The origin and accumulation model of crude oils from oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 in the Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin

In the lower parts of oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 of the Yanchang Formation are oil-bearing layers newly found in oil exploration in the Ordos Basin.Based on GC,GC-MS analyses of saturated hydrocarbons from crude oils and source rocks,reservoir fluid inclusions and BasinMod,the origin of crude oils,accumulation period and accumulation models are discussed in combination with other petroleum geology data in this paper.The result shows that(1) there are two different types of crude oils in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Longdong and Jiyuan regions:crude oils of typeⅠ(Well D86,Well A44,Well A75,Well B227,Well X62 and Well Z150) are mainly de-rived from the Chang 7 source rocks(including mudstones and shales) and distributed in the Jiyuan and Longdong regions;those of typeⅡ(Well Z14 and Well Y427),are distributed in the Longdong region,which are derived from the Chang 9 source rocks.Crude oils from oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region are mainly derived from the Chang-9 source rocks;(2) there are two phases of hydrocarbon filling in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Jiyuan and Longdong regions and oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region:The first phase started at the early stage of J2z.The process of hydrocarbon filling was discontinuous in the Late Jurassic,because of the tectonic-thermal event in the Ordos Basin.The second phase was the main accumulation period,and hydrocarbons began to accumulate from the late stage of J2a to the middle-late of K1,mainly at the middle-late stage of K1;(3) there exist two types of accu-mulation models in oil reservoirs Chang 9 and Chang 10 of the Yanchang Formation:source rocks of the reservoirs in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Jiyuan region and oil reservoir Chang 10 in the Shanbei region,the mixed type of reservoirs on the lateral side of source rocks and source rocks of the reservoirs in oil reservoir Chang 9 in the Long-dong region.

Study on Productivity Model of Herringbone-Like Laterals Wells and Optimization of Morphological Parameters Considering Threshold Pressure Gradient in Heavy Oil Reservoirs

Compared with conventional well, herringbone-like laterals wells can increase the area of oil release, and can reduce the number of wellhead slots of platforms,?and?also can greatly improve the development efficiency. Based on threshold pressure gradient in heavy oil reservoir,?and?the applied principle of mirror reflection and superposition, the pressure distribution equation of herringbone-like laterals wells is obtained in heavy oil reservoir. Productivity model of herringbone-like laterals wells is proposed by reservoir-wellbore steady seepage. The example shows that the productivity model is great accuracy?to?predict the productivity of herringbone-like laterals wells. The model is used to analyze the branching length, branching angle, branching symmetry, branching position and spacing and their effects on productivity of herringbone-like laterals wells. The principle of optimizing the well shape of herringbone-like laterals wells is proposed.

Model building for Chang-8 low permeability sandstone reservoir in the Yanchang formation of the Xifeng oil field

In order to build a model for the Chang-8 low permeability sandstone reservoir in the Yanchang formation of the Xifeng oil field,we studied sedimentation and diagenesis of sandstone and analyzed major factors controlling this low permeability reservoir.By doing so,we have made clear that the spatial distribution of reservoir attribute parameters is controlled by the spatial distribution of various kinds of sandstone bodies.By taking advantage of many coring wells and high quality logging data,we used regression analysis for a single well with geological conditions as constraints,to build the interpretation model for logging data and to calculate attribute parameters for a single well,which ensured accuracy of the 1-D vertical model.On this basis,we built a litho-facies model to replace the sedimentary facies model.In addition,we also built a porosity model by using a sequential Gaussian simulation with the lithofacies model as the constraint.In the end,we built a permeability model by using Markov-Bayes simula-tion,with the porosity attribute as the covariate.The results show that the permeability model reflects very well the relative differences between low permeability values,which is of great importance for locating high permeability zones and forecasting zones favorable for exploration and exploitation.

Prediction of Sedimentary Microfacies Distribution by Coupling Stochastic Modeling Method in Oil and Gas Energy Resource Exploitation

In view of the problem that a single modeling method cannot predict the distribution of microfacies, a new idea of coupling modeling method to comprehensively predict the distribution of sedimentary microfacies was proposed, breaking the tradition that different sedimentary microfacies used the same modeling method in the past. Because different sedimentary microfacies have different distribution characteristics and geometric shapes, it is more accurate to select different simulation methods for prediction. In this paper, the coupling modeling method was to establish the distribution of sedimentary microfacies with simple geometry through the point indicating process simulation, and then predict the microfacies with complex spatial distribution through the sequential indicator simulation method. Taking the DC block of Bohai basin as an example, a high-precision reservoir sedimentary microfacies model was established by the above coupling modeling method, and the model verification results showed that the sedimentary microfacies model had a high consistency with the underground. The coupling microfacies modeling method had higher accuracy and reliability than the traditional modeling method, which provided a new idea for the prediction of sedimentary microfacies.

Identifying Oil，Oil－water and Water Reservoirs by the Method of Grey Poly－category

Grey Poly-category is a branch of Grey System(J belonging to System Theory.According to the System Theory,a fully determinable figure is called White Figure,a fully undeterminable figure is called Black Figure,and the figure between them is called Grey Figure.On the same principle,a fully determinable system,a fully undeterminable,and a partial determinable and partial undeterminable sys-tem are called White,Black and Grey System re-spectively.For the oil,oil-water and water reser-voirs,each type of reservoirs has its different log response values.These values are grey figures,not a fixed figure,and then,the system made of the fig-ures is a Grey System.

Geological Model of Pre-Jurassic Heterogeneous Basement and Hydrocarbon Productivity Prediction of “Oil-and-Gas Bearing Contact Zone Horizon” Between Paleozoic and Mesozoic Deposits of Ostaninskoye and Severoostaninskoye Oil-and-Gas Fields(Western Siberi

This work is devoted to the analysis of the formation conditions and geologic model of Paleozoic basement rocks of a number of oil-and-gas fields, located in Tomsk region(South of West-Siberian Oil-and-Gas Province,Russia).The research is based on integrated data interpretation of seismic exploration, well logging and deep drilling.The study is at the interfaces between exploration geophysics

Geomechanical response of overburden caused by CO_2 injection into a depleted oil reservoir

This study investigates the hydro-mechanical aspects of carbon dioxide(CO2) injection into a depleted oil reservoir through the use of coupled multiphase fluid flow and geomechanical modeling.Both singlephase and multiphase fluid flow analyses coupled with geomechanics were carried out at the West Pearl Queen depleted oil reservoir site,and modeling results were compared with available measured data.The site geology and the material properties determined on the basis of available geophysical data were used in the analyses.Modeling results from the coupled multiphase fluid flow and geomechanical analyses show that computed fluid pressures match well with available measured data.The hydromechanical properties of the reservoir have a significant influence on computed fluid pressures and surface deformations.Hence,an accurate geologic characterization of the sequestration site and determination of engineering properties are important issues for the reliability of model predictions.The computed fluid pressure response is also significantly influenced by the relative permeability curves used in multiphase fluid flow models.While the multiphase fluid flow models provide more accurate fluid pressure response,single-phase fluid flow models can be used to obtain approximate solutions.The ground surface deformations obtained from single-phase fluid flow models coupled with geomechanics are slightly lower than those predicted by multiphase fluid flow models coupled with geomechanics.However,the advantage of a single-phase model is the simplicity.Limited field monitoring of subsurface fluid pressure and ground surface deformations during fluid injection can be used in calibrating coupled fluid flow and geomechanical models.The calibrated models can be used for investigating the performance of large-scale CO2storage in depleted oil reservoirs.

中国石化油藏地球物理二十年发展与思考

油藏地球物理技术是综合应用多种地球物理资料与油藏动静态信息进行复杂油藏精细表征和动态监测的跨学科技术,对于提高油藏的储量动用程度和提高采收率具有重要的意义,是当前地球物理技术的重要发展方向。系统回顾了中国石化油藏地球物理提出的背景和过去二十年的发展历程,梳理了油藏地球物理技术系列,总结了在油藏地球物理基础研究、井中地球物理技术、多尺度资料联合反演、地球物理约束确定性建模、时移地震剩余油气预测、地震地质工程一体化、微地震油藏监测等方面的技术创新和应用效果。面对中国油气田勘探开发的深层、深水、非常规及老油田(“两深一非一老”)形势和一体化、智能化、绿色化挑战,油藏地球物理在油气产业技术致胜阶段仍然大有可为,要持续创新油藏地球物理技术,井、震、动、模一体化联合和人工智能应用,构建高水平的油藏地球物理勘探开发一体化、地质工程一体化解决方案,支撑油藏全生命周期建设。

致密油储层压裂裂缝扩展规律分析及影响研究

以鄂尔多斯延长组长7裂缝性致密油储层为例,开展致密油储层裂缝扩展实验研究,分析裂缝扩展的影响因素,并对裂缝扩展规律进行模拟分析,实验结果表明:长7致密油储层岩石杨氏模量、泊松比和抗压强度波动范围广,造成数值差异较大;矿物组成分布差异为3%~46%,平均值为16.85%左右;该区块储层岩石发育部分的天然裂缝,储层最大水平主应力和最小水平主应力差异较大,储层水平和垂直方向上的孔、渗、饱等物性差异较大。天然裂缝的形成和发展受自然裂缝存在与地应力场差异这两个关键因素的显著影响,长7储层原始状态下裂缝的形态呈现低角度。

致密油藏驱渗结合采油可行性研究

致密油藏孔喉较小而渗吸作用显著,为提高致密油藏水驱效率,提出驱渗结合采油方法,同时利用驱替与渗吸作用。为验证该方法的可行性与主控因素,在水驱模型的基础上,考虑了渗吸作用,并基于实验数据特征建立了渗吸项模型,建立了驱渗结合采油数值模拟模型。结果表明,渗吸作用有效增加了注入水的波及面积,有效置换出基质中的原油,提升了采油效率;主控地质因素包括基质/裂缝孔隙度、渗透率和渗吸经验参数,主控工程因素包括注水压力、裂缝间距和半长;现场应用表明相较水驱方式,驱渗结合采油的日产油速度提高了约1倍,受效时间约为200 d,提高累产约为340 t,说明驱渗结合采油工艺可有效提高中国致密油藏的采收率,所建模型可用于驱渗结合采油的优化设计。

Research on Well Testing Interpretation of Low Permeability Deformed Dual Medium Reservoir

Considering the influence of quadratic gradient term and medium deformation on the seepage equation, a well testing interpretation model for low permeability and deformation dual medium reservoirs was derived and established. The difference method was used to solve the problem, and pressure and pressure derivative double logarithmic curves were drawn to analyze the seepage law. The research results indicate that the influence of starting pressure gradient and medium deformation on the pressure characteristic curve is mainly manifested in the middle and late stages. The larger the value, the more obvious the upward warping of the pressure and pressure derivative curve;the parameter characterizing the dual medium is the crossflow coefficient. The channeling coefficient determines the time and location of the appearance of the “concave”. The smaller the value, the later the appearance of the “concave”, and the more to the right of the “concave”.

利用机器学习与改进岩石物理模型预测页岩油层系横波速度

传统的横波速度预测方法包括经验公式法和岩石物理模型法。前者适用于岩石矿物组分相对单一的储层,且受区域限制等因素的影响,不具有普适性,预测精度较低。后者需要根据不同的实际情况选择合适的岩石物理模型,才能达到预期的目的。大多数机器学习横波速度预测方法基于纯数据驱动,数据集的质量和数量将直接决定横波预测模型精度,并缺乏充分的物理内涵。为此,基于深度神经网络(DNN)的方法,假设研究区储层波传播方程的数学形式已知,通过测井数据训练DNN得到未知的弹性参数,以确立目的层的波传播方程。利用平面波分析法得到相应的纵波、横波速度,实现神经网络与理论模型的结合。此外,针对传统Xu-White模型的不足,考虑随深度变化的孔隙纵横比,提出了改进横波速度预测岩石物理模型。利用研究区较丰富的测井数据,分别采用构建的DNN模型和改进横波速度预测岩石物理模型预测横波速度,并与传统的Xu-White模型预测结果进行对比、分析。结果表明,由DNN模型和改进岩石物理模型均可获得较高精度的横波速度预测结果,且前者的预测效果更好。

松辽盆地北部下白垩统扶余油层源下致密油富集模式及主控因素

基于地球化学、地震、测井和钻井等资料,对松辽盆地北部下白垩统泉头组扶余油层地质特征、致密油富集主控因素及富集模式等进行系统分析。研究表明:①泉头组上覆上白垩统青山口组优质烃源岩,环凹鼻状构造发育,沉积砂体大面积连续分布,储层整体致密;②优质烃源岩、储层、断裂、超压和构造等多要素配置联合控制扶余油层致密油富集。源储匹配关系控制致密油分布格局;源储压差为致密油富集提供充注动力;断砂输导体系决定油气运移和富集;正向构造是致密油富集的有利场所,断垒带是向斜区致密油勘探重点突破区带;③基于源储关系、输导方式、富集动力等要素建立扶余油层致密油3种富集模式,一是源储对接油气垂向或侧向直排式:“源储紧邻、超压驱动、油气垂向倒灌或源储侧向对接运聚”;二是源储分离断裂输导式:“源储分离、超压驱动、断裂输导,油气通过断层向下运移到砂体富集”;三是源储分离断砂匹配式:“源储分离、超压驱动、断裂输导、砂体调整、油气下排后通过砂体侧向运移富集”;④油源条件、充注动力、断裂分布、砂体以及储层物性等方面的差异性造成扶余油层致密油的差异富集,齐家—古龙凹陷扶余油层具有较好富集条件,勘探程度低,是未来致密油探索重要新区带。

Development of Low Permeability Oilfields in Shengli Oil Province

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Forming mechanism of hydrocarbon reservoirs in Yingshan Formation of Yuqi block in Akekule arch,Tarim Basin

The reservoir conditions,oil and gas charge history and accumulation phases were studied for Yingshan Formation of Yuqi block,and an oil and gas accumulation model was established by using the techniques of reservoir prediction,fluorescence thin section and fluid inclusion analysis under the guidance of the theories of oil and gas accumulation.The results indicate that the main rock types in Yingshan Formation are micrite and calcarenite.The carbonate reservoirs are of cave,fracture-pore and fracture types,and their physical properties are intermediate;there are at least four oil/gas charges,i.e.late Hercynian,Yanshanian,early Himalayan and middle Himalayan(Cenozoic).The most important charge periods are late Hercynian,early Himalayan and middle Himalayan;the oil and gas accumulation model is self source-lateral expulsion of hydrocarbon-multistage accumulation,or hydrocarbon sourced from and preserved in the same old rocks-long term expulsion of hydrocarbon-multistage accumulation.

Fluid Potential Distribution and Oil & Gas Accumulation in Tertiary of Western Qaidam Basin

With the development of oil and gas exploration industry, researchers and engineers have realized that the key element controlling the migration of underground oil and gas and other fluid is not the pressure of stratum, but the underground fluid potential. Therefore, it is very crucial to study the distribution rule of fluid potential in order to correctly determine the exploration target areas. This paper studies the fluid potential distribution in Tertiary of west Qaidam Basin, puts forward the model of underground oil and gas migration and predicts the areas for further exploration.

A Simulation Approach for Screening of EOR Scenarios in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

Undoubtedly, plenty of hydrocarbon sources are located in carbonate rocks, particularly those which are naturally fractured that is still needed to study their characterization, because of their complex and unconventional behavior. Therefore, applying any processes that cause Enhancing Oil Recovery (EOR) from Naturally Fractured Reservoirs (NFR) seems necessary and useful. However, selecting the best developed scenario is always challenging. Screening criteria would determine the possibility of implementing an EOR process. While, utilizing trade marketing simulators can solve this problem. Moreover, simulation can evaluate other parameters such as water cut and gas-oil ratio. In this research, an aquifer-supported Iranian NFR with two parts that are separated to each other with a shale layer is considered in order to select the best EOR scenario. The fluid model is created using PVTi software. Various production scenarios included natural depletion, water flooding, miscible carbon dioxide injection, water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection, simultaneous water- alternating-gas (SWAG) injection, hybrid injection, and gas recycling are simulated in ECLIPSE Compositional (E300) and their recovery factor recorded as the target parameter. The developed scenarios are designed in a way that gives the optimized results, i.e. higher recovery factor, less water cut as well as the less gas-oil ratio. As a result, SWAG shows better conditions and is recommended for the further studies of the reservoir management plan in the future. Also, the role of the aquifer in the SWAG scenario is positive by creating a natural WAG in addition to the SWAG. Additionally, the average reservoir pressure through fractures reduces less in the SWAG than the other Scenarios, the oil and gas production rate reduce less in the SWAG and SWAG/ miscible gas respectively than the other scenarios. The maximum and the minimum water cut are related to the water flooding and SWAG, respectively.Finally, the simulation approach of EOR screening in NFR is better than other approaches, from the perspective of economic issues as well as the simplicity of the methods.

Updating Geologic Models using Ensemble Kalman Filter for Water Coning Control

This study investigated the feasibility of updating prior uncertain geologic models using Ensemble Kalman filter for controlling water coning problems in horizontal wells. Current downhole data acquisition technol-ogy allows continuous updating of the reservoir models and real-time control of well operations. Ensemble Kalman Filter is a model updating algorithm that permits rapid assimilation of production response for res-ervoir model updating and uncertainty assessment. The effect of the type and amount of production data on the updated geologic models was investigated first through a synthetic reservoir model, and then imple-mented on a laboratory experiment that simulated the production of a horizontal well affected by water con-ing. The worth of periodic model updating for optimized production and oil recovery is demonstrated.

真三轴大物模水力压裂裂缝起裂及扩展模拟实验

目的鄂尔多斯盆地长7致密砂岩储层岩石致密、非均质性强,孔喉分选性及连通性较差。前期常规压裂工艺改造手段单一,裂缝欠发育的致密储层改造效果不佳。方法根据量纲分析法(π定理)优化了物理模拟实验相似准则设计思路,设计了等比例缩小的压裂裂缝起裂及延伸模拟系统。利用大尺寸真三轴模拟实验系统,系统开展了30 cm×30 cm×30 cm致密砂岩露头岩样水力压裂模拟实验。利用三维扫描仪量化评价压裂裂缝改造面积,结合岩体破裂时的实验泵压峰值,揭示裂缝起裂及延伸规律。结果量化了天然裂缝及弱面、应力差、压裂液体类型和施工排量条件下压裂裂缝起裂压力及其改造面积,揭示了地质工程因素对压裂裂缝延伸行为的影响规律,明确了地质工程参数对压裂裂缝延伸及复杂缝网形成的影响程度。结论天然裂缝及弱面发育、低应力差、低黏滑溜水和高排量是获得复杂裂缝形态的有利因素,为研究区块体积压裂工艺试验进行了实验佐证和理论依据。建议采用“大液量、大排量、扩大波及体积”为主的体积压裂思路及工艺技术,以获得复杂缝网的改造目标。