Application and prospect of the fluid cooling system of solar arrays for probing the Sun

The Solar Close Observations and Proximity Experiments(SCOPE)mission,which has been proposed by the Yunnan Observatories,Chinese Academy of Sciences,aiming to operate at a distance of 5 to 10 solar radii from the Sun,plans to complete the in situ detection of the solar eruption process and observation of the magnetic field structure response.The solar flux received by the satellite ranges from 10^(3) to 10^(6) Wm^(-2),which poses challenges for thermal management of the solar arrays.In this work,the solar array cooling system of the Parker Solar Probe is discussed,the developments of the fluid loop technique are reviewed,and a research plan for a next-generation solar array cooling system is proposed.This paper provides a valuable reference for novel thermal control systems in spacecraft for solar observation.

Heat absorption control equation and its application of cool-wall cooling system in mines

In order to solve the heat damages in deep mines, a cool-wall cooling technology and its working model are proposed based on the principles of heat absorption and insulation in this paper. During this process, the differential equation of thermal equilibrium for roadway control unit is built, and the heat adsorption control equation of cool-wall cooling system is derived by an integral method, so as to obtain the quantitative relationship among the heat absorption capacity of cooling system, the heat dissipating capacity of surrounding rock and air temperature change. Then, the heat absorption capacity required by air temperature less than the standard value for safety is figured out by section iterative method with the simultaneous solution of heat absorption control equation and the heat dissipation density equation of surrounding rock. Finally, the results show that as the air temperature at the inlet of roadway is 25 ℃, the roadway wall is covered by heat-absorbing plate up to 39% of the area, as well as the cold water is injected into the heat-absorbing plate with a temperature of 20 ℃ and a mass flow of 113.6 kg/s, the air flow temperature rise per kilometer in the roadway can be less than 3 ℃.

Thin paints for durable and scalable radiative cooling

Passive daytime radiative cooling(PDRC) is environment-friendly without energy input by enhancing the coating's solar reflectance(R_(solar)) and thermal emittance(ε_(LWIR)) in the atmosphere's long-wave infrared transmission window.However,high R_(solar) is usually achieved by increasing the coating's thickness,which not only increases materials' cost but also impairs heat transfer.Additionally,the desired high R_(solar) is vulnerable to dust pollution in the outdoors.In this work,a thin paint was designed by mixing hBN plates,PFOTS,and IPA. R_(solar)=0.963 and ε_(LWIR)=0.927 was achieved at a thickness of 150 μm due to the high backscattering ability of scatters.A high through-plane thermal conductivity(~1.82 W m^(-1) K^(-1)) also can be obtained.In addition,the porous structure coupled with the binder PFOTS resulted in a contact angle of 154°,demonstrating excellent durability under dust contamination.Outdoor experiments showed that the thin paint can obtain a 2.3℃ lower temperature for sub-ambient cooling than the reference PDRC coating in the daytime.Furtherly,the above-ambient heat dissipation performance can be enhanced by spraying the thin paint on a 3D heat sink,which was 15.7℃ lower than the reference 1D structure,demonstrating excellent performance for durable and scalable PDRC applications.

Cooling System Design and Thermal Analysis of Modular Stator Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Motor

Hybrid excitation synchronous motor has the advantages of uniform and adjustable electromagnetic field, wide speed range and high power density. It has broad application prospects in new energy electric vehicles, wind power generation and other fields. This paper introduces the basic structure of hybrid excitation motor with modular stator, and analyzes the operation principle of hybrid excitation motor. The cooling structure of the water-cooled plate is designed, and the effects of the thickness of the water-cooled plate and the number of water channels in the water-cooled plate on the heat dissipation capacity of the water-cooled plate are analyzed by theoretical and computational fluid dynamics methods. The effects of different water cooling plate structures on water velocity, pressure drop, water pump power consumption and heat dissipation capacity were compared and analyzed. The influence of different inlet flow velocity on the maximum temperature rise of each part of the motor is analyzed, and the temperature of each part of the motor under the optimal water flow is analyzed. The influence of the traditional spiral water jacket cooling structure and the water-cooled plate cooling structure on the maximum temperature rise of the motor components is compared and analyzed. The results show that the water-cooled plate cooling structure is more suitable for the modular stator motor studied in this paper. Based on the water-cooled plate cooling structure, the air-water composite cooling structure is designed, and the effects of the air-water composite cooling structure and the water-cooled plate cooling structure on the maximum temperature rise of each component of the motor are compared and analyzed. The results show that the maximum temperature rise of each component of the motor is reduced under the air-water composite cooling structure.

Heat Dissipation Modeling of <i>In-Situ</i>Conversion Process of Oil Shale

In-situ conversion of process of oil shale has been technically proven as a pilot field project. Gradually heating the reservoir by using subsurface electric heaters converts the oil shale reservoir kerogen into oil, gas and other producible components. This process also enhances the internal energy of the porous media as well as the subsurface fluid. Heat is transmitted in the reservoir within each fluid by different processes i.e. , due to the flow of fluid called advective process, and due to molecular diffusion where dispersive and diffusive processes take place. Heat transfer through conduction and convection mechanisms in the porous media are modeled mathematically and numerically incorporating the advective, dispersive and diffusive processes in the reservoir. The results show the production of oil and gas as a result of conversion of kerogen due to modeled heat dissipation.

Designing the cooling system of a hybrid electric vehicle with multi-heat source

In order to reduce the power consumption and meet the cooling demand of every heat source component, three kinds of multi-heat source cooling system schemes were designed base on the characteristic of power split hybrid electric vehicle （HEV）. Using the numerical simulation meth- od, the power system heat transfer model was built. By comparing the performance of three differ- ent schemes through the Simulink simulation, the best cooling system scheme was found. Base on characteristics of these cooling system structures, the reasonableness of the simulation results were analyzed and verified. The results showed that the cooling system designation based on the numerical simulation could describe the cooling system performance accurately. This method could simplify the design process, improve design efficiency and provide a new way for designing a multi-heat source vehicle cooling system.

Geochemical Assessments and Potential Energy Sources Evaluations Based on Oil Shale and Geothermal Resource in Wadi Al-Shallala—North Jordan

Oil shale deposit is considered as one of the fossil fuel sources in Jordan. Despite that, the needs of renewable energy resources become a must in Jordan. Wadi Al-Shallala oil shale is investigated in this work for geochemical, petrographic features and hydrocarbon potential as a conventional energy resource. Various petrographic and geochemical techniques were applied. Oil shale resource potential is evaluated for cooling and heating Sal village houses. Geothermal heat pumps, as renewable energy resource in the study area, were simulated for comparison purposes. Results show that Calcite is the main mineral component of oil shale. Magnesite, Ferrisilicate and Zaherite are exhibited in the studied samples. Other trace elements of Zinc, Cobalt and Molybdenum were presented, too. Calcium oxide of 41.01% and Silicon oxide of 12.4% are the main oxides reflected in this oil shale. Petrographic features of the analyzed oil shale found that the primary mineral constituent is micritic calcite, while the secondary minerals include carbonate mud and opaque minerals. Furthermore, it’s found that total organic carbon averages 3.33% while the total carbon content averages 20.6%. ModerateTOCvalues suggest that Wadi Al-Shallala oil shale has a good source rock potential. Even though nitrogen and sulfur are of low contents in Wadi Al-Shallala oil shale, direct combustion of the reserve for electricity generating will increase CO2 emissions by 2.71 Million m3. Two systems were simulated to cover Sal village cooling and heating demands. The conventional system is compared with geothermal heat pumps. Geothermal heat pumps are found to save 60% of electricity consumption in heating and 50% in cooling systems. The environmental benefits for geothermal system implementation will be a reduction in energy consumption as electricity. The savings in fuel oil will be about 9.35 Million barrels. While the reduction of CO2 emissions will drop to 1.5 Million m3. Results suggest that geothermal heat pumps are the best for satisfying cooling and heating needs in Sal village near Wadi Al-Shallala.

A Cooling System with a Fan for Thermal Management of High-Power LEDs

To improve the heat dissipation of high-power light-emitting diodes (LEDs), a cooling system with a fan is proposed. In the experiment, the LEDs array of 18 W composed of 6 LEDs of 3 W is used and the room temperature is 26oC. Results show that the temperature of the substrate of LEDs reaches 62oC without the fan, however, it reaches only 32oC when the best cooling condition appears. The temperature of the LEDs decreases by 30oC since the heat produced by LEDs is transferred rapidly by the fan. The experiment demonstrates that the cooling system with the fan has good performance.

Numerical Simulation of Thermal Management of Lithium Battery Based on Air Cooled Heat Dissipation

In recent years,due to the rapid increase in the number of vehicles in the world,the traditional vehicles using gasoline or diesel as energy have led to serious air pollution and energy depletion.It is urgent to develop practical clean energy vehicles.The performance of electric vehicle depends on the power battery pack.The working temperature of the battery pack has a great impact on the performance of the battery,so it is necessary to carry out thermal management on the battery pack.Taking a lithium-ion battery as the research object,the temperature field of the battery pack in the charge and discharge state is simulated and analyzed by using CFD simulation software in the way of air cooled heat dissipation,so as to understand the influencing factors of uneven temperature field.At the same time,the development trend of battery temperature can be well predicted through simulation,so as to provide theoretical basis for the design of battery pack.

Distribution optimization of circulating water in air-cooled heat exchangers for a typical indirect dry cooling system on the basis of entransy dissipation

The flow and heat transfer of air-cooled heat exchangers play important roles in the performance of indirect dry cooling systems in power plants,so it is of benefit to the design and operation of a typical indirect dry cooling system to optimize the thermo-flow characteristics of air-cooled heat exchangers.The entransy dissipation method is applied to the performance optimization of air-cooled heat exchangers in this paper.Two irreversible heat transfer processes in air-cooled heat exchangers,the heat transfer between circulating water and cooling air and the mixing of circulating water,are taken into account and analyzed by means of the entransy dissipation method.The total entransy dissipation rate,which connects the geometrical parameters of air-cooled heat exchanger sectors and the heat capacity rates of the fluids to the heat flow rate in every sector,is obtained.Based on the mathematical relation and the conditional extremum method,an optimization equation group is derived,by which the air-cooled heat exchanger with known air-side parameters is optimized,showing that the entransy dissipation based optimization approach can contribute to the distribution optimization of circulating water in air-cooled heat exchangers of a typical indirect dry cooling system.

Tectonic-thermal history and hydrocarbon potential of the Pearl River Mouth Basin,northern South China Sea:Insights from borehole apatite fission-track thermochronology

The Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB)is one of the most petroliferous basins on the northern margin of the South China Sea.Knowledge of the thermal history of the PRMB is significant for understanding its tectonic evolution and for unraveling its poorly studied source-rock maturation history.Our investigations in this study are based on apatite fission-track(AFT)thermochronology analysis of 12 cutting samples from 4 boreholes.Both AFT ages and length data suggested that the PRMB has experienced quite complicated thermal evolution.Thermal history modeling results unraveled four successive events of heating separated by three stages of cooling since the early Middle Eocene.The cooling events occurred approximately in the Late Eocene,early Oligocene,and the Late Miocene,possibly attributed to the Zhuqiong II Event,Nanhai Event,and Dongsha Event,respectively.The erosion amount during the first cooling stage is roughly estimated to be about 455-712 m,with an erosion rate of 0.08-0.12 mm/a.The second erosion-driven cooling is stronger than the first one,with an erosion amount of about 747-814 m and an erosion rate between about 0.13-0.21 mm/a.The erosion amount calculated related to the third cooling event varies from 800 m to 3419 m,which is speculative due to the possible influence of the magmatic activity.

电子芯片弹热制冷式热控系统的数值模拟

电子行业的迅猛发展使电子设备的热流密度急剧攀升。高效的散热方法,能够显著降低设备的工作温度,提升其性能并延长使用寿命。为进一步降低芯片的最高使用温度,提出一种基于形状记忆合金(SMA)弹热效应的电子芯片热控方法,即将卸载过程中产生的冷能通过流体介质输送至具有良好散热性能的电子芯片微通道散热器热控系统中。利用FLUENT软件,分析三维条件下系统的传热特性。结果表明:冷却后的传热流体进一步降低芯片的最高温度达5.5 K,微通道散热器性能提高约10.7%。经参数分析发现,提高制冷系统的循环频率和冷却液体积流量可以显著提高其制冷能力,循环频率为0.25 Hz和0.33 Hz时分别可提高68%和92%。

氦氙气冷小堆燃料棒辐射散热特性分析

反应堆堆芯热工安全特性是反应堆系统安全特性最重要的组成部分。氦氙气冷小堆中燃料棒间温差大,辐射散热不可忽略。因此针对氦氙气冷小堆堆芯,不止需要考虑对流换热和热传导两种换热形式,也需要考虑辐射散热对堆芯换热的影响。本文通过建立氦氙气冷小堆堆芯1∶1精细化模型,开展反应堆堆芯内部三维辐射散热特性分析,同时获得辐射角系数。将本文模型计算结果与蒙特卡罗方法结果进行对比验证,两者相对误差小于1%,证明该辐射角系数计算方法的准确性。开展了燃料棒径距比、燃料棒表面温度、燃料棒长度等几何参数敏感性分析,关注其对燃料棒辐射散热特性的影响,并开发出一套具有普适性的堆芯内燃料棒辐射角系数经验关系式。本文通过研究燃料棒间辐射散热特性了解反应堆内辐射散热规律,为后续反应堆堆芯热工安全特性研究提供了技术支撑。

基于插片散热器的某功放单元设计

设计一款可在室内机房环境条件下工作,总热耗约为2700 W,结构紧凑、散热方式简单、散热效果良好,可安装在19寸机柜内的功放单元。依据该功放单元工作原理、内部器件布局、热耗,综合考虑散热与结构要求,设计一种采用组合插片散热器强迫风冷的方案。通过功放模块和电源分组固定安装在分层的3个插片散热器上,同时与设备侧壁形成完整的风道的方式,实现了功放单元的强迫风冷散热;并对该设备进行了热传导与散热理论计算,同时运用仿真软件建立模型,进行数值分析。数值仿真结果显示,该功放单元正常工作热交换达到平衡状态时,功放模块外壳最高温度为64.2℃,满足设计要求。通过实物样机验证了该功放单元基于组合插片散热器结构设计方案的可行性,以及计算、仿真方法的合理性、正确性。

平流层飞艇载荷舱电子设备散热仿真分析

飞艇载荷舱电子设备的温度极大地影响了其工作可靠性,随着飞艇载荷舱应用途径的拓展,载荷总功率不断增长,设备设计功耗及热流密度显著提升,但平流层气体密度仅为地面的1/18,对流散热能力差,散热问题逐渐成为制约技术发展的关键问题。文章为了解决高载荷功率下的散热痛点,引入了两相流体回路散热方法,探究其与风扇强迫散热的散热能力,在分析载荷舱电子设备传热特性的基础上,基于计算流体力学,设计了风扇强迫对流散热系统,同时提出一种采用1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(R134a)流体回路对平流层载荷舱电子设备散热的方法,并使用表观热容法对其进行仿真,计算了两种散热方式下飞艇载荷舱的温度场和流场,得到了两种方式的散热能力。仿真结果表明,风扇的散热极限工率约为591 W,两相流体回路方式散热可以解决700 W的散热需求,使用风扇散热可以满足基本散热需求;使用两相流体回路方式散热可以对平流层飞艇载荷舱电子设备进行有效热控,为平流层大功率电子设备散热的设计和计算提供思路。

测井仪电子短节通气主动冷却仿真与实验研究

被动式热管理系统有效延缓了测井仪电子短节的温升速率,但其优异的隔热性能同时导致作业完成后冷却缓慢,制约了快速转井的效率。该文提出了基于干燥冷空气单向对流换热的主动冷却方法,建立了流动、传热及相变耦合的瞬态主动冷却过程数值仿真模型,并开展了实验研究。仿真结果显示电路板最大降温速率为3.6℃/min,且储热模块在冷却3.5 h后完成液-固相变,恢复储热功能。实验结果表明,在以5 m/s的速度持续从小开口侧通入20℃干燥冷空气条件下,3.5 h即可将电子短节平均温度从190℃冷却至25℃,平均误差仅为9.4℃,验证了方案的可行性及仿真的准确性。研究结果表明,该研究所提出的通气主动冷却方法可以高效解决高温作业后测井仪电子短节散热缓慢的难题,并且基于该模型可设计自主调节的冷却工艺。

基于串并对称式液冷流道的锂电池散热分析

针对锂离子电池均温性差和液冷系统能耗高等问题,以方形锂离子电池为研究对象,在电池单体模型验证的基础上,设计了串并对称式液冷流道的锂离子电池散热结构,对比了5种流道方案,在优选方案四的基础上,分析了液冷板中的液冷流速、铝板厚度组合和液冷系统的启动时间对电池散热效果和液冷系统能耗的影响.结果表明:与方案一的流道形状S0对比,方案四的流道形状S3能够将模组中电池单体的最大温差降低15%;此外,电池的最高温度随着液冷流速的增加呈现先减小后平缓的趋势;在保证液冷系统总质量不变的前提下,与初始的铝板厚度组合h0对比,调整后的铝板厚度组合h4可将电池模组的最大温差降低12%;电池在2.5C放电时,延迟液冷系统启动时间至563 s,既可以保证电池在最佳的工作温度范围内,又能节约液冷系统约39%的能耗成本.

电动飞机电池组微通道风冷散热研究

电动飞机已成为航空飞行器的重要发展方向。电动飞机配置的电池组能量密度更高,工作时功率大产热多,如果热管理不善,容易使电池组自燃,且飞行过程难以紧急避险,所以必须重视电动飞机电池组热管理。提出在常规Z型风冷系统中增设微通道冷板的方案,对电动飞机电池组进行散热;对电池组工作过程进行仿真,计算各种环境和使用条件下电池组生热及散热功率,以便采取措施更有效地实施电池组热管理。仿真计算了电动飞机滑跑、加速和爬升段飞行时的无风条件、常规Z型风冷和增设微通道冷板新型Z型风冷的生热和散热功率。结果表明:增设微通道冷板新型Z型风冷散热效果最好,与常规Z型风冷比较,电池组最高温度下降约7℃,温差下降约6℃。

重载电磁轴承的牵引力和温升特性

针对大型立式泵轴向电磁轴承在短期运行出现的绕组温升过高问题,采用磁-热耦合数值计算方法分析了气隙、电流和冷却通道对电磁轴承牵引力和散热性能的影响,结果表明:电磁轴承牵引力的最佳电流区间为12~20 A,在此区间牵引力与电流呈正相关,牵引力与气隙呈负相关;冷却通道会降低电磁轴承的牵引力,降幅随冷却通道流量的增加而增大;铁芯上开设冷却通道能有效改善绕组的散热条件,冷却通道流量越大,绕组温度越低。

高线速度齿轮副喷油冷却特性分析

齿轮线速度越高,摩擦生热现象越显著,不利于齿轮寿命和效率提升。因此,需要开展高线速度下齿轮副的喷油冷却特性分析,探究最佳的冷却参数。基于Hertz接触理论和齿轮啮合特点,求解了齿面平均接触应力、相对滑动速度和摩擦因数;根据生热理论,得到了高线速度下齿面平均热流密度;进而将齿面热流密度作为边界条件,建立了节圆线速度达120m/s的高速齿轮喷油冷却特性仿真模型;探究了喷油速度、喷油角度以及齿轮整流罩配置对齿轮冷却特性的影响规律。结果表明,提高喷油速度能在一定程度上改善齿面冷却效果;喷油夹角为60°、轴向喷油角度为+20°时,能得到更低的齿面温度;配置轴向整流罩时的齿面降温效果比配置其他整流罩时更好。