Influence of Lubrication Performance on the Service Life of Rolling Mill Bearings

In order to confirm the early failure cause of a four-row cylindrical roller bearing at the backup roll position of a six-high cold sheet mill, its lubrication behavior under harsh operating conditions is investigated. Through establishing and solving the Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication （EHL） model of the roller-inner raceway contact region, the minimum oil film thickness and the real lubrication performance are achieved. The results show the bearing failures come from the poor oil film thickness in the case of high temperature and low rotational speed, which leads to contact wear. So various approaches to improve bearing life via improving lubrication are compared. It has been proved decreasing surface roughness of both contact bodies is an effective way.

Surface quality of cold rolling aluminum strips under lubrication condition

The effects of oil film on the rolled surface, including surface roughness and topography, were investigated during cold rolling of aluminum strips. Various mineral oils with viscosities from 0.10 to 1.6 Pa.s were used to obtain different oil film thicknesses. Results from experiment and calculation show that the thicker oil film protects the initial roughening surface so that it leads to an increase in roughness of the rolled surface, in particular when the surface roughness has the character of direction. The rolled surface roughness was determined by 2, which is the ratio of oil film thickness to the combined surface roughness. When 2 〉 3, the rolled surface roughness increases rapidly with the increase in oil viscosity, whereas the surface roughening has already occurred when 2 〈 3, but the increase of the rolled surface roughness with increasing viscosity is not distinct.

A new cold rolling lubrication method combining emulsion and neat oil lubrication

The cooling and lubrication process is one of the key processes in cold rolling,as it not only determines surface quality and strip shape,but also reduces the rolling power consumption and extends the life of the roll even during high-speed operation.In this study,an innovative method combining emulsion lubrication and neat oil lubrication was used to solve some problems associated with individual passes.Laboratory tests on stainless steel strips showed that this new lubrication method could improve the surface quality of the strip,control the rolling friction in the deformation zone,and has the potential of making lubrication systems simpler and easier to operate,all while reducing the negative environmental impact from emulsion processing.

Effects of Corrosion Inhibitors on Lubrication Performance of Rolling Oil for Copper Foil

The 2,5-bis(ethyldisulfanyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazole(T561), benzotriazole(BTA), 1-N, N-bis(2-ethylhexyl) aminomethyl-4-methyl-1h-benzotriazole(IRGAMET39) and 1-[N, N-bis(2-ethylhexyl) aminomethyl] methyl benzotriazole(TTLX) have been evaluated as corrosion inhibitors used in rolling oil for cold rolling of copper foil. The MRS-10A four-ball friction and wear tests have been carried out to compare their tribological properties, and the lubricating performance of rolling oils has been studied through rolling experiments. The oil sample containing IRGAMET 39 has the same PB value as that one containing T561, with the coefficient of friction increased by 35.6% and wear scar diameter decreased by 4%. The minimum rolling gauge has been studied after rolling lubrication, but the results show that inhibitors have no effect on it. Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and energy dispersive spectrometry(EDS) analyses have indicated that the inhibitor is adsorbed on the copper surface to prevent copper from being corroded easily. In addition, the LEXT OLS4000 laser confocal microscopy has been used to observe the foil surface which shows that the streaks of foil surface are clear, the scratches are shallow and the surface failure is improved effectively.

EVALUATION OF LUBRICANTS FOR COLD ROLLING ALUMINUM STRIPS

Various kinds of base oils were applied to cold rolling aluminum strips on a test mill for evaluationof the influences of these base oils,aromatics contents and viscosity of base oils on their lubricating performances and surface reflectivity of rolled strips at annealing. Results showed that low friction coefficient androlling force were obtained by using the normal paraffins,whereas their contaminations on the annealed stripsurface were the same as those of other saturated hydrocarbons. Aromatics in base oil affected the stir face reflectivity of annealed strips, but the decrease of aromatics in base oil was ineffective to improve rolled stripssurface quality when it is less than 1 %. Base oil viscosity has the great influences on the lubricating performances and surface reflectivity of annealed strips just in this condition.

Development and Lubricating Properties of Rolling Oil for Stainless Steel Cold Rolling

Appropriate base oils and homologous additives such as extreme pressure and anti-wear agents,oiliness agents and antioxidants were selected,and experiments testing the compatibility performance between additive,base oil and other components were carried out to develop the SK and SD series of rolling oils for cold rolling of stainless steel.The developed oils were used in the stainless steel cold rolling lubrication experiments,and were successfully applied in the actual cold rolling operation of stainless steel.Compared with a foreign product,the tribological properties,the thermal oxidation stability,and the rolling lubrication performance of the developed stainless steel cold rolling oils were studied.Test results showed that the tribological properties of the thereby developed rolling oils and the reference one were almost at the same level,and to some extent the performance of rolling was even better than the foreign product,at the same time the stainless steel sheet could retain its well annealed performance.Meanwhile,within a certain range,the lubrication of the rolling oil became better as its viscosity increased at the same level of saponification value,which could provide a lower friction coefficient,so that a higher maximum reduction ratio of the rolled piece through a constant roll gap and a minimum thickness could be secured.Also,similar phenomena appeared as the saponification value increased at a same viscosity level of the rolling oils.

Bi-Modal Failure Mechanism of Rolling Contact Bearings

The theory of failure of rolling contact bearings is based on fluctuating high level loading and material fatigue. This theory is unimodal, considering only the solid components of the bearing, and ignoring the liquid phase, which is the lubricant. Bearing life is rather dispersed, reaching a ratio of 20 between the extreme values. Since this theory was established, several exceptional phenomena were detected that could not be explained by it, such as: 1) Pitting damage beyond the contact path;2) Detrimental effect of a minute quantity of water in the lubricant on bearing life. 25 ppm of water in the lubricant brought about shorter bearing life by over than 30%. The bimodal failure theory considers both solid and liquid bearing components. The damaging process of the lubricant evolves from its cavitation. During this process vapor filled cavities are formed in low pressure zones. When these cavities reach high pressure zones they implode exothermally. These implosions cause local high pressure pulses reaching 30,000 at accompanied by a temperature rise of about 2000 degrees K [1]. This paper includes cavitation erosion test results on stainless steel samples by vibratory and water tunnel test rigs. Various methods of lubricant dehydration are presented and evaluated. The main conclusion from this analysis is the use of water-free lubricants, for long life of RC bearings and more uniform service life thereof.

Theoretical analysis based on a modified mixed-film lubrication model for metal forming processes

An analytical model for metal rolling in the mixed lubrication regime was developed based on Wilson and Chang’s asperity flattening model and Von Mises homogenous deformation model. A more rigorous average Reynolds equation was used to calculate the hydrodynamic pressure. The variations of the yield stress with strain were considered in the model. An efficient iteration procedure was developed to solve the contact area, film thickness and hydrodynamic pressure. The model is more practical with fewer assumption and converges quickly. It is applicable to a wider range of rolling regimes. The calculation results using the model agree well with the literature as well as with measured data from a rolling mill.

Ideal Failure Curve of Rolling Contact Bearings

The prevailing cumulative failure curves of Rolling Contact Bearings (RCB) have two main drawbacks: they begin at the origin and have a large dispersion. The purpose of this study is to develop an ideal failure curve and overcome the present drawbacks. The ideal failure curve of RC bearings is obtained by applying a water-free lubricant to the tested bearings. This eliminates the cavitation erosion from the Bimodal failure mechanism and the synergistic effect with the mechanical failure mode. This new concept considers the fatigue process involved in the failure mechanism and suggests decreasing the dispersion of bearing life.

Theory research on use efficiency of emulsion in cold rolling

Lubrication in cold rolling process is used not only to control friction,but also to control surface quality and thermal chamber.Successful cold rolling of strip at high speeds requires an optimum presence of lubricant film thickness at the contact.In order to have a better control on rolling process the awareness for the prediction and maintenance of desired minimum film thickness.On the basis of learning and summarizing the theories early founded by experts around the world,this paper constructed the mixed lubrication model. This paper investigated the lubrication state variation caused by oil and rolling condition differences by cold rolling experiments.The experiments indicated that oil has a big influence to rolling process,and rolling speed directly influence the lubrication state.

Non-linear Dynamics of Inlet Film Thickness during Unsteady Rolling Process

The inlet film thickness directly affects film and stress distribution of rolling interfaces. Unsteady factors, such as unsteady back tension, may disturb the inlet film thickness. However, the current models of unsteady inlet film thickness lack unsteady disturbance factors and do not take surface topography into consideration. In this paper, based on the hydrodynamic analysis of inlet zone an unsteady rolling film model which concerns the direction of surface topography is built up. Considering the small fluctuation of inlet angle, absolute reduction, reduction ratio, inlet strip thickness and roll radius as the input variables and the fluctuation of inlet film thickness as the output variable, the non-linear relationship between the input and output is discussed. The discussion results show that there is 180° phase difference between the inlet film thickness and the input variables, such as the fluctuant absolute reduction, the fluctuant reduction ratio and non-uniform inlet strip thickness, but there is no phase difference between unsteady roll radius and the output. The inlet angle, the steady roll radius and the direction of surface topography have significant influence on the fluctuant amplitude of unsteady inlet film thickness. This study proposes an analysis method for unsteady inlet film thickness which takes surface topography and new disturbance factors into consideration.

An Improved Dynamic Modelling for Exploring Ball Bearing Vibrations from Time-Varying Oil Film

Bearings are key components in rotating machinery,which is widely used in many fields,such as CNC machines,wind turbines and induction machines.The increasingly harsh operation environment can lead to wear and tear on raceways and reduce the precision and reliability of bearing or even machinery.Lubrication could relieve the wear to some degree,which is benefit to prolong the bearing’s life.Thus,investigation on the vibration responses under the influence of oil film is of great significance.However,for mechanism analysis,how to include the oil film into the bearing dynamic model affects the result and efficiency of solution.To address this problem,this study proposed a fast algorithm through load distribution and interpolation when calculating oil film stiffness and thickness during the solution of bearing vibration model.Analysis of oil film on vibration is carried out and a bearing test rig is designed to verify the proposed model.Numerical simulation result shows that rotational speed and load have vital effect on oil film and vibration.The experimental result is consistent with the simulation,which shows that the proposed model has a better performance on modeling bearing vibration and the method of considering oil film is reasonable.

Skidding and spinning investigation for dry-lubricated angular contact ball bearing under combined loads

Sliding and spinning behaviors significantly affect the performance of rolling bearings,especially for dry-lubricated bearings,micro and macro sliding may lead to increased wear of the solid lubricating film.A unified rolling contact tribology analytical model is proposed for dry-lubricated angular contact ball bearings(ACBBs)considering the extreme conditions including high combined loads and rolling contact effects.A comprehensive solution framework is proposed to ensure the robustness of the model under different loading conditions.Equilibrium equations are solved to study the effects of friction coefficients,rotating speeds,and combined loads on the skidding and spinning characteristics of the ACBB.The results show that the rolling contact effects and combined loads significantly affect the skidding and spinning performance of the ACBB.Further analysis reveals that the skidding mechanism is related to the interaction between ball kinematical motion and traction forces.The developed analytical model is proved to more accurately predict the bearing kinematical and tribological behavior as it discards the raceway control hypothesis and considers the macro/micro-slipping,creepage,and self-spinning motions of the ball,which is validated using both the existing pure axial loading dry-lubricated ACBB model and the classical Jones–Harris model.The study would provide some guidance for the structure and lubrication design of dry-lubricated ACBBs.

石墨烯纳米颗粒参数对角接触球轴承油气润滑特性的影响

为探究高速旋转状态下油气负载石墨烯润滑特性,以B7003C轴承为研究对象,通过有限元软件建立其三相润滑流场的数值模型,考虑石墨烯纳米颗粒参数对润滑的影响,观察润滑油和石墨烯纳米颗粒在轴承腔内的分布和变化,结果表明:轴承腔内石墨烯润滑油的体积随时间延长而增大,一段时间后润滑油总体积与分布状态在轴承腔内随时间脉动循环;石墨烯质量分数增加改变了基础油的润湿性,增大了相同工况下轴承腔内油的含量,进而改善了轴承润滑状态;石墨烯纳米颗粒在轴承腔内的运动轨迹和分布与其粒径尺寸有关,小粒径石墨烯扩散速度更快,主要参与钢球与内沟道润滑,更易从轴承腔入油口一侧溢出;大粒径石墨烯主要参与钢球与外沟道润滑,更易从油气入口侧进入轴承腔内参与润滑。

凹坑织构化81107轴承变载摩擦磨损性能研究

为了探究变载条件下凹坑织构化轴承的摩擦磨损性能,以81107TN推力圆柱滚子轴承为研究对象,通过在轴圈表面制备不同直径和不同深度的凹坑型织构,利用MMW-1A型万能摩擦磨损试验机,在阶梯渐进增长式载荷和贫油条件下进行试验。通过分析和对比试验后的摩擦系数、磨损量以及表面形貌,发现:直径250μm、深度20μm的凹坑织构化轴承表现出良好的摩擦磨损性能,其平均摩擦系数上升时间点比光滑无织构轴承滞后6000s,磨损量相比光滑无织构轴承降低7%;这里的条件下,变载荷条件下轴承的平均摩擦系数比恒定载荷低,最大差值为0.031,且后期变载荷轴承平均摩擦系数更稳定,变载荷轴承磨损量相比恒定载荷轴承也减少了7.3%。

石墨烯/多孔聚酰亚胺自润滑保持架材料的制备及其性能

为提高航天长寿命轴承用多孔聚酰亚胺(PPI)保持架材料的自润滑性能,采用机械混合和原位聚合的方式分别制备了石墨烯(GP)改性多孔聚酰亚胺材料,通过扫描电镜、压汞仪、万能拉伸试验机及摩擦试验机等设备对其微孔性能、力学性能以及摩擦学性能进行分析,结果表明:原位聚合能形成“蜂窝状”多孔结构,有利于制备低孔隙率和小孔径的多孔聚酰亚胺材料;石墨烯含量0.5%时,机械混合和原位聚合工艺所制得复合材料的拉伸强度均最高,较未改性PPI分别提高了13.0%和42.3%;石墨烯含量0.5%和1.0%时,原位聚合试样具有更优异的耐磨性,磨损量较未改性PPI分别降低了73.3%和47.8%。

激光诱导梳齿沟槽阵列表面的润滑增效

利用飞秒激光刻蚀技术在滚动轴承内圈沟道中心两侧制备了梳齿型沟槽阵列,在限量供油条件下,利用滚动轴承摩擦力矩测量仪测量了轴承的摩擦力矩及温升。结果表明:带有梳齿沟槽阵列表面的轴承摩擦力矩、外圈温升以及沟道磨损状态均得到改善;限量供油条件下,轴承摩擦力矩降低率随着载荷增加而降低,外圈温升得到有效抑制。利用光干涉弹流润滑油膜测量仪在限量供油条件下测量梳齿沟槽阵列表面润滑油膜厚度的结果,验证了该表面对滚动轴承具有润滑增效的作用。

高频交变电场作用下静态绝缘轴承中润滑脂的老化行为

高频电压诱导的电机轴承电蚀和润滑失效是影响变频驱动系统可靠性的关键问题。为探究高频交变电场环境下润滑脂的老化机制,基于绝缘轴承耐高频交变电压性能试验,详细研究了球与沟道接触区润滑脂的老化特性,结果表明:尽管有绝缘涂层的保护,润滑脂在无机械剪切作用下仍然会发生明显的性能衰退,具体表现为颜色加深,分油率降低,稠度增大以及导电性能和介电性能的改变。测试发现,在高频交变电场作用下绝缘轴承润滑脂稠化剂结构被破坏并发生团聚,其中夹杂有以金属纳米颗粒为核心的黑色团块,老化润滑脂的直流体积电阻率明显下降并具有更高的等效串联电阻和损耗因子。

滚动接触状态下固体润滑薄膜界面损伤失效行为分析

以内聚力模型(CZM)为基础建立薄膜-基体承载系统的有限元分析模型,采用双线性本构关系描述薄膜-基体结合界面的承载及损伤失效行为,通过分析法向和切向载荷作用下界面的承载状态,研究了摩擦因数、薄膜弹性模量、膜厚对薄膜-基体承载系统的界面应力、分离位移、能量释放率的影响,结果表明:摩擦因数增大会导致接触前沿界面承载状态恶化,从而增加界面损伤和脱附失效的风险;薄膜弹性模量增大可以减小接触前沿界面损伤区域和损伤程度,当薄膜弹性模量小于基体弹性模量时界面承载性能急剧恶化;随膜厚增大,界面切向损伤区域和损伤程度先减小后增大,膜厚为0.2倍接触半宽时有利于提升薄膜-基体结合界面的承载性能。

滚动轴承润滑膜厚及保持架转速的超声测量

滚动轴承的运行稳定性与钢球和内外圈之间的润滑状态密切相关,膜厚则是表征轴承润滑性能的重要参数。基于超声弹簧模型建立了膜厚测量模型并搭建了试验台,通过试验台模拟球轴承的运行状态并测量钢球周围以及沿滚动方向的膜厚分布,分析了转速对最小膜厚的影响;同时,根据连续2个钢球通过探头正下方的时间间隔计算保持架转速,分析得到了不同重复频率所能测量的保持架转速范围。试验结果表明,膜厚的实际测量值与理论值吻合较好,保持架转速的实际测量值与纯滚动条件下的理论转速一致性良好,可用于轴承打滑状态的评估。