Analysis and forecasts of investment scale and structure in upstream sector for oil companies based on system dynamics

Oil and gas exploration and production is the most important and key segment in the whole business chain of the petroleum industry.Therefore,oil companies always put much emphasis on making scientific and reasonable decisions about investment scale and structure in the upstream sector,so that they can minimise business risks and obtain high returns.According to the system dynamics theories and methods and based on the actual results from an oil company＇s practice in China,a system dynamics model is built in this paper for analyzing and forecasting the upstream investment scale and structure for an oil company.This model was used to analyze the investment effect of a large oil company in China, and the results showed that the total upstream investment scale will decline slowly in a short period and the investment proportion of different parts should be adjusted if some influencing factors are taken into account.This application practice was compared with the actual data and indicated that the system dynamics（SD） model presented in this paper is a useful tool for analyzing and forecasting of upstream investment scale and structure of oil companies in their investment decisions.

Three-Dimensional Imaging of Pore-Scale Water Flooding Phenomena in Water-Wet and Oil-Wet Porous Media

The penetration of water during water flooding has been observed over many years using several methods. A microfocused X-ray computed tomography scanner can be used to directly observe 3D water flooding in a nondestructive manner. To eliminate the possibility of false images being produced because of X-ray broadening effects, we developed a visualization method by arranging the brightness distribution of all phases involved. Water flooding experiments were conducted using oil-wet and water-wet porous media. The water phase was injected upward into packed glass beads containing an oil phase, and the process was scanned every minute until steady state was reached. Using this scheme, real-time, the water invasion pattern and oil trapping process in clusters of pores and individual pores can be observed clearly. By eliminating false images, the boundary of each phase could be identified with high precision, even in a single pore. Porelevel phenomena, including snap off (which has never before been captured in a real 3D porous medium), piston-like displacement, and the curvature of the interface, were also observed. Direct measurement of the pore throat radius and the contact angle between the wetting and nonwetting phases gave an approximation of the capillary pressure during the piston-like displacement and snap-off processes.

Status and Development Countermeasures of Moderate-scale Management of Grain and Oil in Nanchong City

This paper introduces the development status of moderate-scale management of grain and oil in Nanchong,analyzes the existing problems in production and management,puts forward some suggestions in terms of fund,science and technology and industrial structure,and lists some cases for reference,so as to provide a direction for the operation of grain and oil in Nanchong.

New empirical scaling equations for oil recovery by free fall gravity drainage in naturally fractured reservoirs

Gas-oil gravity drainage is a recognized major contributor to production in fractured reservoirs. While various empirical and analytical methods have been proposed to model this process, many of them contain assumptions that are questionable or require parameters that are not accessible at the field level. The aim of this work is to provide new, easy-to-use scaling equations for estimating the recoverable oil through gravity drainage in naturally fractured reservoirs, considering the effects of resistance capillary pressure. To accomplish this, data from four oilfields undergoing gravity drainage, including rock properties (eight sets), block height (three sets), and fluid properties (four sets), were used to generate a wide range of recovery curves using a single porosity numerical simulation model. Aronofsky's and Lambert's functions were then utilized to match the generated recovery curves. Statistical analysis revealed that the Aronofsky's function is more accurate in replicating the recovery patterns, while the Lambert's function tends to overestimate the early-time oil recovery and underestimate the oil recovery at a later stage in the majority of cases. A sensitivity analysis was subsequently performed, revealing that parameters such as absolute permeability, viscosity of oil, height of block, gas and oil density, characteristics of relative permeability and capillary pressure curves and interfacial tension (IFT) influence the amount of time taken to achieve the final recovery. Of these parameters, absolute permeability has the most significant effect on the amount of time needed to attain the final recovery, while the effect of difference between oil and gas densities is the lowest. Consequently, two different expressions were developed using nonlinear multiple regression analysis of simulated gravity drainage data which can be combined with the Aronofsky model to substitute the rate convergence constant. The new scaling equations include the effects of capillary pressure and other relevant factors in gravity drainage simulations. Both forms show satisfactory accuracy, as evidenced by the statistical parameters obtained (R2 = 0.99 and MSE = 0.0019 for both established correlations). The new correlations were verified using a wide range of oilfield data and are expected to provide a better understanding of the recovery process in naturally fractured reservoirs.

Pilot Scale Mill Characterization and Evaluation of Rice Bran Oil Concentration of Jazzman Rice

The demand for aromatic rice has increased in the United States during the last two decades. Jazzman, the first US-bred jasmine-type rice variety, was released by the Louisiana State University (LSU) AgCenter Rice Research Station in 2008 to compete for a market share of jasmine-type rice. Jazzman, a long grain aromatic rice variety, was developed from a cross between Ahrent and an unreleased aromatic Chinese rice line 96a-8. In pre-release field tests and laboratory scale evaluation, Jazzman rice yield and milling quality compared favorably with two high-yielding and good-milling non-aromatic long grain varieties, Cypress and Cheniere. Pilot scale evaluation of Jazzman for milling quality supported laboratory scale evaluation while providing additional data for milling optimization. Pilot scale milling uses larger rice samples than laboratory scale testing and employs a continuous process instead of the batch process used at laboratory scale. As a result, pilot scale milling offers more comprehensive information regarding the milling yield and quality of rice varieties as they are considered for industrial scale release. Another consideration for new rice varieties involves their potential for value-added processing, in which waste streams during processing can be used to create valuable products. The oil from rice bran is one such product. The objective of this study was to use pilot scale milling to determine the potential of Jazzman for industrial scale release, including its potential for value-added processing. Results showed that bran was easily removed during milling;the head rice recovery ranged from 66% to 74% as a function of milling flow rate. Water polishing had little effect on head rice recovery, but improved the final degree of milling (DOM) to a commercially acceptable level of 87 - 90. Additionally, rice bran oil concentration decreased as pilot scale flow rate increased, indicating that oil was concentrated in the outer bran layer of Jazzman. Pilot scale milling shows that Jazzman is a high-yielding and good-milling aromatic long grain rice variety.

China's Onshore Oil Industry is in Full Scale Opening to the Outside World

Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓＯｎｓｈｏｒｅＯｉｌＩｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｉｓｉｎＦｕｌｌＳｃａｌｅＯｐｅｎｉｎｇｔｏｔｈｅＯｕｔｓｉｄｅＷｏｒｌｄ￥ＺｈａｏＸｕｅｍｉｎｇａｎｄＷｅｉＦａｎｇ（ＩｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌＢｕｒｅａｕ，ＣＮＰＣ）Ｉｎ１９９４，Ｃｈｉｎａ＇ｓｏ...

Experimental research on characteristic of start-up pressure wave propagation in gelled crude oil by large-scale flow loop

In order to research start-up pressure wave propagation mechanism and determine pressure wave speed in gelled crude oil pipelines accurately,experiment of Large-scale flow loop was carried out.In the experiment,start-up pressure wave speeds under various operation conditions were measured,and effects of correlative factors on pressure wave were analyzed.The experimental and theoretical analysis shows that thermal shrinkage and structural properties of gelled crude oils are key factors influencing on start-up pressure wave propagation.The quantitative analysis for these effects can be done by using volume expansion coefficient and structural property parameter of gelled crude oil.A new calculation model of pressure wave speed was developed on the basis of Large-scale flow loop experiment and theoretical analysis.

地震叠后和叠前混合驱动下的页岩油储层多尺度裂缝预测方法

不同尺度、不同类型的天然裂缝的系统性表征有利于识别优质储层、改进开发效果.建立可靠的多尺度裂缝模型是提高页岩油储层钻遇率的重要依据,其关键在于精细预测小尺度裂缝的空间分布,指导钻井钻进和压裂过程.然而,基于地震属性的传统裂缝预测方法只能各自突出单一尺度的断裂,不同裂缝属性的数学独立性给综合裂缝系统的识别带来严峻挑战.我们提出一套改进的全尺度裂缝系统评估方案,其关键在于通过优化的各向异性蚁群裂缝识别算法确定小尺度裂缝的发育概率,将小尺度裂缝的发育概率与传统蚂蚁追踪产生的大尺度断层的概率进行融合,得到的综合裂缝系统可以实现全尺度裂缝的感知.详细的属性分析过程表明,方位各向异性能够精确描述微观裂缝特征.基于此,我们将各向异性分析得到的裂缝密度和裂缝走向融入蚁群追踪裂缝的各个阶段,在提高裂缝密集区搜索强度的同时,还对小断距裂缝的发育方向实现了精准刻画.针对页岩油藏的应用案例证明,根据改进方案得到的全尺度裂缝系统能够同时表征大尺度断层、小裂缝和裂缝破碎带的分布情况.研究区的成像测井结果进一步验证了小尺度裂缝预测发育方向的准确性及可靠性,能够为页岩油水平井开发部署提供理论指导.

稠油污水回用热采锅炉二氧化硅指标与结垢过程分析

为了研究稠油污水回用热采锅炉过程中二氧化硅指标与结垢过程之间的关系,认清结垢物的微观形貌与化学组成特征,通过室内模拟蒸汽发生器开展了水质中不同二氧化硅质量浓度的结垢实验,并结合现场热注锅炉试验确定回用污水二氧化硅的优化指标,提出二氧化硅质量浓度由原来的50 mg/L放宽到75 mg/L是可行的。对生成的结垢物采用扫描电镜、能谱、X衍射、电子探针等分析技术开展了结垢物微观形貌与化学组成的分析。结果表明,结垢物随水的向前流动其厚度逐渐变厚,越靠近蒸汽出口处结垢越严重,结垢物矿物成分相似,结垢物微观形貌上呈不规则的团状和网状分布,伴有不同孔径大小的孔隙空间,孔隙中发育有少量的针状和柱状晶体。

Techniques and Technological Aspects of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis) Processing in Cameroon

Crude palm Oil (CPO) processing is very popular in African Countries. In Cameroon, various actors are involved ranging from agro-industrial complexes to traditional processing by smallholders who use very inefficient equipment and thus have low oil extraction rates. Small-scale processing by smallholders dates back to the early 1980s and has witnessed a lot of changes as a result of new actors in the sector, changing technologies and to an extent, government policies. This paper attempts a review of the origins and evolution of small-scale palm oil processing using intermediate technology, highlighting its importance to both the farmer and the national economy. An attempt is made to look into the future of this activity, with proposals for its consolidation.

玛湖砾岩油藏油水分布状态与压裂模拟裂缝扩展研究

为解决新疆玛湖致密砾岩油藏非均质性强、单井产量影响因素不明确等问题,通过超真空扫描电镜、XRD、CT扫描等实验手段表征微观尺度孔喉及油水分布状态,利用全直径岩心尺度压裂物理模拟实验探究储层条件下的裂缝扩展规律.实验结果表明微纳米空间的原油赋存非常有限,分布成大孔道的可动油和黏土矿物中的束缚油,原油经二次运移后无法在微纳米空间形成有效聚集.致密砾岩储层中沸石类胶结物约占30 wt.%~40 wt.%,后期溶蚀产生溶蚀孔喉.砾岩储层内部不同成分砾石和填隙物岩石强度差异大,压裂过程中易产生环砾石微裂缝,储层微结构面较发育,破压点明显,由压裂曲线可以看出裂缝呈现以1~2条主裂缝为主,多条微裂缝为辅的体积压裂模式.通过韧性剪切压裂工艺形成微裂缝体积压裂,改善近裂缝地带基质导流能力,避免大排量、大砂量产生单一长裂缝,砾岩油藏压裂液滤失快,净压力低,两向应力差大,难以暂堵转向;通过加入破压剂可以提高转向成功率.

低渗透油田微生物堵剂的多尺度封堵性能

封堵低渗透油藏的多尺度水窜通道是提升这类油藏水驱开发效果的关键,开发了一种内源微生物堵剂,优化了其菌种发酵营养液配方,并基于室内静态实验表征了其基础物性,最后通过岩心动态实验评价了其封堵适应性。所优化的菌种发酵营养液配方为:1.0%~2.0%糖蜜+0.2%~1.0%硝酸钠+0.5%~2.0%磷酸二氢钾+0.2%~1.0%磷酸氢二钠+0.1%~0.5%硫酸铵+0.01%~0.1%工业酵母膏+0.01%~0.03%硫酸铁+0.01%~0.03%硫酸锰。在营养液中培养4 d后,微生物趋于稳定,形成的分散颗粒呈正态分布,粒径集中在40~160μm之间,粒度中值在90μm左右,且具有良好的抗剪切性、耐盐性及稳定性。初始态的微生物调堵剂能顺利进入低渗透岩心、非均质岩心和裂缝性岩心。进入岩心后,微生物基于其自生长特性与孔隙及裂缝介质匹配,对渗透率为5×10^(-3)μm^(2)的岩心的封堵率达到80%;对渗透率为5×10^(-3)/100×10^(-3)μm^(2)的非均质岩心的封堵率达92%;对渗透率为5×10^(-3)/300×10^(-3)μm^(2)的非均质岩心的封堵率达95%。微生物堵剂对开度为30μm的裂缝性岩心的封堵率达84%;对开度为80μm的裂缝性岩心的封堵率接近90%。微生物堵剂既可以封堵不同尺度的多孔介质水窜通道,又可以封堵不同尺度的微裂缝水窜通道,具备封堵低渗透油田多尺度水窜通道的潜力。

松辽盆地北部成熟老探区石油持续增储上产潜力与技术对策

松辽盆地北部已进入较高程度勘探开发阶段,常规的油气发现与开采难度不断增大。从历次油气资源评价过程出发,介绍了油气勘探理论和油气资源评价技术进步带来的松辽盆地北部中浅层石油资源潜力变化。以超级盆地思维为引领,结合页岩层系内页岩油成藏理论研究取得的新认识,重新梳理了中浅层含油气系统特征及其对油气分布的控制作用,并根据第四次油气资源评价结果,对松辽盆地北部中浅层常规油、致密油的剩余资源潜力与分布规律进行了论述,提出了进一步加强松辽盆地北部石油勘探与开发的具体攻关建议。结果表明:松辽盆地北部中浅层共发育上部、中部和下部3套复合含油气系统,包括10个简单油气系统,构成了中浅层全油气系统,预测常规油和致密油待发现资源量在30×10^(8) t以上;常规油剩余资源主要分布在中部复合含油气系统的萨尔图油层和葡萄花油层,古龙凹陷和三肇凹陷的源上葡萄花油层、龙虎泡阶地近源斜坡区的多层位以及西部远源斜坡区的萨尔图油层,具有亿吨级高效增储和快速上产的资源潜力;致密油剩余资源主要分布在中部复合含油气系统的高台子油层和下部复合含油气系统的扶杨油层,大庆长垣中南部和三肇凹陷内的宋芳屯-肇州低隆起的扶余油层以及齐家-古龙凹陷的高台子油层,有望形成2个亿吨级、2个5000万吨级勘探开发新场面。精细勘探,精准开发是成熟老区换发新活力的有效途径,勘探开发理论和技术的进步助推了老油田原油的持续高产和稳产。

油气田注水系统腐蚀预测模型的研究进展

以国外某油田注水系统的腐蚀风险现状为例,总结了影响注水系统腐蚀结垢的因素,归纳了传统油气工业腐蚀和结垢预测模型的研究现状,分析了其建模依据、理论基础、关键参数、适用环境及存在的不足。介绍了使用编程、智能算法等技术方法进行建模计算的优异性,并探讨了相应模型的优缺点。最后,提出了油田注水系统与传统油气工业的腐蚀预测模型的异同及建立注水系统腐蚀预测模型应考虑的因素,对注水系统腐蚀结垢预测模型的研究发展进行了展望。

国外重点油公司风险勘探项目实施成效对标与启示

在全球前沿领域实施风险勘探获取丰厚的投资回报是国际油公司长期坚持的勘探战略,不同油公司对风险勘探的重视程度和实施成效差异较大。为了研究国外油公司风险勘探战略、风险偏好和实施效果,指导中国油公司海外油气勘探工作,利用油公司年报、公开信息和商业数据库,对2005—2022年间8家国外油公司的风险勘探项目进行分析,构建了一套项目实施成效评价指标体系,包括勘探效益、勘探投入、项目规模和风险控制4个一级指标及19个二级单项指标。通过单项指标和综合指标对标,分析对标公司在风险勘探方面的成效与经验。研究发现,各油公司在单项指标上差异显著,这与油公司的勘探战略和风险偏好有极大的关系。埃克森美孚公司综合成效评价指数最高,而碧辟因作业者风险项目少且缺乏重大商业发现,评价指数较低。基于研究结果,针对我国油公司海外油气风险勘探提出了5点启示,包括注重勘探效益、积极担任风险勘探项目作业者、维持适当风险勘探规模和投入、适当控制项目权益和制定符合公司特点的风险勘探策略。这些建议对于指导我国油公司制定海外油气勘探战略和风险勘探策略具有重要的现实意义和长远的战略价值。

鄂尔多斯盆地庆城油田长7页岩油储层多尺度裂缝三维地质建模

页岩油储层普遍发育多尺度天然裂缝,天然裂缝是页岩油储层主要的储集空间和渗流通道,多尺度天然裂缝分布规律制约着页岩油气储层高效开发。本文以鄂尔多斯盆地庆城油田长7页岩油储层为例,结合地表露头、岩心、薄片、测井和地震等资料,在划分多尺度裂缝的基础上,明确了多尺度裂缝的发育特征,形成了多尺度裂缝建模方法,建立了典型区块X井区长71储层多尺度裂缝三维离散网络模型。根据蚂蚁体叠后地震属性明确了大尺度裂缝分布特征,用确定性方法建立了大尺度裂缝地质模型;结合储层地质力学方法和常规测井裂缝解释结果,建立了中、小尺度裂缝发育强度约束体,然后以发育强度约束体为约束,协同中、小尺度裂缝参数,采用随机建模方法分别建立了中、小尺度裂缝地质模型。最终将大、中、小尺度裂缝网络模型融合形成多尺度裂缝网络模型,并建立裂缝等效属性模型。结果表明X井区长71大尺度裂缝发育于该区东北部,中尺度裂缝和小尺度裂缝多发育于该区西部、西南部和东北部大尺度裂缝发育位置。建立的多尺度裂缝模型与单井裂缝发育规律和实际生产动态数据吻合,可为庆城地区X井区页岩油气增储上产提供地质依据。

致密油藏混合润湿对孔隙尺度渗吸的影响

以毛细管压力为基础的渗吸作用可有效动用致密储层中的原油并补充能量。为了研究混合润湿程度与渗吸采出程度之间的关系,以及典型混合润湿孔喉通道渗吸规律,基于相场理论和Navier-Stokes方程,建立静态孔隙尺度渗吸数值模型,对孔隙尺度渗吸过程进行数值模拟,分析不同混合润湿程度对渗吸采油效果的影响。结果表明:混合润湿占比为10%的混合润湿岩石孔隙渗吸采出程度比纯水湿的采出程度高。当混合润湿占比低时,混合润湿通道为渗吸的主力通道,渗吸效果与纯水湿的类似;当混合润湿占比超过40%时,渗吸采出程度低于10%,渗吸效果差;当混合润湿占比高时,连通性好且成片存在的水湿孔喉成为混合润湿体系渗吸排驱采油的主要优势通道,连续的油湿孔喉抑制水相流动,导致渗吸作用停止。该结果为阐明混合润湿程度和混合润湿分布的渗吸规律和流动潜力、提高致密油藏的采收率提供指导。

济阳页岩油渗流机理及开发规律研究

济阳页岩油资源潜力巨大,但受复杂地质条件影响,对压裂后多尺度空间渗流机理及开发规律缺乏系统认识,规模效益开发难度大。为厘清济阳页岩油开发规律的内在机制,针对济阳页岩油多尺度裂缝发育特征,综合物理实验与数值模拟等多种手段,研究压裂后复合缝网的形成机制及组合模式,开展多尺度裂缝应力敏感、多级孔缝内流体非线性渗流、孔缝系统渗吸置换等多重介质空间渗流机理研究。依据压裂改造后多尺度缝网的分布及其渗流规律的差异性,建立了页岩油“易流-缓流-滞流”三区渗流模式,明确了济阳页岩油不同流动阶段的渗流特征与开发规律。研究结果表明:层理缝发育可改善储层物性条件,提高渗吸置换效率,降低启动压力梯度;弹性开发阶段随地层压力下降,渗流通道减小,缝网导流能力降低,具有明显的应力敏感性。济阳页岩油开发过程中,开发初期流态以易流区供液的裂缝线性流和裂缝椭圆流为主;开发中期缓流区向易流区供能,流态转变为地层椭圆流;开发后期滞流区内的页岩油逐渐动用,流态转变为边界控制流。受地质条件和生产制度影响,不同水平井能量变化、含水率下降和产量变化规律具有较大差异。合理优化闷井时间和生产制度,能够保证渗吸置换效果,高效利用地层能量,提高页岩油产能。

表面活性剂诱导红松种鳞油脂和原花青素超声提取工艺

为研究红松种鳞油脂和原花青素超声辅助提取(UAE)工艺,以油脂和原花青素得率为响应值进行单因素分析实验,应用Box-Behnken响应面优化得出最佳工艺为67%乙醇水溶液、液料比10∶1 mL/g、茶皂素质量浓度0.3%、功率100 W、时间20 min、水浴温度50℃,预期得率分别为21.24%和3.03 mg/g,实际得率为20.86%和2.98 mg/g,相对误差为1.79%、2.97%。对比得出,UAE动力学以较短的时间进入平衡状态;UAE处理可以提高种鳞粉末在溶液中的比表面积;油脂和原花青素对应DPPH和ABTS^(+)自由基清除活性由大到小依次均为原花青素、维生素E(Ve)、油脂。研究表明红松种鳞油脂和原花青素具有较好的抗氧化能力,茶皂素诱导UAE红松种鳞油脂和原花青提取具有优势。研究成果可为红松种鳞的深度开发奠定理论基础。

基于变尺度岩相组合的陆相页岩源-储耦合机理探讨——以四川盆地侏罗系页岩层段为例

中国陆相页岩层系沉积成因及岩相组合复杂多样,陆相页岩源、储特征及耦合机理研究薄弱。以四川盆地侏罗系页岩层段为研究对象,以岩石学、沉积学及非常规储层地质学等理论为指导,综合运用岩矿、有机球化学及页岩储层表征等多种实验测试技术,开展了基于变尺度岩相组合的陆相页岩源-储耦合机理研究。提出了宏观与微观结合定岩相、变尺度分析定岩相组合的研究思路与方法,识别出陆源泥-砂沉积型、内源泥-灰沉积型和混源泥-砂-灰沉积型3种沉积成因岩相组合类型。研究发现:①页岩夹介壳灰岩或粉砂岩大尺度组合页岩段中可发育较多纹层-薄层状方解石介壳层或粉砂层,同一组合中不同尺度夹层类型具有较好的一致性;②大尺度岩相组合中米级介壳灰岩或粉砂岩层储集物性较差,对油气储集贡献有限,而小尺度岩相组合中毫米级纹层与厘米级薄层状方解石介壳粒内孔较发育,且内部有暗色有机质充填,可为油气提供有效储集空间。建立了3种沉积成因岩相组合的源-储耦合发育模式,提出由陆源型—混源型—内源型沉积岩相组合,源(总有机碳含量TOC)-储(孔隙度)参数相关性依次变好,其相关性主要与热演化程度、有机显微组分及无机矿物差异密切相关。探讨了不同类型、不同尺度岩相组合形成的影响因素,分析了从变尺度岩相组合角度认识陆相页岩油气源、储特征及耦合机理的必要性,旨在探索陆相页岩油气富集机理研究的新思路。