Synthesis and Characterization of Phenyl Camellia oleifera Seed Oil Ester Plasticizing PVC

Plasticizers are essential additives in the processing of polyvinyl chloride(PVC),with phthalate plasticizers being widely used.However,these conventional plasticizers have been shown to be harmful to human health and environmentally unfriendly,necessitating the exploration of eco-friendly bio-based alternatives.In this study,Camellia oleifera seed oil,a specialty resource in China,was utilized as a raw material and reacted with 4,4′-Methylenebis(N,N-diglycidylaniline)(AG-80)to synthesize Phenyl Camellia seed Oil Ester(PCSOE).PCSOE was employed as a plasticizer to prepare modified PVC films with varying concentrations,with the conventional plasticizer dioctyl phthalate(DOP)serving as a control.Experimental results demonstrate that PSCOE-plasticized PVC films exhibit enhanced hydrophilicity,tensile strength,and thermal stability compared to DOP-modified PVC films.The contact angle of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 66.26°to 78.48°,which is generally lower than the contact angle of DOP-modified PVC films at 78.40°,indicating improved hydrophilicity due to the modification with PCSOE.The tensile strength of PSCOE-plasticized PVC films ranges from 17.73 to 20.17 MPa,all surpassing the value of 16.41 MPa for DOP-modified PVC films.Moreover,the temperatures corresponding to 5%,10%,and 50%weight loss for PVC samples modified with PCSOE are higher than those for DOP.Hence,PCSOE presents a viable alternative to DOP as a plasticizer for PVC materials.

Study on Extraction of Tea Saponin from Camellia oleifera Cake Using Water as Extraction Solvent

This paper studied the effects of liquid-solid ratio, temperature, time and pH value on the extraction rate of tea saponin from the cake of Camellia oleifera seeds by using single factor experiment with the cake of Camellia oleifera seeds as the raw materials, and water as the extraction solvent, and orthogonal test was used to determine the optimal extraction process conditions. The results showed that the extraction ratio of tea saponin could reach up to 95.50% when the liquidsolid ratio was 11：1, extracting temperature of 80 ℃, extraction time of 6 h, and pH value of 9.

Effects of Different Picking Time and Different Geographical Provenances on Oil Content of Camellia oleifera

This paper studied effects of different picking time and different geographical provenances on oil content of Camellia oleifera. The results showed that different picking time had significant effects on the oil content of cold dew seeds and frost's descent seeds. With the delay of picking time,the oil content of cold dew seeds,frost's descent seeds,dry seeds and oil content of seed kernels were significantly increased.There was a significantly positive correlation between the oil content of fresh fruit of cold dew seeds and frost's descent seeds and the dry seed yield of fresh seeds and the oil content of fresh fruit( P < 0. 05),and the correlation coefficient was greater than 0. 85. Besides,the oil content of seed kernels of cold dew seeds was closely correlated with the seed yield of fresh seeds,oil content of fresh fruit,and oil content of fresh seeds. In the process of C. oleifera breeding,the thin coat,high seed yield and high oil content can be taken as the key research directions for future breeding. The oil content of ordinary C. oleifera seeds in 18 counties( cities) was 36. 42%-63. 33%,indicating that there were significant differences in the oil content of C. oleifera in different geographical provenances. In conclusion,according to the study of different picking time,the recommended picking time of cold dew seeds in Hunan area is around October 10,while the best picking time of frost's descent seeds is about October 30. The oil content of C. oleifera fruit in different geographical provenances is quite different. During the development of C. oleifera fruit,the cultivation and management of C. oleifera should be strengthened to increase the oil content of C. oleifera.

Estimating the Age of Oil-tea Camellia Trees

To determine the age of oil-tea camellia trees, regression equations including Logistic, Mitscherlich, Gompertz, Korf, and Richards were used to calculate accumulative growth rate using basal trunk disc and investigate the relations between the age of oil-tea camellia trees and their growth rate of secondary trunk. The Gompertz equation Y=71.296 1exp （-3.874 4exp （-0.006 4t）） was the most optimal equation to simulate the accumulative growth rate of basal trunk disc. This equation could be used to estimate the age of oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. The Korf equation Y=576.900 1exp （-4.153 0x -0.314 2 ） was the best equation to describe the relation between the age and growth rate of different secondary trunks. With the adjustment coefficient and average growth of different secondary trunk discs, it is possible to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees that grow under similar environmental conditions. In addition, taking three or more discs from the same diameter group and calculating their average growth rate could lead to more accurate results. For trees that grow in different areas, environmental conditions should be carefully considered when using the above two equations to predict the age of ancient oil-tea camellia trees.

Plasticizing Effect of Camellia oleifera Seed-Oil-Based Plasticizer on PVC Material Modification

In this study,as the plasticizer,Camellia oleifera seed-oil-based cyclohexyl ester(COSOCE)was prepared by the reaction of cyclohexene oxide and refined C.oleifera seed oil(RCOSO)obtained by acidification hydrolysis after saponification.In addition,the structure of the target product was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared(FTIR)spectroscopy,nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)spectroscopy,and Raman spectroscopy.COSOCE was used as plasticizer-modified polyvinyl chloride(PVC)membranes.The structure of the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes were characterized by Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy(SEM).The properties of the COSOCE-modified PVC membrane were characterized by contact angle measurements,universal testing machine,thermogravimetric analysis(TGA),and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC).The results revealed that(1)The COSOCE-modified PVC membranes exhibit a good microscopic morphology.Combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS)and contact angle measurement results,the COSOCE-modified PVC membranes are confirmed to be a hydrophilic material.(2)The modified PVC membrane with 60%COSOCE exhibited the best mechanical properties.The tensile strength reached 23.56±2.94 MPa.(3)COSOCE-modified PVC material exhibited better thermal stability,with a loss rate of less than 75%at the end of the first decomposition stage.Compared with that of the dioctyl-phthalate(DOP)-modified PVC membrane,the initial decomposition temperature of PVC was increased by 1.17°C–8.17°C,and the residual rate was increased by 0.67%–5.75%.The carbon–carbon double bond in the COSOCE molecular structure can remove the free radicals generated during the degradation of PVC material and slow down the decomposition rate of PVC.In addition,the double bond can be cross-linked partially with the PVC molecular chain containing the conjugated polyene structure,thereby increasing the movement resistance of the PVC molecular chain segment.Hence,COSOCE can replace DOP as a PVC plasticizer.

木本植物适应酸性土壤机理的研究进展——以胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)和油茶(Camellia oleifera)为例

综述了近年来木本植物适应酸性土壤的耐铝机理研究进展,重点以酸性土壤先锋植物胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor)和铝累积植物油茶(Camellia oleifera)为例,总结了木本植物根系有机酸的分泌、铝吸收和运输机制及铝与氮磷胁迫的协同适应等。木本植物有铝累积和铝排斥植物之分;铝排斥植物胡枝子耐铝的重要机制是其根系同时分泌柠檬酸和苹果酸;铝累积植物油茶高效累积铝的原因在于其不仅可以高效吸收土壤和土壤溶液中广泛存在的铝(Al3+和Al-F),而且可以通过木质部运输和特定季节韧皮部运输的配合实现铝的高效分配和传输;铵态氮相对于硝态氮可缓解胡枝子的铝毒害;磷对不同胡枝子耐铝作用的影响明显不同。木本植物适应酸性土壤机理的深入研究将会有助于完善植物的耐铝机理及铝运输理论,并为酸性土壤中矿质养分管理提供理论基础。

New Process for Extracting Oil and Starch from Tea Seeds

A new process for extracting oil and starch from tea seed was introduced. The new process included one special link compared with all of the processes used now for tea seed oil and starch production. The link was static fermentation by which oil bodies and starch were separated naturally from tea seeds. By the process, tea seed oil and starch which were in conformity with government standards about edible oil and starch were successfully produced with 16% and 8% of production rate, respectively. The new process has many advantages, such as more simple equipments, lower production cost and whole natural products, etc..

Physicochemical Properties and Functional Compounds of Commercial Green Tea Seed Oil

Physicochemical properties of green tea seed oil including cold test,color,flash point,gravity,refraction index,moisture content,acid value,iodine value,unsaponifiable matter and saponification value were investigated.Fatty acid composition and catechin content of the oil was determined by GC and HPLC analysis.The oil is stable at low temperature.High flash point(267.8 ± 5.1℃) showed the high thermal stability of green tea seed oil as well,which support for suitability to use as cooking oil.Specific gravity and refraction index of green tea seed oil was found as 0.913 and 1.4679,respectively.Color of the oil was measured as 99.7 ± 0.2 for lightness,1.9 ± 0.1 for greenness and 6.6 ± 0.1 for yellowness.Acid value(KOH mg/ml),iodine value,unsaponifiable matter(%) and saponification value of green tea seed oil were 0.21,104.1,0.11 and 215,respectively.Fatty acids compositions of green tea seed oil was found to be dominated by oleic acid(81.3%) and presence of minor amount of linoleic acid(4.8%),palmitic acid(4.6%),palmitoleic acid(3.3%),linolenic acid(3.2%) and stearic acid(1.0%).The presence of antioxidative compounds such as(-)-epicatechingallate(207.2 ± 0.2 g /g) and(-)-epigallocatechin gallate(99.5 ± 0.6 g/g) in the oil could enhance its shelf life during storage.

Development of a Rapid and Simple Non-Derivatization Method to Determine Constituents and Antioxidative Capacity of Camellia Oils by HPTLC

Camellia oil is an edible vegetable oil with high value of nutrition and health protection function such as antioxidant and adjusting blood fat. In this study, a simple, rapid and effective HPTLC method was developed for analyzing the composition and antioxidant constituents of camellia oil. The HPTLC was performed on G60 plate with n-hexane-diethyl ether-acetic acid (6:4:0.1, v/v/v) as mobile phase combined with two coloration methods (ethanol containing 10% phosphomolybdic acid, ethanol containing 0.03% DPPH) and scanning densitometry technique. The unsaturated fatty glyceride, free fatty acids, sterols and lipids including triolein, oleic acid, ergosterin, β-sitosterol, tocopherol and phospholipids in camellia oils were determined and performed densitometrically at λs1 = 620 nm and λs2 = 517 nm. The results show that the main components of different samples of camellia oil are similar, however the contents are diverse. The antioxidative test shows that camellia oil has obvious antioxidant capability as olive oil, especially the pressed virgin oil. Therefore, this non-derivatization HPTLC method can be used for composition and antioxidative capacity determination of camellia oils.

Processing technology of Camellia oleifera seed

Camellia oleifera industry plays a key role in the safety of edible oils in China,and its seed has great potential for comprehensive utilization.This review mainly introduced processing technology of Camellia seed,which included pretreatment,extraction,and high value utilization.The comprehensive utilization and nutritional value of Camellia seed were discussed.Microwave is the best pretreatment method,and shelling technology can improve oil yield.Cold pressing technology was widely accepted and aqueous enzymatic method had wide prospects.Comprehensive utilization technology of Camellia oleifera cake mainly focused on saponin extracting.In the future,processing technology of Camellia seed will be further developed in the direction of improving comprehensive utilization rate to meet new consumption demand.

Isolation and microbial transformation of tea sapogenin from seed pomace of Camellia oleifera with anti-inflammatory effects

In the current study,tea saponin,identified as the primary bioactive constituent in seed pomace of Camellia oleifera Abel.,was meticulously extracted and hydrolyzed to yield five known sapogenins:16-O-tiglogycamelliagnin B(a),camelliagnin A(b),16-O-angeloybarringtogenol C(c),theasapogenol E(d),theasapogenol F(e).Subsequent biotransformation of compound a facilitated the isolation of six novel metabolites(a1−a6).The anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds was assessed using pathogenassociated molecular patterns(PAMPs)and damage-associated molecular patterns molecules(DAMPs)-mediated cellular inflammation models.Notably,compounds b and a2 demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on both lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1)-induced inflammation,surpassing the efficacy of the standard anti-inflammatory agent,carbenoxolone.Conversely,compounds d,a3,and a6 selectivity targeted endogenous HMGB1-induced inflammation,showcasing a pronounced specificity.These results underscore the therapeutic promise of C.oleifera seed pomace-derived compounds as potent agents for the management of inflammatory diseases triggered by infections and tissue damage.

中国主要油茶产区山茶炭疽菌群体遗传结构分析

以中国主要油茶产区的油茶(Camellia oleifera Abel.)炭疽病优势种山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)的16个地理种群168个菌株为供试材料,应用ISSR分子标记技术进行遗传多样性和种群遗传结构分析。16个地理种群的多态位点百分比(PPB)为98.99%,Nei’s基因多样性指数(He)为0.28,Shannon信息多样性指数(Is)为0.43,遗传相似度(I)平均为0.834,遗传距离(D)平均为0.183,表明山茶炭疽菌遗传多样性水平较高且异质性较强,种群间存在一定程度的遗传变异,遗传距离与地理距离之间无相关性。湖北省、浙江省、江西省、湖南省和广西5个省级种群总基因多样度(Ht)为0.274 8,遗传分化系数(Gst)为0.517 4,基因流(Nm)为0.466 4,表明山茶炭疽菌5个省级种群虽然被分化,但是不存在基因流动现象(Nm<1)。

油茶籽粕发酵菌株的筛选鉴定及发酵产物特性分析

油茶行业的迅速发展导致油茶籽粕废弃物的大量产生,其落后的处理方式造成了严重的资源浪费,制约了我国油茶行业的可持续发展。油茶籽粕中富含有机质,利用微生物发酵法降解其中的纤维素、木质素及茶皂素等生物大分子来制备有机肥是实现油茶籽粕合理资源化利用的有效途径。通过筛选获得3株针对油茶籽粕中纤维素和木质素的高效降解菌,包括1株真菌X1-1,属于Pleurostomarichardsiae,以及2株细菌M4-2和M5-2,分别为蒙氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas monteilii)和类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus sp)属,可有效降低发酵产物中茶皂素的含量,实现油茶籽粕的无害化处理。实验结果显示,经菌株X1-1、M4-2和M5-2发酵处理28 d后,油茶籽粕中纤维素含量的降解率分别为29.74%、19.65%和13.19%,木质素含量的降解率分别为12.84%、17.85%和26.39%,茶皂素含量的降解率分别为34.06%、45.05%和46.15%;且发酵后的油茶籽粕腐熟度、有机质含量和养分含量等指标均符合有机肥标准。研究结果拓展了油茶籽粕的资源化利用途径,同时为木质素和纤维素的高效降解提供了良好的菌种资源。

响应面分析法优化油茶饼粕中茶皂素的提取工艺

试验以油茶饼粕为原料,采用内部沸腾法提取茶皂素。以提高油茶饼粕中茶皂素的提取率为优化目标,通过单因素试验并结合Plackett-Burman(PB)试验,得到3个对茶皂素提取率有显著影响的关键因素:解吸剂浓度、解吸剂用量及提取时间。依据Box-Behnken(BBD)中心组合设计原理,分析和评价3个主要因素对茶皂素提取率的影响。结果显示,解吸剂乙醇浓度为85%、解吸剂用量为25 mL、解吸时间为30 min、提取剂液料比为10 mL/g、提取时间为15 min、提取温度为90℃时,茶皂素的理论提取率可达到15.19%。在最佳工艺条件下进行验证试验,茶皂素的实际提取率为15.11%,与模型预测理论值的相对误差为-0.53%。研究表明,试验提取工艺切实可行,可为油茶饼粕的综合开发利用提供参考。

海南岛油茶种质资源鉴定与分布研究进展

油茶是中国特有的木本油料树种,茶籽油是一种极为健康的食用油。海南岛种植油茶的历史悠久,但对海南岛油茶种质资源鉴定与分布研究一直很不充分。随着海南本地油茶新种——海南油茶(Camellia hainanica)的鉴定及采用流式细胞术结合染色体计数法对海南油茶倍性进行深入研究,目前已对海南岛的油茶种质资源及其分布有了一个较为清晰的认识。但是未来仍需要对海南省认定的23个油茶优良品系/品种进行染色体鉴定,以及对海南“山柚油”物种来源进一步探讨。

基于关键气象因子的油茶种仁含油率预测模型构建

含油率是油茶重要的经济性状,构建油茶含油率预测模型对于茶油产量预报有重要的意义。本研究以普通油茶为研究对象,通过分析油茶种仁含油率与不同气象因子的关系,确定影响油茶种仁含油率的关键气象因子,然后用回归分析法构建基于关键气象因子的油茶含油率预测模型,并用独立资料检验预测模型效果。结果表明:8月平均气温、8月最高气温、9月最高气温、油脂转化积累高峰期最高气温与含油率呈显著的负相关关系。通过逐步回归分析法拟合得到了3个油茶含油率预测模型,用独立资料检验后,发现基于9月降水量(x_(1))、9月最高气温(x_(2))和油脂转化积累高峰期最长连续无降水天数(x3)的油茶种仁含油率(y)预测模型(y=79.46-0.03x_(1)-0.86x_(2)-0.30x3)效果好,平均相对误差为4.6%,可应用于普通油茶种仁含油率预测。

温州地区赣无油茶含油率及脂肪酸成分动态变化研究

随着康养产业的发展,茶油作为符合健康标准的食用油越来越受人们的关注。为了解温州地区引种的赣林系列油茶品种赣无1、赣无2的成熟期含油率及脂肪酸成分变化,研究测定6个不同时间点油茶的鲜果重、出干籽率以及茶籽成分和脂肪酸组成等指标。结果显示,赣无1、赣无2油茶鲜果重随着时间的延迟呈降低趋势,而出干籽率则呈上升趋势。蛋白质和可溶性糖含量逐步降低,而淀粉含量则逐步升高,脂肪酸含量则先逐步上升,随后基本稳定。2个品种的脂肪含量最高分别为4.49和4.51 g·kg^(-1),均达到了良种标准。茶油脂肪酸中硬脂酸、油酸含量随着时间的延迟逐步升高,亚油酸、α-亚麻酸含量则随着时间的延迟逐步降低。

油茶巢式交配子代油脂相关性状的遗传分析

【目的】探究油茶种内杂交和种间杂交的亲本选配机制,为油茶高含油率杂交育种选育提供指导。【方法】以油茶巢式交配设计的种内、种间杂交子代为材料,分别测定种仁含油率、木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量,分析母本的一般配合力(GCA)、杂交组合的特殊配合力(SCA),解析重要性状的遗传效应。【结果】12个家系的种仁含油率为17.83%~53.55%,木质素含量为4.68%~18.12%,纤维素含量为3.66%~13.04%,半纤维素含量0.54%~12.20%。种仁含油率、木质素、纤维素和半纤维素含量的差异在组合间和母本内父本间达到了显著水平。含油率和木质素、半纤维素含量呈显著负相关关系,其相关系数为-0.489和-0.297。长林4号种仁含油率的GCA最高,达到1.57。各组合的SCA分析表明,含油率SCA为-6.38~4.28,其中含油率SCA高且其余3个性状SCA低的种内杂交组合有40×95和4×18。种间杂交组合含油率的SCA普遍较低,仅53×小2较高,为2.77。除木质素外,含油率、纤维素、半纤维素含量主要受显性效应控制,非加性方差大于加性方差,说明以这3个性状为目标的杂交育种中评估亲本的SCA比GCA更重要。4个性状的单株遗传力范围为10.84%~58.35%,家系遗传力为4.23%~.21.35%,均受到较强的环境效应影响。【结论】以配合力为参考指标,结合各组合的表型数据,选出可用于油茶高含油杂交种质创制的优良种内杂交组合40×95和4×18,种间杂交组合53×小2。

油茶籽油品质性状研究进展

油茶籽油的品质和质量是衡量油茶品质的关键标准之一。目前,油茶籽油品质高低的评价指标主要集中在理化性质、脂肪酸组成及功能性营养成分等方面。其中不饱和脂肪酸总量、角鲨烯、维生素E的含量以及酸值、过氧化值等是评价油茶籽油品质的重要依据之一。随着油茶籽油品质性状的比较研究逐渐增多,对于这些性状合成相关基因的集中研究显得不够深入,并且大多数基因之间的相互作用机制尚未清楚。为进一步了解品质性状对油茶良种选育的影响,为选育高品质油茶品种提供参考,本文综述了油茶籽油脂肪酸组成及生物活性成分等品质性状的研究,并探讨了影响品质性状的因素。同时,分析了脂肪酸和功能性营养成分合成代谢相关基因的深层次分子研究进展,对开发油茶重要品质性状关联的分子标记具有指导意义。

基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速测定及特征波长特性研究

为了探索紫外-可见-近红外反射光谱测定油茶籽油掺伪量的方法,按照不同掺伪比例制备了244个油茶籽油掺伪大豆油、菜籽油、花生油、玉米油的样本,以自主搭建的实验平台采集所制备样本在200~1100 nm范围内的反射光谱。将原始光谱进行Savitzky-Golay(SG)-连续小波变换(CWT)预处理后,利用Kennard-Stone(K-S)算法以2∶1的比例将样本划分成校正集和预测集。采用竞争性自适应重加权算法(CARS)、连续投影算法(SPA)、自主软收缩算法(BOSS)、迭代变量子集优化算法(IVSO)进行特征波长选择,分别建立基于支持向量机(SVM)、极限学习机(ELM)、随机森林(RF)的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型,同时对特征波长的特性进行了研究。结果表明:原始光谱经过SG-CWT(L5)预处理和BOSS特征波长筛选后,建立的基于SVM的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型能够鉴别掺伪量为1%及以上的油茶籽油,该模型在十折交叉验证和网格搜索法下得到最佳惩罚因子(c)和核函数(γ)分别为5.2780和0.1088,其预测决定系数(R_(P)^(2))、预测均方根误差(RMSE_P)、预测平均绝对误差(MAE_(P))分别为0.9985、0.0134、0.0102。特征波长聚集程度和陡度对模型预测结果存在一定影响。综上,建立的基于反射光谱的油茶籽油掺伪量快速预测模型预测误差小,预测效果较好。