建模约束地震反演技术——以大庆萨尔图油田南八区为例

为了充分发挥储层预测多学科的综合能力,对构造建模约束地震反演的作用和构造建模在储层反演与地质建模的区别进行了分析。在此基础上,详细阐述了实现构造建模约束地震反演的4个关键环节,即井-震联合小尺度构造解释、合理设计地质框架、不同尺度网格设计和曲线均一化处理。以大庆萨尔图油田南八区萨Ⅱ7-12沉积单元为例,通过与未进行构造约束的地震反演对比,总结出构造建模约束下地震反演的优势,主要体现在:①能够提高砂体识别的准确程度,尤其是定位河道砂边界位置效果显著,采用"井点定相、切片组形"的方法,完成了井震结合沉积微相的修正;②明确主力厚油层及主力砂体接触关系,增加断层附近预测的细节,尤其是断裂两侧砂体明朗化,有利于指导剩余油的挖潜。因此,构造建模约束地震反演技术能够降低反演的不确定性,对油田后续开发调整具有重要意义。

致密油藏液测应力敏感性计算模型

综合成藏地质学、岩石力学和渗流力学,建立准确可靠的致密油藏考虑边界层、临界喉道和孔喉分布的液测应力敏感性计算模型.由于大庆油田致密油藏孔喉分布范围比长庆油田更窄,导致大庆油田应力敏感性更强,因此大庆油田产能更低.本文从微观角度定量表征了真实油藏中应力敏感性的作用机理.

胜利油田边际稠油油藏提高采收率方法研究

胜利油田陈家庄油藏是一个典型的稠油高渗透油藏 ,常用的热力采油无法大幅增加产量。通过开展深入细致的油藏地质研究和开发规律分析 ,根据剩余油分布规律研究 ,应用水动力学原理 ,加强注水工作 ,应用配套技术和精心的油藏管理 ,实现了油田年产油量稳中有升 ,综合含水稳定 ,油田开发效果明显改善 ,采收率提高 5 .6 % ,可采储量增加了 10 0× 10