Improving Supply Chain Strategies towards Mitigating the Effect of Crude Oil Theft and Pipeline Vandalism in the Nigerian Oil and Gas Industry: A Case Study of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC)

Generically, SCM may be said to include all activities carried out to ensure proper functioning of the supply chain. The activities included in proper management of a supply chain broadly include logistics activities, planning and control of the flow of information and materials in a firm, management of relationships with other organizations and government intervention, However, crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism are established products supply chain disruptors in Nigeria which are rendering the task of running an efficient petroleum supply chain onerous. This paper aims to establish the importance of effective supply chain strategies for companies in the oil and gas industry with special focus on the Nigerian oil and gas sector and the strategies by which the state oil and gas corporation in this sector may mitigate disruptions to its supply chain. This study investigates the enhancement of supply chain strategies towards meeting the challenge of crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism, using the Nigerian National Corporation (NNPC) as a case study. Based on this study, data were collected from two sources: A summary of incident reports obtained from NNPC and an interview with personnel in the PPMC Department. Incident report refers to a report produced when accidents such as equipment failure, injury, loss of life, or fire occur at the work site. Content analysis is utilized to evaluate data obtained from interview responses, CBN financial stability reports, NDIC annual reports, circulars, banking supervision reports and implementation guidelines. The study found out that NNPC should endeavor to sustain its value chain and ward of pipeline vandals and crude oil thieves by engaging in community partnership, detailing security outfits to ensure its pipelines’ right of way and bridging. Concluded that the oil supply chain of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation has been plagued by disruptions in the form of crude oil theft and pipeline vandalism which has had debilitating effects on its value.

Lipase Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium-chain Biodiesel from Cinnamonum camphora Seed Oil

The non-edible camphor tree seed oil was extracted and catalyzed by immobilized lipase for biodiesel production. The oil yield from camphor tree seeds reached 35.2% of seed weight by twice microwave-assisted extractions. Gas chromatography showed that free fatty acid content in camphor tree seed oil was 1.88%, and the main fatty acids were capric acid(53.4%) and lauric acid(38.7%). With immobilized lipase Candida sp. 99–125as catalyst, several important factors for reaction conditions were examined through orthogonal experiments.The optimum conditions were obtained: water content and enzyme loading were both 15% with a molar ratio of 1:3.5(oil/ethanol), and the process of alcoholysis was in nine steps at 40 °C for 24 h, with agitation at170 r·min-1. As a result, the medium-chain biodiesel yield was 93.5%. The immobilized lipase was stable when it was used repeatedly for 210 h.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HIGH-SPEED CHARACTERISTICS OF AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE OIL-PUMP CHAIN

The high-speed multi-cycle impact and speed, load fluctuant characteristics of a kind of narrow-width automotive engine oil-pump chain 06BN-1 are studied through engine assembly and road-drive tests to satisfy the light-weight demand of engine. The worn surface morphologies of rubbing area between pin, bush and roller are also analyzed based on scanning electron microscope. The results show that the main wear mechanism of automotive engine oil-pump chain is fatigue wear, and it＇s failure mechanism is the forming, extending and flaking of cracks on top layer of pin and bush. Pin and bush both occurred cycle-soften phenomenon, and roller occurred cycle-harden. Fretting wear is one of the most important ＂fall to pieces＂ failure causes of automotive chain. Ensuring sufficient strength and plasticity of roller, as well as adopting suitable shaping technology are the effective methods to increase its resistance to multi-cycle impact.

The Sesame (<i>Sesamum indicum L.</i>) Value Chain and Microbiological Quality of Crude Sesame Oil, a Case Study in Western Tigray, Ethiopia

Crude sesame oil (CSO) is the widely used unrefined edible oil. Storage instability, off-flavour, and discoloration are, however, challenges in the industry. The purpose of this study was to map the sesame value chain, assess the suitability of CSO extraction plant, and analyze the microbial quality of CSO and premises environment. A structured Questionnaire and checklist were used to assess the sesame value chain and evaluate the suitability of the CSO extraction plant. Microbiological quality assessment was conducted using standard analytical methods. Stakeholders in the sesame value chain were inclusive of farmers, market mediators, traders, regulatory, extension workers and researchers. Though, illiteracy, inadequate technology, and infrastructure were the drawbacks. The CSO extraction plant was suitable apart from inadequate ingredients and CSO handling and unhygienic practices. Total aerobic bacteria (4.34 - 5.06 log10 CFU/m2 on swap surfaces, 2.44 log10 CFU/g in CSO), total Coliforms (5.81 log10 CFU/g of animal manure and 1.36 log10 CFU of indoor air after extraction), yeasts and moulds (2.31 log10 CFU/g of sesame seed and CSO and 4.47 log10 CFU/m2 of swap sample), Aspergillus species (1.17 - 1.33 log10 CFU/g of sesame seed/CSO, 3.37 - 3.50 log10 CFU/m2 of swap samples), and Staphylococcus aureus (2.09 log10 CFU/g of CSO, 2.56 - 3.22 log10 CFU/m2 of surface swaps, 3.26 - 3.77 log10 CFU/protective clothing, 0.74 - 1.82 log10 CFU of the indoor and outdoor air) were detected. Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Shigella were not detected. In conclusion, potential microbial pathogens were detected to impose food safety problems and economic loss. To improve the sesame value chain and CSO quality workers training on good handling and hygienic practices and thoughtful regulatory implementation are significant.

Progress of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery in Laboratory Investigation

This paper describes a simple, easy process for screening microorganisms, and introduces a laboratory simulation device and process of microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR) , which is a necessary research step for trial in oilfields. The MEOR mechanism and the influence of adsorption, diffusion, metabolism, nutrition, porosity, and permeability are analyzed. The research indicates that different microbes have different efficiencies in EOR and that different culture types play different roles in EOR. The effect of syrup is better than that of glucose, and larger porosity is favorable to the reproduction and growth of microbes, thereby improving the oil recovery. Using crude oil as a single carbon source is more appreciable because of the decrease in cost of oil recovery. At the end of this paper, the development of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the future is discussed.

中国石油产业链供应链韧性评价

石油安全直接关系国家的能源安全、经济稳定和社会发展,而增强我国石油产业链供应链韧性是保障我国能源安全的关键。围绕石油产业链供应链韧性的内涵构建综合评价体系,采用熵值法对2002—2022年石油产业链供应链韧性水平进行测度,并运用DEMATEL-ISM模型找出影响石油产业链供应链韧性的主要因素。研究发现:中国石油产业链供应链韧性水平总体处于波动式上升,在2015年超过样本期平均水平;恢复能力是影响中国石油产业链供应链韧性的主要因素;抵御能力在确保石油产业链供应链韧性的重要因素中占比较大。提出增强石油供给能力、拓宽石油运输渠道、降低对外依存度的对策建议。

新时代十年:我国油菜产业发展与路径选择

当前国产植物油自给率依然偏低,油菜作为我国重要的油料作物,国产菜籽油占国内油料作物产油量的约50%,对保障国家食用油供给安全具有重要作用。2012年“中央一号文件”首次全面部署农业科技,油菜产业在科技支撑的作用下取得了长足发展。2023年“中央一号文件”明确提出深入推进大豆和油料产能提升工程,统筹油菜综合性扶持措施,推行稻油轮作,大力开发利用冬闲田种植油菜。在系统梳理2012-2022年油菜产业发展变化的基础上,本文结合科技创新对油菜产业发展的支撑作用,对我国油菜发展面临的问题、制约因素和产业优势等进行全面分析,对我国油菜产业可持续发展提供可资借鉴的政策建议。

基于区块链的芝麻油防伪溯源系统的设计与实现

芝麻油作为日常饮食中不可或缺的食用油之一,其质量和安全性受到了广泛关注。然而,芝麻油掺假问题日益严重,这使得保障芝麻油的质量安全成为了一个急需解决的问题,所以建立芝麻油防伪溯源对保障质量安全十分重要。本实验设计研发了一套基于区块链技术的芝麻油防伪溯源系统,提出了“区块链缓存”的双存储设计,即链下存储并缓存溯源信息,链上同步存储溯源信息的哈希值;此外还设计了链码直连状态数据库的查询方案,解决了区块链网络数据存储压力大、查询效率低的问题。通过分析与验证,消费者利用微信扫码通过小程序能够快速方便地查验芝麻油真伪,有效解决了芝麻油溯源链不同环节之间在数据安全和溯源信息真实性上的问题,在实践中也取得了较好的应用效果。

长链烷基甜菜碱表面活性剂在驱油用油水界面行为的分子模拟研究

随着化学驱规模化实施,表面活性剂的需求量猛增,而甜菜碱型表面活性剂由于其优异的界面活性、抗盐性能及绿色环保等特点,是适合油田多场景开采的一类高效驱油剂。为从分子尺度探究长链烷基甜菜碱型表面活性剂的界面活性并解释提采机制,利用分子动力学模拟研究了不同疏水链长和亲水基团的甜菜碱型表面活性剂油水界面行为和微观分子构型。通过与实验数据相互验证,为宏观实验现象提供了微观分子层面解释,并归纳了长链烷基甜菜碱型表面活性剂的界面作用机制,为根据分子模拟界面迁移及分布规律进行驱油剂设计提供指导。

多种油脂肪乳对比中/长链脂肪乳在成人住院患者中有效性和安全性的Meta分析

目的:系统评价多种油脂肪乳(SMOF)对比中/长链脂肪乳(MCT/LCT)在成人住院患者中的有效性和安全性。方法:检索PubMed、Embase、CNKI和万方数据库,纳入给予SMOF的成人试验,对肝功能、炎症标志物和临床结局进行系统评价。结果:12项随机对照试验(RCT)纳入统计,SMOF组患者的丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(GGT)、总胆红素(TBIL)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)和感染性不良事件发生率低于MCT/LCT组,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:对于成人住院患者,SMOF可能对肝脏有益,有利于缓解炎症反应,改善临床结局。

支链型氨基硅油的制备及其在织物整理剂中的应用

通过5种不同方法制备支链化的氨基硅油:(1)以氨乙基氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷为硅烷偶联剂和羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷反应制得P1;(2)以氨乙基氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷、甲基三甲氧基硅烷和羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷反应制得P2;(3)首先用甲基三甲氧基硅烷和氨乙基氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷制得含有氨基的硅树脂I1,然后通过硅树脂与羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷的平衡反应制得P3;(4)首先制备乙烯基二甲基硅醇,然后将其与六甲基环三硅氧烷反应得到单端硅羟基聚硅氧烷,再与氨乙基氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷反应得到硅烷中间体I2,I2与羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷反应得到P4;(5)同方法(4)得到相同的单端羟基硅氧烷,再与甲基三甲氧基硅烷反应得到中间体I3,I3与氨乙基氨丙基甲基二甲氧基硅烷和羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷反应,得到P5。通过非离子乳化剂得到粒径一致的硅油乳液,并以其对涤纶织物进行手感整理,结果表明:使用P4和P5所制备的乳液具有优异的柔软整理效果,在软度和松度方面均具有非常好的表现。

不确定扰动下原油海运供应链网络韧性提升策略

为提高原油海运供应链网络的抗扰动能力,考虑扰动事件及其影响的不确定性,以韧性水平为约束条件,建立一个以最小化网络总成本为目标的两阶段随机规划模型。为增强网络韧性,提出4种韧性策略,包括长期供应合同签订、接卸港设施加固、原油战略库存储备和原油供应比例优化。采用基于蒙特卡洛抽样理论的样本均值近似方法求解模型,并进行数值实验以验证模型和韧性策略的有效性。结果表明,更高的韧性水平会增加网络成本,综合运用多种韧性策略可以更有效地提高网络的抗扰动能力并降低网络成本。

Analysis of Supply Chain Sustainability Drivers in the Oil and Gas Industry under Covid-19 Pandemic

The supply chain of many industries,including Oil and Gas,was significantly affected by the disruption caused by the Covid pandemic.This,in turn,had a knock-on effect on other industries around the globe.Sustaining the impact of the disruption posed a major challenge for the industry.This study contributes to the existing literature by identifying and analyzing the most significant drivers that affected the sustainability of the Oil and Gas supply chain during the Covid pandemic.Fifteen drivers were identified based on an extensive literature review and a survey conducted with experts working in the Oil and Gas industry.Multi-criteria decision-making methodologies were used to analyze these drivers.The analysis from the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process found that the most important drivers for the sustainability of the Oil and gas supply chain during the pandemic were"Risk management capacity","Government regulation"and"Health and safety of employees".On the other hand,the driver"Community Pressure"was found to be of the least importance.Furthermore,the study integrated the results of the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process with the fuzzy technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution to calculate the supply chain sustainability index.A case example was demonstrated to rank the industries based on such calculations.This study can support the governmental institutions in benchmarking the Oil and Gas industry based on its sustainability index.Additionally,the outcomes of the study will help industrial decision makers prioritize the drivers the company should focus and devise strategies based on the priority to improve the sustainability of their supply chain during severe disruption.This will be crucial as the World health organization has cautioned that the world may encounter another pandemic in the near future.

聚酯/聚硅氧烷复合型自交联水性聚氨酯的制备及性能

为了制备能够应用在双向拉伸聚丙烯(BOPP)和聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)薄膜上的水性油墨连接料。以乙二胺和双丙酮丙烯酰胺为原料,合成了N,N'-二双丙酮丙烯酰胺基乙二胺(DDA)扩链剂,然后以DDA、双羟甲基硅油(PDMS-OH)、聚碳酸酯二元醇、二羟甲基丙酸等原料,制备了一系列聚酯/聚硅氧烷复合型自交联水性聚氨酯(WPU)分散体,并制备了WPU固化膜(WPU-1~WPU-5)。通过傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外可见分光光度计、差示扫描量热、热重、接触角、固体质量分数、吸水率、表面自由能以及拉伸性能等检测,对WPU进行了表征。结果表明,成功制备了DDA功能性扩链剂,以及含有聚硅氧烷特征官能团、酮羰基官能团及酮肼交联反应官能团的目标聚合物;聚硅氧烷链段的嵌入,以及酮羰基官能团质量分数的增加明显提高了WPU固化膜的相分离程度和交联度,相反固化膜的透明性逐渐变差。交联度的增加改善了固化膜的拉伸强度,降低了断裂伸长率,并且柔性聚硅氧烷的引入增大了固化膜的断裂伸长率;随着交联度的增加固化膜的玻璃化转变温度也随之增加,WPU固化膜均表现出较好的热稳定性;同时,固化膜的耐水性能增加,且含聚硅氧烷链段的WPU耐水性能更好;除WPU-1外,其余分散体均在BOPP和PET薄膜上表现出良好的黏附性能。当PDMS-OH质量分数为5%,DDA质量分数为9%时,WPU-4展现出最优异的综合性能:可见光透过率在70%以上;水接触角为68.32°,吸水率降低到5.62%;初始分解温度和失重为5%时分解温度分别达到131.2,220.7℃;拉伸强度达到21.27 MPa;WPU-4对BOPP和PET薄膜有较低的界面张力、较大的黏附能以及铺展系数,表现出优异的黏附性能,有望作为BOPP和PET薄膜印刷用WPU油墨的连接料。

双子表面活性剂疏水链对油水界面行为的影响

双子表面活性剂(Gemini surfactants)已经被认为是传统的单子表面活性剂的新型替代品。然而,双子表面活性剂对油水界面影响的微观机制还没有被充分理解,通过构建了具有不同疏水链长度的双子表面活性剂并利用耗散粒子动力学(DPD)模拟研究了双子表面活性剂对油水界面行为的影响,研究结果表明,双子表面活性剂的表面活性随着疏水链长度的增加而增加,这也促使油水界面从层状转变为乳状液滴形态。温度的上升有利于降低油水界面张力使混合体系转变为乳液状态。表面活性剂疏水尾链和油珠之间的相互作用随着疏水尾链长度的增加而增加。

桐油悬挂链辅助的高强自主愈合弹性体设计及其性能优化

为进一步优化自愈材料的力学性能和修复能力,着眼于如何利用天然可再生的林业生物质原料设计制备出兼具高强度与快速自愈效能的新型弹性体材料。以木本油脂——桐油为原料,通过高效氨解反应制备了反应型功能单体(TOD),将其作为“软段”构筑了系列含悬挂链和动态共价键的热塑性聚氨酯弹性体。进一步利用TOD脂肪酸链中共轭双键的氧化交联特性,通过在合成过程中热诱导其自发形成桥接网络结构,最终获得高强度自主愈合材料。采用核磁共振氢谱(~1H NMR)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)确定了TOD单体的化学结构,并证实了其在合成终点后的有效交联,从而贡献体系的机械性能,拉伸强度可达16.16 MPa,断裂应变为1 318%。对弹性体热力学性能分析表明,TOD的引入会显著提升聚合物的玻璃化转变温度,保证材料稳定的力学性能,同时与动态二硫键协同作用实现弹性体在室温环境下的高效自主愈合。制备的薄膜在室温愈合24 h后的愈合效率可达95.4%(以应力为参照)。结果表明:桐油悬挂链的非对称结构能够打破分子链的规整度,进而诱导二硫键在室温下更加快速地复分解,促使材料自愈。此外,由于体系中动态键合结构的存在,交联型聚氨酯在加工温度下表现出优异的热回收利用性能。经过验证,弹性体在多次物理回收后机械性能与初始值保持一致,未出现显著降低。这为木本油脂的高值化利用提供了一种新方法,并丰富现有高性能功能弹性体增强理论体系,也说明,油脂基功能型聚氨酯弹性体具有广阔的应用前景。

大豆压榨产业链期转现应用场景分析与建议

大连商品交易所(以下简称大商所)豆粕和豆油品种期现货结合程度较高。然而,期转现在我国压榨产业链中的应用仍处于初级阶段。为推动大商所期转现应用,本文对大豆压榨产业链上下游企业的期转现应用现状、难度及可行性进行了分析。一方面,对压榨厂应用芝加哥期货交易所(CBOT)期转现采购大豆进行了分析,总结出压榨利润正套和延期点价两个常用模式。另一方面,对压榨厂应用大商所期转现销售产品进行了分析,总结出交割和交易两个场景,将期货头寸转换方式与相关业务有机结合。同时,本文提出了重点推广基差定价和提前交割两个应用场景、加强市场培育提升产业客户参与度、发挥产业链龙头企业的示范作用和优化期转现操作系统与制度规则四方面建议。

基于复杂网络的石油储罐火灾事故链风险分析

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