Low Frequency Dispersion Mechanism of Dielectric Response for Oil-paper Insulation Diagnosis

Both the real part and imaginary part of complex permittivity approximately have a log-linear frequency dependency at low fre- quencies, especially at ultra-low frequencies under conditions of different moisture concentrations and temperatures, which is recognized as the low frequency dispersion (LFD). In order to explain this dispersion, a new mechanism of dielectric response of LFD of oil-paper insula- tion is proposed. A simplified one-dimensional mathematical model of concentration polarization carrier caused by slow migration is developed and solved, which indicates that ion mobility is closely related to the size of gap and the adsorption capacity of cellulose molecu- lar chains to ions. A stochastic statistical model of the carrier mobility induced LFD is also developed. Moreover, actual tests under 50 °C and 2% moisture content were put forward, as well as simulations with according current waveforms. The simulation results agreed well with the experimental data in that concentration polarization of carriers caused by slow migration is the probable cause of low frequency dispersion of dielectric response for oil-paper insulation diagnosis.

Surface Partial Discharge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation Under Combined AC-DC Voltage

The valve side windings of converter transformers bear AC, DC, impulse, and reversal-polarity voltages during operation, which could result in serious insulation problems of the equipment. By performing experiments with surface discharge model of oil-paper insula- tion at 80 ℃ under combined AC-DC voltage for 200 h, we studied the spectrums and statistical parameters of partial discharges at different discharge stages. Furthermore, some fingerprint parameters were calculated in order to estimate the development situation of par- tial discharge, while the characteristic gases dissolved in the transformer oil were measured by gas chromatography. The surface discharges in the experiments were observed using a high speed camera, and a full discharge process could be marked off into four stages as follows. ①The elementary stage. When a partial discharge occurs near electrodes, electrical charges are injected into the region near electrodes and causing bubble generation. ②Due to their high resistivity and low dielectric constant, the bubbles would bare the major part of the voltage applied to samples. Therefore, discharge happens inside the small bubbles, and it emits a lot of light. ③Micromolecules of gas are produced in discharge, and further ionization in the transformer oil takes place simultaneously when high-energy electrons collide with oil molecules. ④The carrier charge moves forward to electrodes driven by the applied electric field, till they neutralize with the charge from electrodes, and hence discharge channels are formed subsequently.

Space Charge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation with New Paper and Aged Oil

Oil-paper compound insulation has been widely used in power transformers for quite a long time because of its good performances. The insulation gradually degrades under combined thermal, electrical and chemical stresses during routine operations, mainly because of space charges inside. This work investigated the space charge characteristics in oil-paper insulation under oil aging circumstance. New trans- former oil samples are thermally aged to obtain different aging states, and their physical and chemical properties are analyzed. New Kraft papers are dried in vacuum and fully immersed in these different aged oil samples, and three kinds of oil-paper samples are obtained. We use the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method to measure space charge under both DC voltage-on and voltage-off conditions at room temperature. The effect of oil aging state on characteristics of space charge injection, accumulation, and decay is analyzed and discussed. The results show that comparing with the DC voltage-off condition, more charges are injected into samples at the interface of electrode and dielectric when DC voltage is on. When the oil-aged state gets worse, more charges are induced at both cathode and anode, more space charges are accumulated in the bulk, the area of negative charges is larger, and local electric field is distorted more seriously. Moreover, for the voltage-off condition, aged oil is good for space charge decay, and trapped positive space charges decay faster than trapped negative charges.

Improvement on Condition Assessment Model for Oil-paper Insulation

Identification of the aging condition and the failure probability of oil-paper insulation in transformer is important for improving the reliability of electric power transmission system and applying life cycle cost (LCC) management to electrical equipment. Based on data obtained in a series of multi-accelerated-aging experiments, two approaches for calculating failure probability of oil-paper insulation were compared in aspects of degree of polymerization (DP) and condition ranking. In the experiments, mineral oil and cellulose paper are sub- jected to electrical and thermal stresses, and several parameters, including dissolved gases’ volume fraction, furfural content, moisture content, and degree of polymerization, are measured after the aging process. Results show that weight of carbon oxide, which has a close relationship with cellulose paper degradation, is much higher in DP model than in condition ranking model. Moreover, it is concluded that DP model is more practically accurate than condition ranking model, because aging of cellulose paper rather than mineral oil is the key and critical factor of oil-paper insulation aging.

Copper Release Kinetics and Ageing of Insulation Paper in Oil-Immersed Transformers

The paper provides a general overview of chemical processes leading to the degradation of oil-paper insulation in oil-immersed electrical current transformers. Previous knowledge available in literature is complemented by new results placing a specific emphasis on the physicochemical factors which affect the copper release in the insulation oil and the oil oxidation kinetics. It is demonstrated that various ageing processes interact with each other, with one or another process dominating under specific conditions. Comprehensive but disjoint studies focusing on separate sub-processes may produce rather misleading results, and occasionally, lie behind rather irrelevant quality demands imposed on the insulating liquids.

Chaotic Characteristic of Time Series of Partial Discharge in Oil-Paper Insulation

The chaotic characteristics of time series of five partial discharge （PD） patterns in oil-paper insulation are studied. The results verify obvious chaotic characteristic of the time series of discharge signals and the fact that PD is a chaotic process. These time series have distinctive features, and the chaotic attractors obtained from time series differed greatly from each other by shapes in the phase space, so they could be used to qualitatively identify the PD patterns. The phase space parameters are selected, then the chaotic characteristic quantities can be extracted. These quantities could quantificationally characterize the PD patterns. The effects on pattern recognition of PRPD and CAPD are compared by using the neural network of radial basis function. The results show that both of the two recognition methods work well and have their respective advantages. Then, both the statistical operators under PRPD mode and the chaotic characteristic quantities under CAPD mode are selected comprehensively as the input vectors of neural network, and the PD pattern recognition accuracy is thereby greatly improved.

The Research of Connection between Degree of Polymerization and Frequency Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy Characteristics during Oil-Paper Insulation Aging

In order to study the linkage effects between degree of polymerization and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy characteristics of oil-paper insulation, the frequency domain dielectric response test platform of oil-paper insulation is set up. Complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation respectively composed by new or aged oil and insulation paper with different DP are tested, and complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation respectively composed by insulation respectively composed by new oil and insulation paper with different DP and low or high moisture content are tested. The test results are analyzed, and the analysis results show that the degree of polymerization of insulation paper has an influence on complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation though influencing the distribution of moisture and acids between oil and paper.

Comparative Evaluation of the Thermal Aging of Solid Insulation in Mineral Oil and Methyl Ester of Palm Kernel Oil

The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of thermal aging on the dielectric and physicochemical properties of the oil/paper mixed insulation. We performed a comparative analysis of dielectric paper dipped in two cooling fluids: palm kernel oil methyl ester (MEPKO) and mineral oil (MO). Two types of dielectric paper were used: Thermally Upgraded Kraft paper (TUK) and Nomex-910 paper (NP-910). An accelerated aging test was realized at 110°C during a total of 96 hours. Samples of oil and paper were collected after 0, 48, 72 and 96 hours for analyses purposes. The analyses performed included the measurement of the Breakdown voltage (BDV) of the dielectric papers, the Total Acid Number (TAN) and the Decay Dissolved Products (DDP) of the liquid dielectrics. The BDV of NP-910 is greater than the BDV of TUK. Concerning the type of oil, the BDV of dielectric papers impregnated with MEPKO is greater than the BDV of similar papers impregnated with MO, indicating a better preservation of paper when dipped in methyl esters. The analyses of TAN and DDP revealed that Nomex-910 improves the oxidation stability of MO, but reduces the oxidation stability of MEPKO. These results prove that methyl esters can be used as a substitute to replace mineral oils in power transformers. Furthermore, they show that NP can be used mainly in areas of transformer where solid insulation is subjected to high thermal and electrical stress, and TUK other places where solid insulation is required. Such combination could assure money savings and a better preservation of the oil viscosity.

Properties of Electrical Discharges Developing in Transformer Oil Under Lightning Impulse in the Setup of Insulated Electrodes

Looking at the problem of electrical discharge development in mineral oil, it is easy to see that most studies in this area focused on the setups of bare high voltage electrodes having a point-plane electrode arrangement. The setups with insulated electrodes are the mar- gin of these studies but it seems to be important to find the dependences between the paper insulation on high voltage electrode and parameters of the discharges initiated in the vicinity of this electrode. Hence, in this paper the results of researches intended to reveal the role of insulation wrapping on a HV electrode in the mechanism of electrical discharges in transformer oil under lightning impulse of both polar- ities are presented. This role is determined by analysis of the parameters characterizing the discharges (onset voltage, propagation velocity, time to initiation, rise-time of light impulses) and also by observation of their spatio-temporal development and oscillograms of the light emitted by their channels. The research was performed for two model electrode configurations: an electrode with paper insulation and a bare electrode which had the same outer dimensions as the insulated one. The most essential conclusion from performed experiment is related to times to initiation. These times, equal in the case of insulated electrodes and model bare electrode, indicate that the source of "weak points" of the paper-oil insulation system is the oil, not the surface of insulation wrapping or the metal.

温度对油-纸界面处微水迁移与局部放电的影响

变压器内部温度的改变会使油-纸绝缘中水分分布和聚集位置发生改变,而局部高含水量会严重影响油-纸绝缘的电气强度。因此,有必要研究温度对油-纸绝缘界面处微水迁移与局部放电(PD)的影响。该文利用楔形-板电极,研究了升温、起泡及降温过程中不同含水量(W_(C)=3.61%和5.76%)的油-纸绝缘体系在水分瞬态作用下的PD特性。在温度变化过程中,持续监测油的温度、含水量和水活性,并采用升压及恒定电压法进行PD试验。试验结果表明,温度升高,油-纸界面处局部放电起始电压(PDIV)短时增加,随后PDIV开始逐渐降低且PD强度突然增强。两种含水量体系的油中含水量均逐渐增加。油浸纸板含水量越高,从纸板进入油中的水分越多。气泡出现,PDIV快速下降,油中含水量急剧增加。降温阶段,两个体系的PDIV呈现先减后增趋势,与之相对应,PD强度呈现先增后减趋势,且PD均保持在一个相对较高的水平。油温降至室温,PD并未完全消失。该研究成果对油浸式电力设备中水分的实时监测及其绝缘性能的评估具有重要理论价值。

植物绝缘油中水对甲醇扩散影响的分子动力学模拟

甲醇因其稳定性强、在绝缘油老化初期含量高等特点,是变压器油纸绝缘状态评估的重要特征物质,而水是油纸老化过程中必不可少的产物。为明确水对植物绝缘油中甲醇扩散的影响,分别构建含水量为1.0%、1.5%、3.0%、5.0%的植物绝缘油、水、甲醇共混模型,利用分子动力学方法计算模型中物质的扩散轨迹、扩散系数、相互作用能、氢键、自由体积,并从微观角度出发,解释水促进甲醇扩散的机理。结果表明:随着含水量的增加,甲醇与植物绝缘油的相互作用能减小,系统整体的氢键稳定性下降,自由体积增大,最终导致甲醇在植物绝缘油中的扩散作用增强。

电容屏破损缺陷局部放电过程规律特征及仿真分析

油纸电容式变压器套管因性能好、成本低而被广泛采用。当电容屏存在边缘破损工艺缺陷时易发生局部放电,进而会改变油纸绝缘性能,缩短套管使用寿命,严重时危及电网设备安全运行。为研究电容屏破损局部放电过程变化规律,明确放电发展阶段,该文搭建了缺陷套管放电实验模型分析局放过程中相位谱图、放电量等参数发展规律,并基于实验规律及流体漂移扩散理论、固体双极电荷传输理论,建立了末屏缺陷针板沿面放电过程仿真模型,结合仿真中电荷形态变化、放电时间及油纸界面电荷密度分布对电容屏破损放电过程进行阶段划分:放电初始阶段,铝箔尖端电荷聚集发生电晕放电;放电发展阶段,尖端处带电粒子在电场作用下向油纸发展,小部分达到油纸界面产生沿面放电;放电破坏阶段,经过长时间沿面放电进入油纸发生预击穿,电场强度更大使带电粒子能量更高,冲击油纸表面造成油纸表面纤维素断裂炭化形成通道。仿真结果与实验结论相对应,证明了仿真的有效性。该文的研究成果进一步阐明了油纸套管电容屏工艺缺陷局部放电的过程及机理。

高热故障下变压器油纸绝缘系统的产气机理研究

针对高热故障下超/特高压变压器内部绝缘系统状态变化和产气机理不清晰而严重制约变压器状态分析诊断的问题,本文基于热焓理论与仿真模拟手段相结合的方式对超/特高压变压器高热故障下油纸绝缘系统特征气体的生成路径与油纸绝缘系统的裂解机理开展研究。依据热焓理论得到气体的生成机理,并利用仿真模拟验证本文所提出的产气机理与路径。结果表明:高热故障下油纸绝缘系统中链烷烃要比环烷烃和双环芳香烃更容易发生裂解,各组分裂解生成特征气体的速率从大到小依次为纤维素、链烷烃、环烷烃、双环芳香烃。根据气体生成能可知,特征气体CH_4和C_(2)H_6最容易生成,C_(2)H_(2)最难生成,可通过特征气体在油纸绝缘系统中的生成速率判断高热故障的严重程度。

融合频谱特性与聚类云-证据推理的油纸绝缘老化程度诊断

油纸绝缘系统老化程度与电力变压器的稳定运行密切相关。针对油纸绝缘频域介电谱(frequency-domain spectroscopy,FDS)所提相关特征量单一和未考虑频谱特性指标间冲突性与随机性而导致老化诊断结果误差大的问题,提出了融合频谱特性与聚类云-证据推理的油纸绝缘老化程度诊断方法。首先,根据不同老化试样的频谱特征提取老化诊断多特征指标,并利用非线性拟合构建老化特征数据库。其次,基于Kmeans聚类提出适配非线性变化指标的聚类云模型基本概率分配方法。最后,针对多特征量的冲突性及相关性差异,利用CRITIC-G1综合赋权法计算各指标对应的证据修正因子,并进行基本概率再分配,利用证据融合推理得出油纸绝缘系统真实老化程度。实验结果表明,所提方法可准确诊断复合油纸绝缘样本的老化状态,为电力检修策略的制定提供了理论指导。

天然酯绝缘油-纸界面的多分支流注放电仿真

油-纸界面的局部放电是油浸式变压器中油-纸绝缘失效的主要原因之一。文中在多分支流注放电数值模型的基础上进一步考虑油-纸界面的电荷输运特性,构建油-纸绝缘系统中的多分支流注放电模型,并利用有限元法分别对天然酯绝缘油和绝缘纸介电常数配比、针电极与纸板的间距影响下的沿面放电特性进行研究。结果表明,针电极与纸板的间距及绝缘油与绝缘纸的介电常数配比均会显著影响流注分支;针电极与纸板的间距越小,油-纸界面处的流注分支间的抑制越明显,油-纸界面的流注对z-轴流注的影响更显著;当绝缘油介电常数比纸板大时,流注在油中的发展和分支更为显著,反之则流注更易沿纸板表面发展及在油-纸界面聚集电荷。

基于界面电荷极化特性的变压器油纸绝缘寿命预测方法研究

准确预测变压器油纸绝缘寿命对于保障电力系统安全稳定运行具有重要意义。根据微观介电响应机制剖析界面极化与油纸绝缘老化的内在机理联系,并基于混合极化模型——一种在扩展德拜模型基础上引入界面极化支路的等效电路拓扑,探究界面电荷极化特性在油纸绝缘寿命预测中的应用。首先,分析温升过程中频谱特性变化背后蕴含的普适弛豫极化规律,基于混合极化模型重构回复电压极化谱。结合温度对主时间常数和模型参数的影响规律,提出一种单一温度测试下的油纸绝缘活化能计算方法,通过界面极化电容构建出频温平移因子。其次,剖析介质损耗因数随老化加深的变化规律,探究损耗峰偏移现象与界面极化弛豫时间的内在联系,凝练全新表征油纸绝缘聚合度含量的频域特征参量——界面极化支路极点Ph2。最后,联合界面极化支路极点Ph2、频温平移因子和损失累积动力学方程构建油纸绝缘寿命预测模型,并将不同运行年限变压器现场实测数据代入模型验证实效性,为油纸绝缘寿命预测提供了一种新思路。

基于二元相关退化的动车组车载变压器油纸绝缘剩余寿命预测

针对动车组车载变压器油纸绝缘剩余寿命预测中单性能退化指标难以全面反映油纸绝缘退化过程的问题,考虑车载变压器油纸绝缘退化的个体差异性及两性能指标间的相关关系,提出了基于Copula函数的两性能指标相关退化的油纸绝缘剩余寿命预测方法:采用具有随机效应的维纳过程建立油纸绝缘的两性能指标相关退化模型,基于赤池信息准则(Akaike Information Criterion, AIC)选择拟合效果更优的Copula函数来描述两性能指标间的相关关系,采用最大似然估计法估计初始时刻的模型参数,基于序列贝叶斯更新方法在线更新退化模型中的漂移系数,以实现油纸绝缘剩余寿命的在线预测。最后以加速热老化试验下油纸绝缘的聚合度和抗拉强度的退化数据进行实例验证。结果表明,两性能指标相关退化模型比单性能指标退化模型的剩余寿命预测值与实际值之间的平均绝对误差更小,预测的准确性更高,且随着模型参数不断更新,剩余寿命的预测值与实际值间的绝对误差在不断减小,预测结果的准确性在不断提升。