Synthesis of Castor Oil-based Cationic Waterborne Polyurethane Emulsion and Its Application

Castor oil-based cationic waterborne polyurethane(CWPU)was synthesized by pre-polymer process using castor oil(CO),poly(adipic acid-1,4-succinate diol)(PBA),isophorone diisocyanate(IPDI),and N-methyldiethanolamine(MDEA).The influences of the content of CO and MDEA on comprehensive performance and finished fabric properties of cationic waterborne polyurethane was investigated,especially the antibacterial properties of finished fabric.The CWPU latex particle size and its distribution decrease as the content of CO increased from 0wt%to 16.8wt%,and increases afterwards.The CWPU films show much higher thermal stability than cationic waterborne polyurethane without CO.The surface of fabrics was characterized by scanning electron microscope(SEM).The finished fabric surface is much smoother.In addition,the finished fabric with CWPU emulsion has better antibacterial property against E.coli and S.aureus.When MDEA content is 8%,the antibacterial rates of the two kinds of bacteria are 77.3%and 82.2%,respectively.

Experimental research on oil fi lm thickness and its microwave scattering during emulsifi cation

Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR) plays a major role in identifying oil spills on the sea surface.However,obtaining information of oil spill thickness(volume) is still a challenge.Emulsification is an important process affecting the thickness and normalized radar cross section(NRCS) of oil film.Experiments of crude oil emulsification with C-band fully-polarized scatterometer were conducted combining airborne hyperspectral imaging spectrometer and 3 D laser scanner observation data,to provide experimental parameters and method to support accurate remote sensing monitoring on marine oil spill.It is further proved that through quantitative homogeneous emulsified oil spill experiments,to a certain extent,the NRCS of oil film increased during the emulsification process of crude oil.The backscattering mechanism of crude oil emulsification was explored using a semi-empirical model(SEM);the change of oil film NRCS was modulated by its dielectric constant and surface roughness,in which the dielectric constant showed a dominant effect.The relationship between thickness and NRCS of oil film was studied under two experimental conditions.The differences of NRCS between oil film and adjacent seawater(Δσ~0) and the damping ratio(DR) were found to have a linear relationship with oil thickness,which were best in the vertical polarization mode(VV) at 45° incident angle during the quantitative crude oil homogeneous emulsification process.In the natural emulsification process of continuous oil spill in which oil film was mixed with both crude oil and emulsified oil,an empirical equation of oil film thickness is preliminarily established.The Δσ~0,DR,and the empirical equation of oil film thickness were applied to the marine continuous oil spill incident on a 19-3 oil platform with spaceborne SAR image and successfully explained the distribution of the relative thickness of the oil film.

Kinetic and thermodynamic studies of the esterification of acidified oil catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resin

This study describes the kinetics and thermodynamics of the esterification of acidified oil with methanol catalyzed by sulfonated cation exchange resins（SCER）. The effects of the mass ratio of methanol to acidified oil,reaction temperature,and catalyst loading were studied to optimize the conditions for maximum conversion of free fatty acids（FFAs）. The results showed that the optimal conversion rate of FFAs was 91.87% at the mass ratio of methanol to acidified oil of 2.5：1.0,reaction temperature of 65.0 °C,catalyst loading of 5.0 g and reaction time of 8.0 h. The external and internal mass transfer resistances were negligible based on the experimental results and a pseudo-homogeneous kinetic model was proposed for the esterification. The activation energy and thermodynamic parameters including G,S and H were determined. The conversion rates of FFAs obtained from the established model were in good agreement with the experimental data.

The composition of acid/oil interface in acid oil emulsions

In well stimulation treatments using hydrochloric acid,undesirable water-in-oil emulsion and acid sludge may produce and then cause operational problems in oil field development.The processes intensify in the presence of Fe(Ⅲ),which are from the corroded surfaces of field equipment and/or iron-bearing minerals of the oil reservoir.In order to understand the reasons of the stability of acid emulsions,acid emulsions were prepared by mixing crude oil emulsion with 15% hydrochloric acid solutions with and without Fe(Ⅲ) and then separated into free and upper(water free) and intermediate(with water) layers.It is assumed that the oil phase of the free and upper layers contains the compounds which do not participate in the formation of acid emulsions,and the oil phase of the intermediate layers contains components involved in the formation of oil/acid interface.The composition of the oil phase of each layer of the emulsions was studied.It is found that the asphaltenes with a high content of sulfur,oxygen and metals as well the flocculated material of protonated non-polar oil components are concentrated at the oil/acid interface.In addition to the above,in the presence of Fe(Ⅲ) the Fe(Ⅲ)-based complexes with polar groups of asphaltenes are formed at the acid/oil interface,contributing to the formation of armor films which enhance the emulsion stability.

Influence of Oil-paper Conditions on the Static Electrification Phenomena of Transformer Oils

This contribution is not only intended to provide a fresh review for researches on static electrification, but also contains a sub- stantial amount of new material with a view of closing some gaps in the present state of knowledge of oil streaming electrification. In this paper, the Electrostatic Charging Tendency (ECT) of fresh (unaged) and aged transformer oils were investigated in a spinning disk system. Static electrification measurement at different aging degrees was carried out under laboratory controlled conditions. Changes in static elec- trification were compared to some classical aging indexes (conductivity, dissipation factor, water content, resistivity, etc.). Fast, inexpensive and reliable laboratory testing procedures developed by American Society for Testing Materials (D 6802 and D 6181) were also used to monitor decay products as trace impurities. The obtained results show that static electrification currents increase with temperature, fluid mo- tion velocity, surface properties and the aging byproducts of the oil. The polarity, the amplitude and the time constant of the electrification currents are also affected. The results show that static electrification has relationship with thermal aging and is sensitive to turbidimetric and spectrophotometric measurements.

Surfactant-Modified Hydrophobic Biochar Derived from Laver (Porphyra haitanensis) with Superior Removal Performance for Kitchen Oil

In this study,a novel absorpent(MSAR600℃)with a hydrophobic surface and hierarchical porous structure for the removal of kitchen oil was facilely fabricated from the macroalgae,laver(Porphyra haitanensis)by incorpor-ating high-temperature carbonization and alkyl polyglucosides(APG)and rhamnolipid(RL)surfactants modifi-cation.The characterization results showed MSAR600℃ possessed a louts-leaf-like papillae microstructure with high contact angle(137.5°),abundant porous structure with high specific surface area(23.4 m^(2)/g),and various oxygen-containing functional groups(-OH,C=O,C-O).Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to inves-tigate the effect of adsorption time,temperature,pH,and absorbent dose on kitchen oil adsorption performance.Then the practical application for the removal of kitchen oil using MSAR600℃ was also performed.The results showed that MSAR600℃ had a higher removal efficiency for kitchen oil(75.98%),compared with the commercial detergent(72.3%).This study demonstrates an example of fabricating a green tableware detergent for enhanced removal performance of kitchen oil.

阳离子型疏水缔合聚合物的合成与性能评价

以十八胺、环氧氯丙烷、N,N-二甲氨基甲基丙烯酸乙酯为原料,通过开环、季铵化两步反应合成一种新型阳离子疏水单体N,N-二甲基-N-甲基丙烯酰氧乙基-N-2-羟基-1-十八胺基丙基氯化铵(DMHOAC),再与丙烯酰胺通过胶束聚合合成阳离子型疏水缔合聚合物(CHAP)。采用FTIR,1H NMR等方法对DMHOAC和CHAP的结构进行表征,并对CHAP的性能进行测定。实验结果表明,CHAP的临界缔合浓度为0.32%(w),Mη可达755.62×104,特性黏度约为1511.32 dL/g;CHAP具有较强的耐盐性,NaCl含量达到80000 mg/L时,CHAP-NaCl体系黏度保留率可达60%,CaCl2含量达到5000 mg/L时,CHAP-CaCl2体系黏度保留率可达10%左右;CHAP的耐温性强,当温度达到90℃时,溶液表观黏度稳定在106.5 mPa·s;CHAP溶液悬砂性能优异;仅用0.05%(w)的破胶剂,CHAP就可达到破胶液标准,且破胶液无残渣。

基于油酸咪唑啉组分的阳离子加脂剂制备

油酸咪唑啉作为阳离子加脂剂的活性成分,其由油酸和羟乙基乙二胺进行合成;研究将油酸咪唑啉与中性油复合后,通过相转化法制备获得乳液型阳离子皮革加脂剂(GC)。对油酸咪唑啉组分及GC进行分析,并与市售阳离子加脂剂FC进行对比。结果表明,GC具有较好的乳化稳定性,其乳液平均粒径为2.21μm,小于FC(3.21μm);在黄牛皮沙发革的加脂应用中,采用GC加脂的坯革相较于FC具有更好的油润感、手感持久度、耐光性及物理力学性能。实验表明,GC是一种良好的阳离子加脂剂。

国内深海油气田开发用无缝钢管的设计及应用现状

随着能源需求的不断增加,全球海洋油气开发需求与日俱增。本文介绍了国内深海油气田开发现状及发展趋势,总结出深海油气田开发用管的特点及主要技术要求,调研了国内油气输送用大口径海洋用无缝管线管生产现状,论述了钢管的种类、轧制方法及国内主要钢管生产企业的生产能力,并结合国内某深水油田实际海管设计要求,指出了我国深海油气田输送管线管材料设计、生产工艺、几何尺寸和力学性能要求。鉴于我国深海油气开发起步晚,与国外发达国家相比仍存在很大差距,今后应重点完善管材设计和生产装备,同时结合输送工况的需求开发高品质大口径输送油气用无缝管线管。

扶余油层采出液特性及集输参数界限研究

杏北扶余油层属低孔、特低渗透储层,采出液呈现高凝、高黏的特点,为确保原油稳定集输,转油站掺水温度高,单井掺水量大,集输单耗高。通过开展扶余采出液特性研究,明确了扶余采出液性质,与常规萨葡高油层相比,扶余油层采出液黏度及凝固点高,乳化油粒径小、稳定性强,导致集输与处理困难大。通过开展掺水优化现场试验,确定了扶余油井能耗最佳运行参数,以凝固点为集输进间边界,有效降低集输能耗,为后续区块规划设计及低耗运行提供指导依据。

基于OTN OSU协议的油气管道阀室通信网络方案

随着油气管道阀室通信网络逐渐扩张和承载业务的复杂化,现有的组网方案亟需进行升级更新。提出了基于光传送网光业务单元(OTN OSU)的油气管道阀室通信网络方案。首先,分析了油气管道阀室通信网络组网过程中面临的挑战,并概述了当前组网方案的现状;然后,引入OTN OSU协议对油气管道阀室通信光网络架构进行优化,并设计了工业级光传输客户前端设备(CPE)样机;最后,对方案进行现网环境测试验证。测试结果表明:所提方案有效改善网络时延,且支持多种业务承载,CPE样机功耗低于40 W,提升了网络效率。

大蒜油亚微乳的稳定性研究

目的 考察大蒜油亚微乳的稳定性。方法 采用HPLC法,以大蒜素(DATS)为指标性成分,分别对大蒜油亚微乳、大蒜油注射液进行高温高湿冷冻稀释试验以及加速试验,长期留样观察试验,并以粒径为指标观察物理稳定性。结果 在高温、光照条件下,亚微乳中大蒜素的含量有所下降,粒径无明显变化,同等条件下,DATS在注射液中的下降率几乎是在亚微乳中的2倍;冷冻条件下,含量无变化,而粒径显著增大。在2 5±2℃下避光条件下进行的加速试验和在6±2℃条件下进行的长期留样试验,各项检查指标基本无变化,稳定性良好。稀释试验表明不同稀释剂在10h内对乳剂的各项检查指标无显著影响。结论 大蒜油亚微乳的稳定性比大蒜油注射液的有所提高,但仍应在适宜温度下避光贮存,不得冷冻。

阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺与阳离子表面活性剂的相互作用

采用自由基水溶液共聚法制备了带有负电荷的水溶性聚丙烯酰胺,研究了水溶液中聚合物与阳离子表面活性剂的相互作用及所导致的水溶性、黏度和流变学性质的变化,为进一步研究驱油提供了理论基础.

离子色谱法测定高氯、高钠油田回注水中的阴、阳离子及有机酸

建立了高氯、高钠油田回注水中痕量无机阴、阳离子和有机酸的离子色谱分析方法。对高钠基质中痕量阳离子的测定,选用IonPacCS12A分析柱、H2SO4溶液梯度淋洗、电导检测器检测;对高氯基质中阴离子及有机酸的测定,选用对OH-具有高选择性的高容量的IonPacAS11 HC柱、KOH梯度淋洗、电导检测器检测。在优化的梯度淋洗条件下,高氯或高钠的存在不影响痕量阴离子或阳离子的测定。该方法具有良好的线性(r=0 9926～0 9990)和精密度(测定组分峰面积的相对标准偏差(n=7)在8 0%以下),回收率为90%～110%,最小检测限为1 55～31 8μg/L。该方法操作简单、方便,结果准确、可靠。

改性土壤对模拟含油废水中油的吸附

研究季铵盐阳离子表面活性剂四甲基铵离子 ( TMA)和十六烷基三甲基铵离子 ( HDTMA)改性的土壤 (黑土、黄棕壤、红壤 )对水中油的吸附作用 .结果表明 :改性土壤和未改性土壤均可吸附水中的油 ,但改性土壤对水中油的吸附能力明显高于未改性土壤 .改性土壤吸附油能力的顺序依次为 :1 CEC- HDTMA黑土 >1 CEC- HDTMA黄棕壤 >1 CEC- HDTMA红壤 >1 CEC-TMA黑土 >1 CEC- TMA黄棕壤 >1 CEC- TMA红壤 .未改性土壤和 HDTMA改性土壤对油的吸附通过分配来进行 ,吸附等温线可由 Henry方程表示 ,得出 log KSOM为 2 .69,log KHDTMA为 3.35;TMA改性土壤对油的吸附符合 Langmuir方程 ,其对油的饱和吸附量分别为 1 1 50 mg/kg( TMA黑土 ) ,751 mg/kg( TMA黄棕壤 ) ,1 72 mg/kg( TMA红壤 )

阳离子型油溶性稠油降黏剂的研制

针对油溶性稠油降黏剂存在选择性高和降黏率低的问题,以甲基丙烯酸十八酯、长链阳离子单体CM-1、苯乙烯和丙烯酸为原料,通过溶液聚合法合成了一种阳离子型的油溶性稠油降黏剂。由降黏效果的评价,确定了该聚合物最佳合成条件:n(甲基丙烯酸十八酯)∶n(长链阳离子单体CM-1)∶n(苯乙烯)∶n(丙烯酸)为15∶1∶5∶4,引发剂质量分数为0.9%,反应温度为70℃,反应时间为7 h,单体质量分数为33%;在50℃条件下,降黏剂质量浓度为800 mg/L时,考察了降黏剂对不同稠油的降黏效果,尤其对高黏和含水率高的稠油降黏效果最好,其降黏率最高可达55.40%。并通过加剂前后胶质、沥青质的红外谱图,分析了降黏剂分子与胶质、沥青质的作用机理。

菜籽油环氧化制备润滑油基础油的研究

植物油基润滑油具有良好的润滑性能和可生物降解的优点,是可持续生产的绿色润滑油。今以菜籽油为原料、双氧水和乙酸为氧化剂,采用固体酸——CD-450强酸性阳离子交换树脂为催化剂,对菜籽油进行环氧化,从而制取环氧化菜籽油,即菜籽油润滑油。研究了固体酸的催化性能,实验考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量等因素对菜籽油环氧化反应的影响规律,并分别通过红外光谱和盐酸-丙酮法对菜籽油环氧化产物进行定性和定量分析,证明了目标产物的存在,定量确定了环氧化产物的环氧值。实验对CD-450强酸性阳离子交换树脂和浓硫酸的催化性能进行了比较,同时也考察了阳离子树脂的再生利用性能。研究结果表明强酸性阳离子交换树脂可以用作催化剂进行菜籽油环氧化生产润滑油基础油,该制备方法因无强矿物酸排放、是环境友好型的绿色生产工艺,具有实际应用价值。

疏水改性高分子絮凝剂的合成及其对含油污水的净化

采用水溶液自由基胶束共聚法,通过氧化还原引发体系聚合,制得了一种疏水改性高分子阳离子絮凝剂.探讨了疏水功能单体的引入对絮凝剂分子聚集形态和絮凝性能的影响.结果表明,疏水单元的存在,在分子聚集体中形成了疏水微区,增强了聚合物的絮凝性能,提高了其净化含油污水的能力.

阳离子烷基葡萄糖苷钻井液

针对烷基糖苷钻井液在现场应用中出现的问题,中原油田钻井液技术公司首次将阳离子烷基糖苷(CAPG)引入钻井液。CAPG钻井液的优化配方为:375 mL自来水+6%CAPG+0.6%降滤失剂LV-CMC+0.6%流型调节剂黄原胶+0.4%增黏剂HV-CMC+3%封堵剂WLP+0.4%NaOH+0.2%Na_2CO_3+24%NaCl+0.4%抗氧化剂NaHSO_3。CAPG钻井液的相关性能测试结果表明,该钻井液体系在抑制性、抗温性、润滑性、滤液表面活性、抗污染性、降滤失性及储层保护等方面性能优良。岩屑一次回收率99.15%,相对回收率99.45%,相对抑制率91.4%,抗温达160℃,极压润滑系数0.097,滤液表面张力19.52mN/m,滤失量4.0mL,抗NaCl 36%(质量分数,后同),抗CaCl25%,抗膨润土10%,抗钻屑10%,抗水侵20%,抗原油10%,岩心的静态渗透率恢复值大于93%,动态渗透率恢复值大于92%。其各方面性能均优于烷基糖苷钻井液,在油气勘探开发中的应用前景良好。

阴阳离子表面活性剂混合体系对原油的乳化及增粘行为

利用阴阳离子表面活性剂复配技术,实现了高含水量原油体系的乳化及增粘.通过调整表面活性剂分子结构,解决了阴阳离子表面活性剂复配体系在油田模拟水中的溶解度问题.确定了相关体系高含水量油包水(W/O)乳状液的表面活性剂浓度,研究了可以产生高含水量油包水乳状液的油水混合体积比范围,并研究了温度、pH值、油水混合比例和离子强度对乳化及增粘作用的影响.获得了一系列具有优良乳化效果和乳状液稳定性的体系,其中部分体系粘度可增大80倍.这对于三次采油提高采收率有重要意义.