Marine oil spill emulsions are difficult to recover,and the damage to the environment is not easy to eliminate.The use of remote sensing to accurately identify oil spill emulsions is highly important for the protectio...Marine oil spill emulsions are difficult to recover,and the damage to the environment is not easy to eliminate.The use of remote sensing to accurately identify oil spill emulsions is highly important for the protection of marine environments.However,the spectrum of oil emulsions changes due to different water content.Hyperspectral remote sensing and deep learning can use spectral and spatial information to identify different types of oil emulsions.Nonetheless,hyperspectral data can also cause information redundancy,reducing classification accuracy and efficiency,and even overfitting in machine learning models.To address these problems,an oil emulsion deep-learning identification model with spatial-spectral feature fusion is established,and feature bands that can distinguish between crude oil,seawater,water-in-oil emulsion(WO),and oil-in-water emulsion(OW)are filtered based on a standard deviation threshold–mutual information method.Using oil spill airborne hyperspectral data,we conducted identification experiments on oil emulsions in different background waters and under different spatial and temporal conditions,analyzed the transferability of the model,and explored the effects of feature band selection and spectral resolution on the identification of oil emulsions.The results show the following.(1)The standard deviation–mutual information feature selection method is able to effectively extract feature bands that can distinguish between WO,OW,oil slick,and seawater.The number of bands was reduced from 224 to 134 after feature selection on the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer(AVIRIS)data and from 126 to 100 on the S185 data.(2)With feature selection,the overall accuracy and Kappa of the identification results for the training area are 91.80%and 0.86,respectively,improved by 2.62%and 0.04,and the overall accuracy and Kappa of the identification results for the migration area are 86.53%and 0.80,respectively,improved by 3.45%and 0.05.(3)The oil emulsion identification model has a certain degree of transferability and can effectively identify oil spill emulsions for AVIRIS data at different times and locations,with an overall accuracy of more than 80%,Kappa coefficient of more than 0.7,and F1 score of 0.75 or more for each category.(4)As the spectral resolution decreasing,the model yields different degrees of misclassification for areas with a mixed distribution of oil slick and seawater or mixed distribution of WO and OW.Based on the above experimental results,we demonstrate that the oil emulsion identification model with spatial–spectral feature fusion achieves a high accuracy rate in identifying oil emulsion using airborne hyperspectral data,and can be applied to images under different spatial and temporal conditions.Furthermore,we also elucidate the impact of factors such as spectral resolution and background water bodies on the identification process.These findings provide new reference for future endeavors in automated marine oil spill detection.展开更多
An improved rheo-optic in situ synchronous measurement system was employed to investigate the gelation behaviour and mechanism of waxy crude oil emulsions. By combining transmitted natural light and reflected polarize...An improved rheo-optic in situ synchronous measurement system was employed to investigate the gelation behaviour and mechanism of waxy crude oil emulsions. By combining transmitted natural light and reflected polarized light microscopy, a multiangle composite light source was built to achieve the simultaneous observation of wax crystals and emulsified water droplets, as well as their dynamic aggregation process. Main outcomes on the microscopic mechanism were obtained by developed microscopic image processing method. It was found that the microstructure of W/O waxy crude oil emulsion has the evolution of “individual structure--homogeneous aggregate structure--heterogeneous coaggregate structure--floc structure” during the static cooling, which results in the four stages during gelation process. Different from previous studies, the aggregation of emulsified water droplets was found to be more significant and contributes to the formation and development of the wax crystals-emulsified water droplets coaggregate, which plays a decisive role in the further evolution of the gelled microstructure. Time series microscopic images show the dynamic aggregation of emulsified water droplets and wax crystals. Two different aggregation behaviours between wax crystals and water droplets were observed. That wax crystals can not only embed in gaps between adjacent water droplets and enhance the structure, but also surround the outside of the water droplets and continue to grow resulting in the interconnection of different coaggregates to form a larger floc structure. In addition, correlation between viscoelasticity and microstructure evolution of waxy crude oil emulsions of different water contents was discussed. With increasing water contents, the microstructure is changed from wax crystal flocculation structure as the main skeleton and the emulsified water droplets embedded in it, into the aggregation of emulsified water droplets occupying the main position. When the number of wax crystals and water droplets reaches a certain ratio, did wax crystals form coaggregates with emulsified water droplets, and the remaining wax crystals formed an overall flocculation structure, the viscoelasticity of the waxy crude oil emulsion is the highest.展开更多
The effect of silica nanoparticles on the rheological characteristics of water-in-heavy oil emulsions has been investigated.Enhanced oil recovery methods for heavy oil production(most especially,thermal fluid injectio...The effect of silica nanoparticles on the rheological characteristics of water-in-heavy oil emulsions has been investigated.Enhanced oil recovery methods for heavy oil production(most especially,thermal fluid injection)usually result in the formation of water-in-oil(W/O)emulsion.In reality,the emulsion produced also contains some fine solid mineral particles such as silica,which,depending on its quantity,may alter the viscosity and/or rheological properties of the fluid.A series of binary-component emulsions were separately prepared by dispersing silica nanoparticles[phase fraction,βs,=0.5%–5.75%(wt/v)]in heavy oil(S/O suspension)and by dispersing water[water cut,θw=10%–53%(v/v)]in heavy oil(W/O emulsion).Ternary-component emulsions comprising heavy oil,water droplets and suspended silica nanoparticles(S/W/O)were also prepared with similar ranges ofθw andβs.The viscosity was measured at different shear rates(5.1–1021.4 s-1)and temperatures(30–70°C).Both binary-component and ternary-component emulsion systems were observed to exhibit nonNewtonian shear thinning behaviour.The viscosity of the heavy oil and W/O emulsions increased in the presence of silica nanoparticles.The effect was,however,less signifi cant belowβs=2%(wt/v).Moreover,a generalized correlation has been proposed to predict the viscosity of both binary-component and ternary-component emulsions.展开更多
The aim of this study was to explore the effects of parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion (Omegaven) on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) during the initial stage of severe acute panc...The aim of this study was to explore the effects of parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion (Omegaven) on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). In a prospective, randomized and controlled trial, 60 patients with SAP were randomized either to treat with conventional therapy (Con group, n=30) or conventional therapy plus intravenous supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion 0.2 g/kg every day (FO group, n=30). The effects were analyzed by the SIRS-related indexes. The results showed that APACHE-Ⅱ scores in FO group were significantly lower, and the gap increased much farther after the 4th day than those in Con group (P〈0.05). Fluid equilibrium time became shorter markedly in FO group than in Con group (5.1±2.2 days vs 8.4±2.3 days). In FO group, SIRS scores were markedly decreased and the SIRS state vanished after the 4th day; Plasma level of TNF-α was significantly reduced, while IL-10 decreased markedly, most prominently between the 4th and 7th day, and the ratio of IL-10/TNF-α raised as compared with Con group (P〈0.05). During the initial stage of SAP, parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion could efficiently lower the magnitude and persistence time of the SIRS, markedly retrieve the unbalance of the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, improve severe condition of illness and may provide a new way to regulate the SIRS.展开更多
The formation of water in crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spilled into sea. The water in crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the c...The formation of water in crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spilled into sea. The water in crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the choices made relating to oil spill countermeasures. The water in crude oil emulsions were characterized using various techniques in this study. The environmental scanning electron microscopy observation of water droplets in the emulsions is also presented. It is a powerful tool in emulsion observations.展开更多
Most of the studies regarding the formation and stability of emulsions focus on the conditioning and management of crude oil on surface facilities.Since a great deal of the crude oil produced is in the form of stable ...Most of the studies regarding the formation and stability of emulsions focus on the conditioning and management of crude oil on surface facilities.Since a great deal of the crude oil produced is in the form of stable emulsions,it is often claimed that these emulsions are formed through chokes and other flow constrictions in oil field equipment.However,emulsions are produced in wells,which not only lack these constrictions but also are produced at low flow rates,demonstrating the fact that emulsions can be formed within the well itself.The present work reviews the literature regarding the formation and properties of heavy and extra-heavy oil emulsions in naturally fractured porous media due to the current relevance that these types of crude oil exploitation take,satisfying the hydrocarbon energy demand.Moreover,emulsions have received more attention recently since they can be formed in-situ and improve oil recovery.To understand the flow mechanics of emulsions in porous media,different models to describe their transportation are presented.Finally,the formation of emulsions in the reservoir for enhanced oil recovery purposes,including the use of nanoparticlestabilized emulsions is discussed.展开更多
Artemia is deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),particularly in arachidonic(ARA,20:4n-6),eicosapentaenoic(EPA,20:5n-3),and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,22:6n-3).The aim of this study was to determine the optima...Artemia is deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),particularly in arachidonic(ARA,20:4n-6),eicosapentaenoic(EPA,20:5n-3),and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,22:6n-3).The aim of this study was to determine the optimal time in which the higher contents of PUFAs in juveniles of Artemia franciscana were obtained by the effect of enrichment with the tuna orbital oil emulsion.Six enrichment periods were evaluated:3,6,9,12,15 and 18 h,in addition to a control treatment(0 h).The most abundant fatty acids in A.franciscana were monounsaturated(43.10%±4.35–52.92%±5.82%),followed by saturated(33.83%±1.71–42.33%±2.31%)and PUFAs(8.86%±2.83%–21.32%±2.38%).ARA decreased over the enrichment time;the maximum content was 5.74±0.37%at 3 h,which was not statistically different with respect to the content recorded at 0 h.The highest content of EPA was at 3 h(6.47%±1.44%),without significant differences with the content registered at 0 h,while that from 6 h and until 15 h tended to decrease significantly.At 6 h,the content of DHA(8.84%±2.72%)was significantly higher compared to the rest of the treatments,which did not differ among themselves,or with the control.After to the 6 h and until 15 h,the content of PUFAs tended to decrease,which could indicate the metabolization of them by A.franciscana,coupled with the possible oxidation of these fatty acids in the enrichment solution.展开更多
Alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali component to enhance oil recovery in Daqing Oilfield, northeast China has been successful, but there are new problems in the treatment ...Alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali component to enhance oil recovery in Daqing Oilfield, northeast China has been successful, but there are new problems in the treatment of produced crude. The alkali added forms stable water-in-crude oil emulsion, hence de-emulsification process is necessary to separate oil and water. The problems in enhanced oil recovery with ASP flooding were investigated in laboratory by using fractions of Daqing crude oil. The oil was separated into aliphatics, aromatics, resin and asphaltene fractions. These fractions were then mixed with an additive-free jet fuel to form model oils. The interfacial properties, such as interfacial tension and interracial pressure of the systems were also measured, which together with the molecular parameters of the fractions were all used to investigate the problems in the enhanced oil recovery. In our work, it was found that sodium hydroxide solution reacts with the acidic hydrogen in the fractions of crude oil and forms soap-like interfacially active components, which accumulate at the crude oil-water interface.展开更多
Enormous demands on the separation of oil/water(O/W)emulsions in various industries,such as petrochemical,food and pharmaceutical industries,are looking for high performance and energy-efficient separation methods.Cer...Enormous demands on the separation of oil/water(O/W)emulsions in various industries,such as petrochemical,food and pharmaceutical industries,are looking for high performance and energy-efficient separation methods.Ceramic membranes have been used to deal with O/W emulsions,for its outstanding characteristics of easy-operation,high-flux,and long-term stability.However,membrane fouling is still a challenge in the industrial application of ceramic membranes.Herein,antifouling ceramic membranes were fabricated by grafting zwitterions on the membrane surface via an environment-friendly two-step grafting method,which improves the antifouling property and permeability.Successful grafting of such zwitterion on the ceramic surface was assessed by the combination of FTIR and XPS characterization.More importantly,the hydration can be formed by electrostatic interactions layer on the modified membrane,which was confirmed by TGA characterization.The antifouling performance of prepared zwitterionic ceramic membranes in the separation of O/W emulsions was systematically tested.The results suggested that zwitterion can significantly improve the flux of ceramic ultrafiltration membrane,and can also improve antifouling property dramatically by reducing the irreversible fouling in the separation of O/W emulsions.Therefore,zwitterionic ceramic membranes hold promising potentials as an antifouling,highly efficient and green method in the practical purification of the O/W emulsions.展开更多
The clearwater obtained from stabilized oily wastewater has become a worldwide challenge.Nowdays,the area of oil/water emulsion separation materials have accomplished great progress,but still faces the enormous proble...The clearwater obtained from stabilized oily wastewater has become a worldwide challenge.Nowdays,the area of oil/water emulsion separation materials have accomplished great progress,but still faces the enormous problems of low flux,poor stability,and pollution resistance.Nanocelluloses(cellulose nanocrystals(CNC))with the advantages of hydrophilicity,ecofriendliness,and regeneration are ideal materials for the construction of separation membranes.In this paper,a flexible,antifouling,and durable nanocellulose-based membrane functionalized by block copolymer(poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(N,Ndimethylaminoethyl methacrylate))is prepared via chemical modification and self-assembly,showing high separation efficiency(above 99.6%)for stabilized oil-in-water emulsions,excellent anti-fouling and cycling stability,high-temperature resistance,and acid and alkali resistance.More importantly,the composite membrane has ultra-high flux in separating oil-in-water emulsions(29,003 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1))and oil/water mixture(51,444 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1)),which ensures high separation efficiency.With its durability,easy scale-up,and green regeneration,we envision this biomass-derived membrane will be an alternative to the existing commercial filter membrane in environmental remediation.展开更多
We report the use of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)multiband persistent luminescent nanoparticles,which can simultaneously emit red(610 nm),near-infrared(893 nm),and short-wave infrared(1040 nm)photoluminescence and persistent lum...We report the use of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)multiband persistent luminescent nanoparticles,which can simultaneously emit red(610 nm),near-infrared(893 nm),and short-wave infrared(1040 nm)photoluminescence and persistent luminescence,as the tracer nanoagents for water tracer sensing.By using a spectrofluorometer,an Si charge-coupled device(CCD)camera and an InGaAs array camera as the detection tools,we evaluated the sensing capabilities of the three emission bands of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)nanoparticles in brine water solutions and crude oil/brine water emulsions in both photoluminescence mode and persistent luminescence mode.Among these different detection combinations,the persistent luminescence-based Si CCD camera imaging exhibits the best sensing performance with the detection limits being at a single-digit ppb level for the 610 and 893 nm bands and about 100–200 ppb for the 1040 nm band in both water solutions and crude oil/water emulsions,while the photoluminescencebased Si CCD camera imaging has a much higher detection limit of~10 ppm in water solutions and of~200 ppm in oil/water emulsions.The persistent luminescence-based InGaAs array camera imaging to the 1040 nm band has the worst performance with the detection limits higher than 200 ppm for both solutions.The sensing performances of the spectrofluorometer to photoluminescence signals and persistent luminescence signals in the two solutions are about the same,with the detection limits being around 100–200 ppm.展开更多
Brucea javanica oil emulsion(BJOE)has been used to treat tumor in China for more than 40 years.However,its components and effectiveness in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia(ALL)and its mechanism of anti-canc...Brucea javanica oil emulsion(BJOE)has been used to treat tumor in China for more than 40 years.However,its components and effectiveness in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia(ALL)and its mechanism of anti-cancer activity remain unknown.In the current study,high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector(HPLC-ELSD)was used to analyze the components of BJOE.Then,the anti-leukemia effects of BJOE were examined both in vitro and in vivo using ALL Jurkat cells and the p388 mouse leukemia transplant model,respectively.The primary ALL leukemia cells were also used to confirm the antileukemia effects of BJOE.The apoptotic-related results indicated that BJOE induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells and were suggestive of intrinsic apoptotic induction.Moreover,BJOE inhibited Akt(protein kinase B)activation and upregulated its downstream targets p53 and Fox O1(forkhead box gene,group O-1)to initiate apoptosis.The activation of GSK3βwas also involved.Our findings demonstrate that BJOE has anti-leukemia effects on ALL cells and can induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells through the phosphoinositide3-kinase(PI3 K)/Akt signaling pathway.展开更多
Due to the widespread use of nanocarbon materials(NCMs),more researchers are studying their tribological performances.In this work,the tribological behaviors of the following five types of NCMs with different geometri...Due to the widespread use of nanocarbon materials(NCMs),more researchers are studying their tribological performances.In this work,the tribological behaviors of the following five types of NCMs with different geometric shapes were evaluated in a novel oil‐in‐water system:spherical fullerenes(C60,0D),tubular multi‐walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT,1D),sheet graphene oxide(GO,2D),sheet graphene oxide derivative(Oct‐O‐GO,2D),and lamellar graphite(G,3D).Among these,GO with two types of oxidation degrees,i.e.,GO(1),GO(2),and Oct‐O‐GO(1)were synthesized and characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,x‐ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,scanning electron microscopy,and contact angle measurements.The load‐carrying capacity of the NCM emulsions were evaluated using a four‐ball test machine,and the lubrication performances were investigated using a high‐frequency reciprocating friction and wear tester with a sliding distance of 1,800 mm under different loads(50 N and 100 N)at 0.5 Hz.The results revealed that the Oct‐O‐GO(1)emulsion exhibited the best load‐carrying capacity,and the best friction‐reducing and anti‐wear properties compared to other emulsions.Moreover,the anti‐wear advantage was more prominent under high load conditions,whereas the other emulsions exhibited a certain degree of abrasive or adhesive wear.The lubrication mechanism was determined through the analysis of worn surfaces using scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy,micro‐Raman spectroscopy,and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results revealed that during frictional sliding,the ingredients in the emulsion can absorb and react with the freshly exposed metal surface to form surface‐active films to protect the surfaces from abrasion.Moreover,it was found that the higher the amount of ingredients that contain alkyl and O‐H/C=O,the better was the lubrication performance in addition to an increase in the carbon residue in the tribofilm generated on the meal surface.展开更多
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract Nos 61890964 and 42206177the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.U1906217.
文摘Marine oil spill emulsions are difficult to recover,and the damage to the environment is not easy to eliminate.The use of remote sensing to accurately identify oil spill emulsions is highly important for the protection of marine environments.However,the spectrum of oil emulsions changes due to different water content.Hyperspectral remote sensing and deep learning can use spectral and spatial information to identify different types of oil emulsions.Nonetheless,hyperspectral data can also cause information redundancy,reducing classification accuracy and efficiency,and even overfitting in machine learning models.To address these problems,an oil emulsion deep-learning identification model with spatial-spectral feature fusion is established,and feature bands that can distinguish between crude oil,seawater,water-in-oil emulsion(WO),and oil-in-water emulsion(OW)are filtered based on a standard deviation threshold–mutual information method.Using oil spill airborne hyperspectral data,we conducted identification experiments on oil emulsions in different background waters and under different spatial and temporal conditions,analyzed the transferability of the model,and explored the effects of feature band selection and spectral resolution on the identification of oil emulsions.The results show the following.(1)The standard deviation–mutual information feature selection method is able to effectively extract feature bands that can distinguish between WO,OW,oil slick,and seawater.The number of bands was reduced from 224 to 134 after feature selection on the Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer(AVIRIS)data and from 126 to 100 on the S185 data.(2)With feature selection,the overall accuracy and Kappa of the identification results for the training area are 91.80%and 0.86,respectively,improved by 2.62%and 0.04,and the overall accuracy and Kappa of the identification results for the migration area are 86.53%and 0.80,respectively,improved by 3.45%and 0.05.(3)The oil emulsion identification model has a certain degree of transferability and can effectively identify oil spill emulsions for AVIRIS data at different times and locations,with an overall accuracy of more than 80%,Kappa coefficient of more than 0.7,and F1 score of 0.75 or more for each category.(4)As the spectral resolution decreasing,the model yields different degrees of misclassification for areas with a mixed distribution of oil slick and seawater or mixed distribution of WO and OW.Based on the above experimental results,we demonstrate that the oil emulsion identification model with spatial–spectral feature fusion achieves a high accuracy rate in identifying oil emulsion using airborne hyperspectral data,and can be applied to images under different spatial and temporal conditions.Furthermore,we also elucidate the impact of factors such as spectral resolution and background water bodies on the identification process.These findings provide new reference for future endeavors in automated marine oil spill detection.
文摘An improved rheo-optic in situ synchronous measurement system was employed to investigate the gelation behaviour and mechanism of waxy crude oil emulsions. By combining transmitted natural light and reflected polarized light microscopy, a multiangle composite light source was built to achieve the simultaneous observation of wax crystals and emulsified water droplets, as well as their dynamic aggregation process. Main outcomes on the microscopic mechanism were obtained by developed microscopic image processing method. It was found that the microstructure of W/O waxy crude oil emulsion has the evolution of “individual structure--homogeneous aggregate structure--heterogeneous coaggregate structure--floc structure” during the static cooling, which results in the four stages during gelation process. Different from previous studies, the aggregation of emulsified water droplets was found to be more significant and contributes to the formation and development of the wax crystals-emulsified water droplets coaggregate, which plays a decisive role in the further evolution of the gelled microstructure. Time series microscopic images show the dynamic aggregation of emulsified water droplets and wax crystals. Two different aggregation behaviours between wax crystals and water droplets were observed. That wax crystals can not only embed in gaps between adjacent water droplets and enhance the structure, but also surround the outside of the water droplets and continue to grow resulting in the interconnection of different coaggregates to form a larger floc structure. In addition, correlation between viscoelasticity and microstructure evolution of waxy crude oil emulsions of different water contents was discussed. With increasing water contents, the microstructure is changed from wax crystal flocculation structure as the main skeleton and the emulsified water droplets embedded in it, into the aggregation of emulsified water droplets occupying the main position. When the number of wax crystals and water droplets reaches a certain ratio, did wax crystals form coaggregates with emulsified water droplets, and the remaining wax crystals formed an overall flocculation structure, the viscoelasticity of the waxy crude oil emulsion is the highest.
文摘The effect of silica nanoparticles on the rheological characteristics of water-in-heavy oil emulsions has been investigated.Enhanced oil recovery methods for heavy oil production(most especially,thermal fluid injection)usually result in the formation of water-in-oil(W/O)emulsion.In reality,the emulsion produced also contains some fine solid mineral particles such as silica,which,depending on its quantity,may alter the viscosity and/or rheological properties of the fluid.A series of binary-component emulsions were separately prepared by dispersing silica nanoparticles[phase fraction,βs,=0.5%–5.75%(wt/v)]in heavy oil(S/O suspension)and by dispersing water[water cut,θw=10%–53%(v/v)]in heavy oil(W/O emulsion).Ternary-component emulsions comprising heavy oil,water droplets and suspended silica nanoparticles(S/W/O)were also prepared with similar ranges ofθw andβs.The viscosity was measured at different shear rates(5.1–1021.4 s-1)and temperatures(30–70°C).Both binary-component and ternary-component emulsion systems were observed to exhibit nonNewtonian shear thinning behaviour.The viscosity of the heavy oil and W/O emulsions increased in the presence of silica nanoparticles.The effect was,however,less signifi cant belowβs=2%(wt/v).Moreover,a generalized correlation has been proposed to predict the viscosity of both binary-component and ternary-component emulsions.
文摘The aim of this study was to explore the effects of parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion (Omegaven) on systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) during the initial stage of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). In a prospective, randomized and controlled trial, 60 patients with SAP were randomized either to treat with conventional therapy (Con group, n=30) or conventional therapy plus intravenous supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion 0.2 g/kg every day (FO group, n=30). The effects were analyzed by the SIRS-related indexes. The results showed that APACHE-Ⅱ scores in FO group were significantly lower, and the gap increased much farther after the 4th day than those in Con group (P〈0.05). Fluid equilibrium time became shorter markedly in FO group than in Con group (5.1±2.2 days vs 8.4±2.3 days). In FO group, SIRS scores were markedly decreased and the SIRS state vanished after the 4th day; Plasma level of TNF-α was significantly reduced, while IL-10 decreased markedly, most prominently between the 4th and 7th day, and the ratio of IL-10/TNF-α raised as compared with Con group (P〈0.05). During the initial stage of SAP, parenteral supplementation with ω-3 fish oil emulsion could efficiently lower the magnitude and persistence time of the SIRS, markedly retrieve the unbalance of the pro-/anti-inflammatory cytokines, improve severe condition of illness and may provide a new way to regulate the SIRS.
文摘The formation of water in crude oil emulsions occurs when crude oils are spilled into sea. The water in crude oil emulsions significantly change the properties of the spilled crude oils and in turn influence the choices made relating to oil spill countermeasures. The water in crude oil emulsions were characterized using various techniques in this study. The environmental scanning electron microscopy observation of water droplets in the emulsions is also presented. It is a powerful tool in emulsion observations.
基金The authors thank funding from PAPIIT TA100917 and CONACYT 280816
文摘Most of the studies regarding the formation and stability of emulsions focus on the conditioning and management of crude oil on surface facilities.Since a great deal of the crude oil produced is in the form of stable emulsions,it is often claimed that these emulsions are formed through chokes and other flow constrictions in oil field equipment.However,emulsions are produced in wells,which not only lack these constrictions but also are produced at low flow rates,demonstrating the fact that emulsions can be formed within the well itself.The present work reviews the literature regarding the formation and properties of heavy and extra-heavy oil emulsions in naturally fractured porous media due to the current relevance that these types of crude oil exploitation take,satisfying the hydrocarbon energy demand.Moreover,emulsions have received more attention recently since they can be formed in-situ and improve oil recovery.To understand the flow mechanics of emulsions in porous media,different models to describe their transportation are presented.Finally,the formation of emulsions in the reservoir for enhanced oil recovery purposes,including the use of nanoparticlestabilized emulsions is discussed.
基金This work was supported by the Development Program and Research Support of the Autonomous University of Sinaloa with the project PROFAPI20015/153.
文摘Artemia is deficient in polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs),particularly in arachidonic(ARA,20:4n-6),eicosapentaenoic(EPA,20:5n-3),and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA,22:6n-3).The aim of this study was to determine the optimal time in which the higher contents of PUFAs in juveniles of Artemia franciscana were obtained by the effect of enrichment with the tuna orbital oil emulsion.Six enrichment periods were evaluated:3,6,9,12,15 and 18 h,in addition to a control treatment(0 h).The most abundant fatty acids in A.franciscana were monounsaturated(43.10%±4.35–52.92%±5.82%),followed by saturated(33.83%±1.71–42.33%±2.31%)and PUFAs(8.86%±2.83%–21.32%±2.38%).ARA decreased over the enrichment time;the maximum content was 5.74±0.37%at 3 h,which was not statistically different with respect to the content recorded at 0 h.The highest content of EPA was at 3 h(6.47%±1.44%),without significant differences with the content registered at 0 h,while that from 6 h and until 15 h tended to decrease significantly.At 6 h,the content of DHA(8.84%±2.72%)was significantly higher compared to the rest of the treatments,which did not differ among themselves,or with the control.After to the 6 h and until 15 h,the content of PUFAs tended to decrease,which could indicate the metabolization of them by A.franciscana,coupled with the possible oxidation of these fatty acids in the enrichment solution.
文摘Alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) flooding using sodium hydroxide as the alkali component to enhance oil recovery in Daqing Oilfield, northeast China has been successful, but there are new problems in the treatment of produced crude. The alkali added forms stable water-in-crude oil emulsion, hence de-emulsification process is necessary to separate oil and water. The problems in enhanced oil recovery with ASP flooding were investigated in laboratory by using fractions of Daqing crude oil. The oil was separated into aliphatics, aromatics, resin and asphaltene fractions. These fractions were then mixed with an additive-free jet fuel to form model oils. The interfacial properties, such as interfacial tension and interracial pressure of the systems were also measured, which together with the molecular parameters of the fractions were all used to investigate the problems in the enhanced oil recovery. In our work, it was found that sodium hydroxide solution reacts with the acidic hydrogen in the fractions of crude oil and forms soap-like interfacially active components, which accumulate at the crude oil-water interface.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21921006, 21706115)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0403702)+1 种基金the Project for Marine Science and Technology Innovation of Jiangsu Province (HY2018-10)Jiangsu Students’ Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program (201810291044Z)
文摘Enormous demands on the separation of oil/water(O/W)emulsions in various industries,such as petrochemical,food and pharmaceutical industries,are looking for high performance and energy-efficient separation methods.Ceramic membranes have been used to deal with O/W emulsions,for its outstanding characteristics of easy-operation,high-flux,and long-term stability.However,membrane fouling is still a challenge in the industrial application of ceramic membranes.Herein,antifouling ceramic membranes were fabricated by grafting zwitterions on the membrane surface via an environment-friendly two-step grafting method,which improves the antifouling property and permeability.Successful grafting of such zwitterion on the ceramic surface was assessed by the combination of FTIR and XPS characterization.More importantly,the hydration can be formed by electrostatic interactions layer on the modified membrane,which was confirmed by TGA characterization.The antifouling performance of prepared zwitterionic ceramic membranes in the separation of O/W emulsions was systematically tested.The results suggested that zwitterion can significantly improve the flux of ceramic ultrafiltration membrane,and can also improve antifouling property dramatically by reducing the irreversible fouling in the separation of O/W emulsions.Therefore,zwitterionic ceramic membranes hold promising potentials as an antifouling,highly efficient and green method in the practical purification of the O/W emulsions.
基金the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22108125,21971113,and 22175094)Independent Innovation of Agricultural Science and Technology in Jiangsu Province(Nos.CX(21)3166,and CX(21)3163)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20210627)Doctor Project of Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Jiangsu Province(No.JSSCBS20210549)Nanjing Science&Technology Innovation Project for Personnel Studying Abroad and Research Start-up Funding of Nanjing Forestry University(No.163020259)Q.C.Z.appreciates the funding support from City University of Hong Kong and Hong Kong Institute for Advanced Study,City University of Hong Kong.
文摘The clearwater obtained from stabilized oily wastewater has become a worldwide challenge.Nowdays,the area of oil/water emulsion separation materials have accomplished great progress,but still faces the enormous problems of low flux,poor stability,and pollution resistance.Nanocelluloses(cellulose nanocrystals(CNC))with the advantages of hydrophilicity,ecofriendliness,and regeneration are ideal materials for the construction of separation membranes.In this paper,a flexible,antifouling,and durable nanocellulose-based membrane functionalized by block copolymer(poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-b-poly(N,Ndimethylaminoethyl methacrylate))is prepared via chemical modification and self-assembly,showing high separation efficiency(above 99.6%)for stabilized oil-in-water emulsions,excellent anti-fouling and cycling stability,high-temperature resistance,and acid and alkali resistance.More importantly,the composite membrane has ultra-high flux in separating oil-in-water emulsions(29,003 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1))and oil/water mixture(51,444 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1)),which ensures high separation efficiency.With its durability,easy scale-up,and green regeneration,we envision this biomass-derived membrane will be an alternative to the existing commercial filter membrane in environmental remediation.
基金supported by the College of Petroleum Engineering and Geosciences,King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals.
文摘We report the use of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)multiband persistent luminescent nanoparticles,which can simultaneously emit red(610 nm),near-infrared(893 nm),and short-wave infrared(1040 nm)photoluminescence and persistent luminescence,as the tracer nanoagents for water tracer sensing.By using a spectrofluorometer,an Si charge-coupled device(CCD)camera and an InGaAs array camera as the detection tools,we evaluated the sensing capabilities of the three emission bands of CaTiO_(3):Pr^(3+)nanoparticles in brine water solutions and crude oil/brine water emulsions in both photoluminescence mode and persistent luminescence mode.Among these different detection combinations,the persistent luminescence-based Si CCD camera imaging exhibits the best sensing performance with the detection limits being at a single-digit ppb level for the 610 and 893 nm bands and about 100–200 ppb for the 1040 nm band in both water solutions and crude oil/water emulsions,while the photoluminescencebased Si CCD camera imaging has a much higher detection limit of~10 ppm in water solutions and of~200 ppm in oil/water emulsions.The persistent luminescence-based InGaAs array camera imaging to the 1040 nm band has the worst performance with the detection limits higher than 200 ppm for both solutions.The sensing performances of the spectrofluorometer to photoluminescence signals and persistent luminescence signals in the two solutions are about the same,with the detection limits being around 100–200 ppm.
基金supported by the Young Scientific and Technological Talents Seeding Program of Liaoning Education Office(No.2019LQN10)Shenyang Young and Middle-Aged Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.RC180308)。
文摘Brucea javanica oil emulsion(BJOE)has been used to treat tumor in China for more than 40 years.However,its components and effectiveness in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia(ALL)and its mechanism of anti-cancer activity remain unknown.In the current study,high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detector(HPLC-ELSD)was used to analyze the components of BJOE.Then,the anti-leukemia effects of BJOE were examined both in vitro and in vivo using ALL Jurkat cells and the p388 mouse leukemia transplant model,respectively.The primary ALL leukemia cells were also used to confirm the antileukemia effects of BJOE.The apoptotic-related results indicated that BJOE induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells and were suggestive of intrinsic apoptotic induction.Moreover,BJOE inhibited Akt(protein kinase B)activation and upregulated its downstream targets p53 and Fox O1(forkhead box gene,group O-1)to initiate apoptosis.The activation of GSK3βwas also involved.Our findings demonstrate that BJOE has anti-leukemia effects on ALL cells and can induce apoptosis in Jurkat cells through the phosphoinositide3-kinase(PI3 K)/Akt signaling pathway.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21703279,and21506064)Shanghai Natural Science Foundation(No.17ZR1442100)the Shanghai Municipal “Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan” International Cooperation Project(No.15540723600)for financial support
文摘Due to the widespread use of nanocarbon materials(NCMs),more researchers are studying their tribological performances.In this work,the tribological behaviors of the following five types of NCMs with different geometric shapes were evaluated in a novel oil‐in‐water system:spherical fullerenes(C60,0D),tubular multi‐walled carbon nanotubes(MWCNT,1D),sheet graphene oxide(GO,2D),sheet graphene oxide derivative(Oct‐O‐GO,2D),and lamellar graphite(G,3D).Among these,GO with two types of oxidation degrees,i.e.,GO(1),GO(2),and Oct‐O‐GO(1)were synthesized and characterized using Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,x‐ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,scanning electron microscopy,and contact angle measurements.The load‐carrying capacity of the NCM emulsions were evaluated using a four‐ball test machine,and the lubrication performances were investigated using a high‐frequency reciprocating friction and wear tester with a sliding distance of 1,800 mm under different loads(50 N and 100 N)at 0.5 Hz.The results revealed that the Oct‐O‐GO(1)emulsion exhibited the best load‐carrying capacity,and the best friction‐reducing and anti‐wear properties compared to other emulsions.Moreover,the anti‐wear advantage was more prominent under high load conditions,whereas the other emulsions exhibited a certain degree of abrasive or adhesive wear.The lubrication mechanism was determined through the analysis of worn surfaces using scanning electron microscopy/energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy,micro‐Raman spectroscopy,and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The results revealed that during frictional sliding,the ingredients in the emulsion can absorb and react with the freshly exposed metal surface to form surface‐active films to protect the surfaces from abrasion.Moreover,it was found that the higher the amount of ingredients that contain alkyl and O‐H/C=O,the better was the lubrication performance in addition to an increase in the carbon residue in the tribofilm generated on the meal surface.