Air-SAGD technology for super-heavy oil reservoirs

The air oxidation of super-heavy oil at low temperature was studied in laboratory and its influences on oil viscosity, component and steam sweep efficiency before and after air-injection were analyzed. The feasibility, operation mode and air flooding effect at the late stage of steam assisted gravity drainage(SAGD) were investigated by numerical simulation. The experimental results show for vertical-horizontal well pair SAGD test area of Xing VI Formation in Block Du 84 of Liaohe Oilfield, the low temperature oxidation occurred between 150-250 ?C(steam chamber temperature), the oil viscosity increased greatly after low temperature oxidation, consequently, the oil displacement efficiency dropped sharply. Three development methods in the late stage of SAGD were simulated, i.e., steam + air low temperature oxidation, only air low temperature oxidation and only air high temperature oxidation. By comparing production dynamic curves and residual oil distribution etc., high temperature oxidation reduced the heat loss in late stage of SAGD, recovered the residual oil effectively, and prolonged reservoir development time.

Impact of Crude Oil Storage Tank Emissions and Gas Flaring on Air/Rainwater Quality and Weather Conditions in Bonny Industrial Island, Nigeria

This study investigated the effects of gaseous emissions from crude storage tank and gas flaring on air and rainwater quality in Bonny Industrial Island. Ambient air quality parameters, rainwater and weather parameters were collected at 60 m, 80 m, 100 m, 200 m and control plot for 4 weeks at the Bonny. Rainwater parameters were investigated using standard laboratory tests. Data analyses were done using Analysis of variance, pairwise t-test and Pearson’s correlation statistical tools. Results show that emission rates, volatile organic compound (VOC) noise and flare temperature decreased with increasing distance from flare points and crude oil storage tanks. Findings further revealed the emission rates varied significantly with distance away from the gas flaring point (F = 6.196;p = 0.004). The mean concentration of pollutants between gas flare site and crude oil storage tank showed that CO (0.02 ± 0.001 - 0.002 ±0.001), SPM (0.011 ± 0.001 - 0.01 ± 0.001), VOC (0.005 ± 0.001 - 0.01 ± 0.001) and NO2 (0.04 ± 0.001 - 0.005 ± 0.000) had significant variations (p > 0.05) with CO, O3 and NO2 having higher concentrations at the gas flare site while SPM, and VOC were higher around the crude oil storage tank site. Wind turbulence was higher around the gas flaring point (4.93 TKE) than the crude oil storage tank (4.55 TKE). Similarly, there was significant variation in the sun radiation, precipitation, and wind speed caused by gas flaring (1582.25 w/m2, 436.25 mm, 0.53 m/s) and crude oil storage tank (1536.25 w/m2, 3.91.41 mm, 0.51 m/s). There were also significant variations in flared temperature (F = 22.144;p = 0.001);NO2 (F = 8.250;p = 0.001), CO (F = 6.000;p = 0.004) and VOC (F = 5.574;p = 0.006) with distance from the gas flaring point. The variation in the rainwater parameters with distance from the gas flaring indicated significant variations in pH (F = 5.594;p = 0.006). The study showed that the concentration of VOC and particulates were high in the supposedly control area which is perceived to be safe for human habitation. Significant variations exist in emission rate (p = 0.015), flare temperature (p = 0.001), NO2 (p = 0.003), VOC (p = 0.001), noise (p = 0.041), hydrogen carbonate (p = 0.037) and chromium (p = 0.032) between the gas flaring and crude oil storage tank. Regular monitoring is advocated to mitigate the harmful effects of the pollutants.

Numerical Investigation on Flow Pattern of Air-Oil with Different Viscosities Lubrication

In the present work, the performance of oil-air two-phase flow under different lubricant oils was investigated. The simulation method was applied to study the influence of the oil viscosity on the flow pattern, velocity distribution and Re number in oil-air lubrication by FLUENT software with VOF model to acquire the working performance of oil-air lubrication for high-speed ball bearing. This method was used to obtain the optimum lubrication conditions of high-speed ball bearing. The optimum operating conditions that produce the optimum flow pattern were provided. The optimum annular flow was obtained by PAO6 oil with the low viscosity. Reynolds number influences the fluid shape and distribution of oil and air in pipe. The annular flow can be formed when Reynolds number is an appropriate value. The velocity distribution of oil-air two-phase flow at outlet was also discussed by different oil viscosities. The simulating results show that due to the effect of the oil viscosity and flow pattern the velocity decreased and expanded gradually close to the pipe wall, and the velocity increased close to the central pipe. The simulation results provide the proposal for the design and operation of oil-air two-phase flow lubrication experiments in the present work. This work provides a useful method in designing oil-air lubrication with the optimum flow pattern and the optimum operating conditions.

Air Quality Impacts of Smallholder Oil Palm Processing in Nigeria

Air emissions during palm oil processing by smallholders are issues of public health concern demanding urgent intervention by environmentalist. In this study, six smallholder oil palm processing mills were studied inElele,Nigeria. Air emission parameters (NO2, NH3, CO, H2S, SO2, VOC), noise and meteorology (wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and pressure) were determined at three distances (10 ft,25 ftand50 ft) in both wind ward and lee ward directions from the mills covering boiling and digestion activities. The emissions from biomass were found to be significantly higher than that from fossil diesel, while noise was higher during digestion. The health implications of air emissions were discussed. The study concluded by directing attentions of regulatory agencies to monitor the activities of smallholder oil palm processing to ensure the environmental sustainability of their operations. In summary, evidence during boiling activity revealed that: · H2S ranged from - 2.400 ppm at10 ft, - 2.067 ppm at25 ftand - 0.833 ppm at50 ftfrom the mills in the wind ward direction, and - 1.167 ppm at10 ft, - 0.567 ppm at25 ftand - 0.367 ppm at50ftdistance from the mills in lee ward direction and was significantly lower during digestion. · SPM ranged from 1634 - 7853 μg/m3 at10 ft, 657 - 1110 μg/m3 at25 ftand 81 - 854 μg/m3 at50 ftfrom the mills in the wind ward direction, and 46 - 236 μg/m3 at10 ft, 44 - 120 μg/m3 at25 ftand 30 - 58 μg/m3 at50 ftfrom the mills in lee ward direction. SPM was significantly lower during digestion. · VOC ranged from 67 - 13.933 ppm at10 ft, 1.033 - 13.133 ppm at25ftand 0.500 -

喷嘴位置对轴承腔内油气润滑两相流的影响

基于气液两相流理论,采用多重坐标系法构建角接触球轴承数值计算模型,分析不同喷嘴位置和转速下轴承腔内油相体积分数、保持架表面及轴承内外圈的油气分布特性。结果表明:在轴承低转速下,正面供油时轴承腔内油相体积分数及其周向分布的波动大于背面供油;正面供油时保持架下表面会产生润滑油的积聚,造成润滑油无法及时通过出口排出,而背面供油时润滑油在保持架表面的油相分布更均匀;正面供油时内圈左面油相体积分数较高,外圈油相分布变化较大,而背面供油时内圈右面、中间面及外圈中间面油相体积分数较高。不同转速下喷嘴位置对腔内油相分布的影响也不同,低转速下正面供油时腔内油相体积分数更高,高转速下喷嘴位置对轴承腔内油相分布的影响较小,润滑油在轴承腔内分布较为均匀,保持架下侧未见明显的润滑油积聚。

角接触球轴承内圈织构设计及对油气润滑两相流的影响

针对角接触球轴承油气润滑中内圈润滑油含量少和保持性差的问题,提出在轴承内圈滚道设计圆凹坑形表面织构的润滑增效方法。基于气液两相流模型和多重参考系方法,建立内圈织构化角接触球轴承腔内油气两相流数值分析模型,分析内圈织构对轴承油气两相流动及润滑增效的影响。结果表明:织构化轴承可以显著提高润滑油在内圈的保持量,同时改善轴承腔内润滑油分布不均的状况;在微织构附近油气两相流动更不规则,所产生的压力梯度和速度梯度有利于提高气液两相膜的承载力;随着轴承转速的升高,内圈织构润滑增效效果相对减弱;随着供油量的增加,内圈织构润滑增效效果更加显著。

油水气混合的数字化微量润滑装置

微量润滑装置对油水气量的准确控制及其雾化效果,将直接影响切削冷却效果,进而影响零件加工质量。为改善微量润滑装置的辅助切削效果,研制了一种具有油水气混合的数字化微量润滑装置,有效改善了润滑油雾喷射的连续性和均匀性。基于微量润滑雾化技术,设计开发了数字化微量润滑装置,搭建铣削工艺实验平台,测试新型微量润滑装置的辅助切削效果。结果表明,所研制的油水气混合的数字化微量润滑装置能够明显提高油雾质量和辅助切削效果。

塔中深层稠油在不同氧含量下的动力学特征研究

原油在减氧空气中发生氧化反应的过程复杂,准确分析油藏条件下原油氧化反应动力学特征十分重要。为实现对油藏条件下原油氧化反应的准确分析,需进行定性与定量综合研究。采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、热重法(TG)等定性与定量测试方法,综合研究塔中深层稠油油藏在不同氧含量下的氧化机理、氧化放热、失重和动力学特征。DSC实验结果表明,氧含量的提升对原油的氧化热效应促进明显,原油的氧化放热量与峰值热流量随着氧含量的升高而大幅增加。TG实验表明,随着氧含量的升高,原油的低温氧化区间不断缩短,低温氧化阶段的质量消耗减少。低温氧化区间的温度范围随静态氧化时减氧空气中氧含量的升高(氧化程度的加深)而逐渐变窄。基于TG实验数据,使用微分法Friedman和微分法OFW求取的原油低温氧化阶段活化能接近,且活化能均随转化率的升高而增加,塔中深层稠油在氧含量为5%的减氧空气中低温氧化阶段平均活化能为81.04 kJ/mol。

考虑轴颈倾斜与空泡运动的径向滑动轴承油气润滑分析

由于重载作用及制造误差而导致的轴颈倾斜现象会改变轴承不同截面处的偏心率及油膜厚度,滑动轴承高速运转时,油膜间隙中会不可避免地混入微小气泡,因此探究轴颈发生倾斜时油气两相流对径向滑动轴承润滑特性的影响很有必要。将考虑空泡运动的、修正后的Rayleigh-Plesset(mRPS)方程与雷诺方程共同联立,通过编写相应算法求解耦合后的方程,分析含气率、气泡参数以及轴颈倾斜程度对滑动轴承静特性参数的影响。结果表明:在不同转速下,随着含气率的增加,最大油膜压力、承载力、端泄流量、摩擦力等静特性参数呈下降趋势;气泡参数对润滑性能的影响与偏心率有关,增大气泡的表面膨胀黏度与减小初始气泡半径对轴承润滑会产生相同的效果;轴颈倾斜会改变油膜压力分布及数值大小,同时使空化区域发生倾斜;随着轴颈倾斜程度的增加,滑动轴承静特性参数逐渐增大,且在大偏心率大倾斜度时更为显著;适当改变气泡参数与油液含气率会在一定程度上削弱由轴颈倾斜带来的影响。

高矿化度致密油藏空气泡沫驱油体系性能实验研究及应用

针对高矿化度介质致密油油藏气驱过程中常规泡沫驱油体系性能不稳定,无法有效驱替原油的问题,对4种起泡剂和2种稳泡剂进行室内评价实验,优选并复配了适用高矿化度介质的气驱泡沫体系,再利用室内实验结合现场矿场试验,评价复配体系在室内高矿化度介质条件下的起泡、稳泡性能以及现场采收率。结果表明,在同一起泡剂浓度的条件下,起泡剂HK559的起泡体积和泡沫半衰期远高于其他3种起泡剂,其最佳使用浓度为0.25%,与稳泡剂HK558最佳体积比为5∶5;HK559与HK558的5∶5复配体系相对其他泡沫剂具有抗Ca^(2+)能力强、稳泡性能良好、耐油性稳定等特点,是高矿化度致密油藏空气泡沫驱油体系的优选。L区块内4个注采井组采取HK体系5∶5复配进行空气泡沫驱油措施后,单井日产油量提升幅度达到91.89%,4个井组平均日增油达到了5.28 t/d,含水率平均降低6.4%,降水增油效果显著。该研究可为同类致密油藏的高效合理开发提供参考。

跨临界CO_(2)汽车空调中润滑油影响特性研究进展

应对新能源汽车复杂应用环境和应用需求,润滑油是影响跨临界CO_(2)热泵空调性能、可靠性的关键因素。油品及油充注量对于充分发挥系统性能,保障系统安全稳定运行具有重要作用。讨论了跨临界CO_(2)汽车热泵空调中润滑油的作用与影响。总结了应用于CO_(2)汽车热泵空调的几种常用润滑油,并对各种润滑油的各项应用性能进行了对比。分析了加入润滑油对跨临界CO_(2)热泵空调系统中各部件性能产生的作用与影响,以及对空调系统整体性能的影响。润滑油在压缩机中起到减小运动件磨损和工作噪声,防止制冷剂泄漏和排温过高等作用,但过量的油积聚于压缩腔中会导致容积效率降低和功耗升高;在换热器及管路中,油在流动壁面上形成的油膜增大了流动流阻及换热热阻,同时油在蒸发器中起到抑制核态沸腾和气泡扰动的效果,对换热起到恶化作用。总结了相关领域现有研究成果与结论,并对领域内关键研究方向进行了展望。

Effect of Sealing Air on Oil Droplet and Oil Film Motions in Bearing Chamber

Beating chamber is one of important components that support aero-engine rotors and research on oil droplet and oil film motions is an important part of bearing chamber lubrication and heat transfer design. Consid- ering the pressure of sealing air is an important operating condition that affects the oil droplet and oil film mo- tions, the effect of sealing air pressure on airflow in bearing chamber is investigated in this paper firstly ; and then based on the air velocity and air/wall shear force, the oil droplet moving in core air, deposition of oil droplet im- pact on wall as well as velocity and thickness of oil film are analyzed secondly; the effect of sealing air pressure on oil droplet velocity and trajectory, deposition mass and momentum, as well as oil film velocity and thickness is discussed. The work presented in this paper is conducive to expose the oil/air two phase lubrication mechanism and has certain reference value to guide design of secondary air/oil system.

高速电主轴油气润滑参数优化系统及平台设计

油气润滑是高速电主轴最高效的冷却润滑方式,然而要达到最佳的润滑效果必须针对不同型号轴承以及不同工况设定准确的油气润滑参数,这就需要可靠的试验装备进行大量的试验分析。为此搭建模拟电主轴运行工况的实验平台,设计油气润滑系统并设计一种兼具油气混合器和油气分配器功能的油气混合分配器。试验结果表明:试验平台最佳的转速范围为0~30 000 r/min,满足高速机床主轴试验的转速要求;油气混合分配器供油误差满足±10%的行业标准,使用寿命达到12万次。因此搭建的试验平台和油气润滑系统对高速电主轴油气润滑参数的试验研究有较高的可靠性。

香薷空气清新剂的制备工艺及抑菌效果评价

目的:以“药食兼用”的香薷为主要原料,研究中药香薷挥发油空气清新剂的制备工艺,以期为后续香薷防瘟疫系列产品的注册和工业化生产提供实验室依据。方法:以金黄色葡萄球菌为试验菌,抑菌圈直径为评价指标,采用纸片抑菌试验方法结合析因设计筛选空气清新剂最佳制备工艺,通过试管二倍稀释法测定香薷空气清新剂的最低抑菌浓度和最低杀菌浓度。结果:精油含量和含醇量对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌效果具有显著性影响(P<0.05),两因素间交互作用不明显,经析因设计确定香薷空气清新剂最佳制备工艺:香薷精油与雪松精油的配比为8∶2,精油与吐温-80的配比为1∶4,精油含量为6%、含醇量为40%。制得的香薷空气清新剂对金黄色葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度为7.81μL/mL,最低杀菌浓度为62.5μL/mL。结论:本实验制得了一种抑菌效果良好的中药空气清新剂。

R32/润滑油在微通道蒸发器内的滞油特性及其毛细管流动特性试验研究

基于R32家用空调系统搭建R32/润滑油在平行流微通道蒸发器内的滞油特性及其毛细管流动特性测试平台。采用拆除称量法,测试不同入口油质量分数、质量流量及干度下的平行流微通道蒸发器内的滞油体积率,基于理论分析,建立能够反映流动特征的微通道蒸发器内的滞油量预测模型,并通过试验验证该仿真模型的准确性。另外,建立R32/润滑油毛细管内绝热流动的数学模型,经适当简化得到毛细管长度的计算公式,并通过试验测得不同尺寸、工况下的毛细管流量,验证模型的精度。最后,基于仿真模型得到的大量数据点,绘制R32毛细管诺模图。研究结果对R32毛细管的设计应用具有参考价值。

轴向喷气对断油高速滚动轴承油膜运动特性影响

高速轴承断油后轴承腔内的油膜运动特性直接影响着轴承的抗断油能力。为进一步提升现有轴承的抗断油能力,采用VOF和多重参考系模型相结合的方法,系统研究喷气位置、喷气流量以及喷气角度变化对断油轴承腔内流体流动和温度场的影响。结果表明:在研究的喷气流量范围内,喷气流量变化对断油后轴承腔内油膜运动影响较小,而喷气位置和喷气角度对断油后轴承腔内的油膜运动特性具有重要影响,喷气位置在保持架上侧和喷气角度为0°时,可以延缓轴承腔内润滑油的流失,使滑油分布更均匀,从而使其具有更好的润滑冷却性能。

复配香辛料精油对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响

为了探究不同的香辛料精油复配组合对鲶鱼肉风干肠品质及安全性的影响,在腌制好的鲶鱼肉馅中分别添加丁香精油和八角精油(CA组)、丁香精油和紫苏精油(CP组)、八角精油和紫苏精油(AP组)、丁香精油和八角精油和紫苏精油(CAP组),各种精油以质量比1∶1复配,添加量为肉馅质量的0.03%,搅匀后经灌肠、风干制成鲶鱼肉风干肠,以不添加香辛料精油组为对照(CK组)。对风干肠的水分含量、水分活度(a_(w))、pH值、色差、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS)值、生物胺含量、N-亚硝胺含量、微生物数量进行测定,并对样品进行16SrDNA高通量测序分析。结果表明,AP组鲶鱼肉风干肠的水分含量为27.13%,a_(w)值为0.765。CA组的L*值和a*值较高,具有风干肠典型的外观。4个处理组的pH值均高于对照组,由高至低依次为CAP>AP>CA>CP。不同的精油复配组合在抑制脂肪氧化方面总体无显著差异(P>0.05),但均能显著降低风干肠的TBARS值(P<0.05)。AP组中生物胺和N-亚硝胺的含量较低,菌落总数、肠杆菌科数、气单胞菌数显著低于CK组(P<0.05)。高通量测序结果显示AP组和CAP组物种丰富度较低,且AP组中致病菌的相对丰度较低。综合分析,八角精油和紫苏精油复配(AP组)在改善鲶鱼肉风干肠品质和提高安全性方面效果优于其他组。

高海拔特高压换流变压器冷却性能修正研究

川藏高原是我国的资源富矿,随着藏东南能源大开发,预计建设多个特高压直流工程,而特高压换流变压器是特高压输电工程中至关重要的设备,散热是保证其安全运行的关键。现有标准制定时工程未面临超高海拔特高压工程,为避免变压器的热设计裕量选择不当而影响设备安全稳定运行情况的发生,标准适用性可以继续深入论证。主要对强油循环风冷却器在不同海拔下冷却容量、换流变压器顶部油温升进行理论分析与仿真计算的对比验证。同时利用环境气候模拟实验室完成不同海拔高度下冷却容量的测试试验,通过对试验结果与理论计算的对比验证,给出了不同海拔条件下风冷却器冷却容量的修正建议,即海拔2000~5000m范围内,在2000m基础上,海拔每升高250 m温升限值降低0.75 K。这为高海拔环境下换流变压器的冷却系统设计和标准修订提供了参考依据,对用于高海拔环境下换流变压器的热设计和可靠性评估有一定指导意义。

卧式气浮器设计及流场仿真研究

为了提高卧式气浮器的除油效率,对卧式气浮器的结构进行优化设计计算。采用CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)技术,研究了不同结构的流场变化特性。仿真结果表明,卧式气浮器流场仿真过程显示出阶梯分层效果,可以处理含油废水;当入水口在左中间轴向,挡板高度为120 mm和出水口在右中间轴向时,卧式气浮器的除油率最高可达98.75%。

塔中深层稠油减氧空气驱氧化特征及机理研究

针对塔中深层稠油油藏开展静态氧化实验,通过测试分析不同氧含量与不同氧化时间下产出油气组成,研究了油藏注减氧空气过程中原油与减氧空气的氧化特征、氧化途径与氧化机理。实验结果表明,原油的耗氧速率与减氧空气的氧含量呈正相关,与氧化时间呈负相关;二氧化碳的生成量随氧化时间与减氧空气氧含量的增加而增大;原油与减氧空气的反应会一定程度上使原油黏度增加,其黏度增加的幅度随减氧空气氧含量的升高和氧化时间的增长而增大;氧化后原油饱和烃与芳香烃的含量减少,胶质与沥青质的含量增加,且沥青质增加更为明显。原油在氧化后出现了C=O的伸缩振动峰,且振动峰随着减氧空气氧含量的增加而增强,说明原油在氧化过程中发生了加氧反应生成了醛类等物质,且氧化反应随着氧含量的升高而不断加深。