Hybrid low salinity water and surfactant process for enhancing heavy oil recovery

Combining low salinity water (LSW) with surfactants has an enormous potential for enhancing oil recovery processes. However, there is no consensus about the mechanisms involved, in addition to the fact that several studies have been conducted in model systems, while experiments with rocks and reservoir fluids are scarce. This study presents a core-flooding experiment of LSW injection, with and without surfactant, using the core and heavy oil samples obtained from a sandstone reservoir in southeastern Mexico. The effluents and the crude oil obtained at each stage were analyzed. The study was complemented by tomographic analysis. The results revealed that LSW injection and hybrid process with surfactants obtained an increase of 11.4 percentage points in recovery factor. Various phenomena were caused by LSW flooding, such as changes in wettability and pH, ion exchange, mineral dissolution, detachment of fines and modification of the hydrocarbon profile. In the surfactant flooding, the reduction of interfacial tension and alteration of wettability were the main mechanisms involved. The findings of this work also showed that the conditions believed to be necessary for enhanced oil recovery with LSW, such as the presence of kaolinite or high acid number oil, are not relevant.

Finite-Time Thermodynamic Simulation of Circulating Direct Condensation Heat Recovery on Chillers

A time series model is used in this paper to describe the progress of circulating direct condensation heat recovery of the compound condensing process (CCP) which is made of two water cooling condensing processes in series for a centrifugal chiller in the paper. A finite-time thermodynamics method is used to set up the time series simulation model. As a result, an upper bound of recoverable condensation heat for the compound condensing process is obtained which is in good agreement with experimental result. And the result is valuable and useful to optimization design of condensing heat recovery.

Recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation: process optimization and mineralogical study

Currently, the majority of copper tailings are not effectively developed. Worldwide, large amounts of copper tailings generated from copper production are continuously dumped, posing a potential environmental threat. Herein, the recovery of iron from copper tailings via low-temperature direct reduction and magnetic separation was conducted; process optimization was carried out, and the corresponding mineralogy was investigated. The reduction time, reduction temperature, reducing agent (coal), calcium chloride additive, grinding time, and magnetic field intensity were examined for process optimization. Mineralogical analyses of the sample, reduced pellets, and magnetic concentrate under various conditions were performed by X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry to elucidate the iron reduction and growth mechanisms. The results indicated that the optimum parameters of iron recovery include a reduction temperature of 1150A degrees C, a reduction time of 120 min, a coal dosage of 25%, a calcium chloride dosage of 2.5%, a magnetic field intensity of 100 mT, and a grinding time of 1 min. Under these conditions, the iron grade in the magnetic concentrate was greater than 90%, with an iron recovery ratio greater than 95%.

Recovery and regeneration of LiFePO_(4)from spent lithium-ion batteries via a novel pretreatment process

The recycling of spent LiFePO_(4)batteries has received extensive attention due to its environmental impact and economic benefit.In the pretreatment process of spent LiFePO_(4)batteries,the separation of active materials and current collectors determines the difficulty of the re-covery process and product quality.In this work,a facile and efficient pretreatment process is first proposed.After only freezing the electrode pieces and immersing them in boiling water,LiFePO_(4)materials were peeled from the Al foil.Then,after roasting under an inert atmosphere and sieving,all the cathode and anode active materials were easily and efficiently separated from the Al and Cu foils.The active materials were subjected to acid leaching,and the leaching solution was further used to prepare FePO_(4)and Li_(2)CO_(3).Finally,the battery-grade FePO_(4)and Li_(2)CO_(3)were used to re-synthesize LiFePO_(4)/C via the carbon thermal reduction method.The discharge capacities of re-synthesized LiFePO_(4)/C cathode were 144.2,139.0,133.2,125.5,and 110.5 mA·h·g−1 at rates of 0.1,0.5,1,2,and 5 C,which satisfies the requirement for middle-end LiFePO_(4)batteries.The whole process is environmental and has great potential for industrial-scale recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries.

Thermal recovery process of a backfilled open-pit in permafrost area at the Gulian strip coal mine in Northeast China

Timely and proper backfilling of open-pits in strip coal-mines has been an effective measurement for the recovery of the hydrothermal regimes and ecological environment in permafrost regions. In this study, numerical simulations and statistical regressions were applied for analyzing the recovery processes of the backfill and its major influencing factors for the thermal equilibrium in recently backfilled open pits at the Gulian strip coalmine in Mo'he, Northeast China. Results show that the thermal recovery time of backfilled areas is positively correlated to the backfill depth(BD) of the soils, the backfilled soil temperature(BST), and the mean annual ground surface temperature(MAGST); meanwhile, climate warming can impact on thermal regimes of the backfill area. The impact of climate warming on ground temperature of the backfill will show up significantly in about 50 years afterbackfilling(BD at 10.0 and 20.0 m, BST at 20.0°C) under the climate warming scenario(CWS) of 0.025°C·year ^(-1). Grey-relation analyses show that the sensitivity of the backfill recovery time declines in the order of the BD, BST and MAGST. On the basis of the abovementioned studies, the layer-by-layer backfilling in cold seasons is advised for more effective and more rapid recovery of thermal regimes of the backfilled open-pits in cold regions.

A New Quenching Process and Tower to Improve the Recovery of Acrylonitrile

Quenching process and design of the quenching tower in acrylonitrile production in China were studied in order to decrease the polymerization loss of acrylonitrile in the quenching tower. Based on the research of acrylonitrile polymerization in the quenching tower, a new quenching process was proposed to avoid the disadvantages of the original process. Two kinds of internals were installed to improve the performance of the quenching tower. Through a series of air-flow and real-flow model experiments, the new quenching process and new design were showed to be successful in enhancing the mass and heat transfer in the vapor-liquid system and decreasing the loss of acrylonitrile.Industrial application showed satisfactory results of decrease of the acrylonitrile loss in the quenching tower by about 4.5% and increase of the acrylonitrile recovery of the whole plant by more than 4%.

Phase Transition in Recovery Process of Complex Networks

The dynamic characteristic of complex network failure and recovery is one of the main research topics in complex networks. Real world systems such as traffic jams and Internet recovery could be described by the complex network theory. We propose a model to study the recovery process in complex networks. Two different recovery mechanisms are considered in three kinds of networks： external recovery and internal recovery. By simulating the process of the nodes recovery in networks, it is found that the system exhibits the feature of first-order phase transition only when the external recovery is considered. Internal recovery cannot induce such a kind of transitions. As external recovery and internal recovery coexist on networks, the systems will retain the most efficient part of external recovery and internal recovery. Meanwhile, a hysteresis could be observed when increasing or decreasing the failure probability. Finally, a largest degree node protection strategy is proposed for improving the robustness of networks.

Copper Recovery from Barren Cyanide Solution by Using Electrocoagulation Iron Process

This paper is a brief overview of the role of inducing the nucleated electro winning of copper by using iron electrodes in electrocoagulation (EC) process. Cyanide compounds are widely used in gold ore processing plants in order to facilitate the extraction and subsequent concentration of the precious metal. Owing to cyanide solution employed in gold processing, effluents generated have high contents of free cyanide as well as copper cyanide complexes, which lend them a high degree of toxicity. In this regard, two options for the treatment of cyanide barren solutions has been used;in two ways;first for cyanide destruction by oxidation with the use of the EC process, in theory, has the advantage of decomposing cyanide at the anode and collecting copper simultaneously by a sludge of copper magnetic iron. In both cases excellent performance can be achieved using the high capacity of the bipolar iron EC technology. We found that it is possible to reduce the copper cyanide complex from 720 mg·l-1 to below 10 mg·l-1 within 20 minutes.

Mineral Processing of Silica Sand in Hanout Area/South of Jordan

White sandstone samples from Hanout area of Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician sandstone in south of Jordan were studied and assessed as a source of glass sand. Upgrading the sand included removing or reducing the content of the contaminant oxides and the heavy minerals. The aim of this research was to achieve this upgrading by examining the best-suited and cost-effective processing method(s) with sufficient product recovery. Following the initial sample characterisation at “bench scale”, a pilot study was performed. A high-grade Glass Sand product of 500 - 125 μm size fraction was produced by wet screening, attrition scrubbing and the separation of heavy minerals using spirals. The high quality Glass Sand product compared well with Grade-A of the British Standard for glass sand. Due to the relatively low level of impurities in the raw material, a substantial silica sand recovery was produced with a high silica grade. The silica sand product was capable to be used in the high quality glass industry and in many other applications where pure silica is required. The mass flowrate of the feeds and the products in the spiral was calculated for the bulk sample as well as the amount of water required operating the process.

厌氧氨氧化动力学特性解析

厌氧氨氧化是处理污水中氨氮和亚硝酸盐氮的最有效技术之一,但在实际应用中低生长速率和对环境因素的敏感性使得厌氧氨氧化过程多变且不稳定。而动力学模型的研究可以为更好地理解和使用脱氮技术提供有价值的工具,该文对厌氧氨氧化抑制、恢复和过程动力学模型进行了综述,阐明修正的Boltzmann模型广泛应用于厌氧氨氧化抑制后恢复性能的描述,并深入探讨不同反应器的动力学过程,认为修正的Stover-Kincannon和Grau二阶模型是最适合不同厌氧氨氧化反应器过程动力学模型,研究结果对厌氧氨氧化工艺环境因素的调控和反应器的优化设计具有一定的指导意义。

基于自适应字典校正的稀疏恢复STAP算法

空时自适应处理(Space-Time Adaptive Processing,STAP)技术在时间维(脉冲维)和空间维(阵元维)联合进行信号处理,以实现动目标检测功能。但是,传统STAP技术的计算复杂度非常高,而且在优化处理信号过程中需要大样本的支撑,在实际的工作场景中,杂波环境复杂易变,不易获取足够多的独立同分布样本,因此杂波抑制效果较差。稀疏恢复空时自适应处理(Sparse Recovery Space-Time Adaptive Processing,SR-STAP)算法可以利用很少的训练样本实现杂波抑制,但大多数SR-STAP算法的计算量巨大,运行速度慢,算法实时性不高。此外,SRSTAP算法需要对连续空时二维平面进行离散化处理,将空时二维平面划分为很多细小的网格,由于真实的杂波在空时平面上是连续分布的,同时考虑雷达接收信号中噪声、系统参数误差等因素的影响,真实杂波点与离散化网格点之间一定存在着偏差,会造成网格失配现象,导致SR-STAP算法杂波抑制性能下降。针对此问题,本文提出了基于自适应字典校正的稀疏恢复STAP算法。该算法首先通过子空间投影法筛选出与杂波最相关的原子;然后围绕选定原子由粗到细进行自适应局部网格划分,按照局部网格迭代选优准则,不断调整选择局域内的最优原子,直到满足迭代终止条件,以匹配真实的杂波点;最后利用选定的最优原子对应的空时导向矢量构造杂波子空间,更新噪声子空间上与杂波子空间正交的投影矩阵得到STAP权值。仿真实验表明,所提算法与传统SR-STAP算法相比,具有更高的稀疏恢复精度,更快的运行速度,改善了STAP性能。

走滑断裂带三维地震特征增强处理与描述研究

走滑断裂带由于纵向断距小,超深层地震信号弱,常规叠前深度偏移地震资料难以满足超深层断裂带精细描述需求。为提高断裂带成像精度,指导走滑断裂带解释描述和评价部署,以顺北地区走滑断裂带发育区三维地震资料为例,建立了一套以提高地震资料品质的保真保幅优化处理、频谱恢复提高分辨率处理、频谱分解处理、频率域多尺度断裂检测等技术为主的走滑断裂带地震特征增强处理与描述技术,该技术组合有效拓宽了地震数据频带,提高了地震数据分辨率,使超深走滑断裂带成像精度更高,为超深走滑断裂带的精细解释、描述评价、三维雕刻提供了高品质资料基础。结合顺北地区前人研究成果,综合利用频谱恢复提高分辨率处理、频谱分解处理、频率域断裂检测数据,不同尺度断裂带特征及断储关系预测效果更好,为进一步评价断裂带和部署井位提供了技术支撑。

硫精矿中有价金属铜金银的综合回收利用实验

这是一篇矿物加工工程领域的论文。对某含铜金银硫精矿进行了选矿综合回收实验研究,实验结果表明,采用异丁基黄药+乙硫氮组合捕收剂,氧化钙做抑制剂,2^(#)油做起泡剂,经过一次粗选-三次精选-二次扫选的浮选工艺流程,最终可得到铜品位为16.66%、回收率为86.96%,金品位为278.95 g/t,回收率为75.56%;银品位为1848.74 g/t,回收率为78.55%的精矿产品,有效地实现了硫精矿中铜的综合回收,同时使金、银很好地富集在铜精矿中,便于回收利用,选矿指标理想。

基于298/77 K循环处理回收PCB中非金属组分

为解决废印制电路板(PCB)中非金属组分回收难且二次污染率大的问题,引入298/77 K循环处理技术,首先分析温度改变对PCB内部结构所造成的影响及PCB内部力学性能的变化,测试静电分选和离心分选对PCB非金属组分回收率的实际影响,之后引入CaF_(2)作为精炼过程中的强氧化剂,测试PCB内部结构发生改变后的硅组分回收率,最后测定回收后硅元素的实际纯度。结果表明:PCB在经过298/77 K循环处理后,内部结构受温度循环影响发生明显变化;各项力学性能均实现明显下降;PCB非金属组分实际产出量和硅组分回收率,相比于传统处理方式实现了明显提升,且对原PCB中各项杂质有较好的去除效果,硅元素占比在97%以上。

一种抑制后续换相失败的电流偏差控制参数整定方法

电网换相换流器型高压直流输电(line commutated converter-based high voltage direct current,LCC-HVDC)系统若发生后续换相失败,将严重影响交直流混联电网的安全稳定运行。文中首先针对LCC-HVDC系统故障恢复过程中电流偏差控制作用阶段易再次发生换相失败的问题,对电流偏差控制参数与换相失败之间的关系进行理论分析,发现此阶段系统若不发生换相失败,逆变侧LCC直流电压和交流换相电压须满足一定的约束关系,且该约束关系受电流偏差控制参数的直接影响。然后,基于理论分析结果,提出一种电流偏差控制参数整定方法,可改善系统故障恢复过程中对直流电压恢复速度和程度的控制要求,使系统更易满足直流电压与交流换相电压稳定运行约束关系,以降低后续换相失败概率。最后,利用PSCAD/EMTDC仿真平台CIGRE标准测试模型验证了理论分析的正确性以及参数整定方法的有效性。

NMOS晶体管电荷共享导致的SRAM单元单粒子翻转恢复效应研究

基于Synopsys公司的三维器件模拟软件TCAD,本文研究了NMOS晶体管电荷共享导致SRAM单元的单粒子翻转恢复(SEUR)效应。分析了NMOS晶体管电荷共享导致SEUR效应的物理机制,系统研究了NMOS晶体管偏置(如电源电压、P阱偏置电压)和工艺参数(如P+深阱掺杂浓度、P阱接触距离)对线性能量传输翻转恢复阈值(LETrec)以及单粒子翻转脉冲宽度(PWrec)的影响。研究发现:PWrec随着电源电压的增大而增大;PWrec和LETrec随着P阱偏置电压的增大而减小;LETrec随着P+深阱掺杂浓度的增大而增大;PWrec随着P阱接触与NMOS晶体管之间距离的增大而增大,而LETrec随着P阱接触与NMOS晶体管之间距离增大而减小。本文研究结论有助于优化SRAM单元抗单粒子效应设计,尤其是基于SEUR效应的SRAM单元的抗辐照加固设计提供了理论指导。

废旧锂离子电池正极材料回收研究进展

随着锂离子电池(lithium-ion batteries,LIBs)在电动汽车、3C电子产品和储能领域的大规模应用和产销量的日益剧增,其退役后带来的金属浪费和环境污染问题也日益突出。有必要大力开发绿色环保、高效低成本的废旧锂离子电池正极材料回收工艺,实现金属资源的周期性利用。回顾了废旧锂离子电池正极材料回收工艺的最新进展。概述了现有的回收工艺,详细介绍了预处理、火法冶金、湿法冶金、生物浸出和直接回收等回收工艺的研究现状。并通过对比分析现有技术存在的问题,综合讨论了各工艺的回收效率、安全性和经济价值。最后,展望了废旧锂离子电池正极材料回收再利用的前景和发展趋势,旨在为直接化、高值化、规模化的废旧锂电池回收再利用研究提供借鉴与参考。

侧流与主流磷回收工艺对比及调控因子分析

从污水中回收磷是缓解磷资源危机的有效途径,目前,污水处理厂常用的磷回收工艺主要为从剩余污泥中回收磷的侧流工艺,存在工艺复杂、回收效率低等问题.以生物膜为主体的主流磷回收工艺可实现磷的同步去除与富集,工艺简单且高效,因此更具发展前景.两种工艺在运行原理及模式上存在显著差异,因此对两者的调控措施不尽相同.本文分别以A^(2)O工艺和生物膜序批式反应器工艺为代表,对比了侧流和主流磷回收工艺在运行原理及模式上的异同,并以聚磷菌的代谢机理为基础,总结了温度、pH值、水力停留时间、溶解氧、碳源和蓄磷量等调控因子对两种工艺产生的影响,并阐述了其差异化机制,以期为生物膜磷回收工艺的进一步发展提供参考.

功率电子器件中金属材料回收技术综述与展望

在碳中和目标下,可再生能源发电、智能电网、新能源汽车等技术的推广极大地加快了高功率密度、高工作频率电子器件的应用,其中,新能源汽车逐渐进入退役高峰,将会使其下游零部件之一的功率电子器件迎来报废高峰。功率电子器件中的基板材料、金属化层以及连接材料中金属资源种类丰富,具有极高的回收利用价值。本文面向碳中和情景,聚焦典型功率电子器件功能、结构、组成特性,基于现有金属资源化技术进行详细讨论并展望,重点梳理了Si基芯片材料、贱金属(Cu、Ni、Sn等)和贵金属(Au、Ag等)的回收技术,总结了针对功率电子器件的整体回收流程,为未来功率电子器件大规模退役及金属回收提供技术部署。

铜冶炼烟尘金属分离及资源回收研究进展

以铜冶炼烟尘为研究对象,分析其理化及矿物学性质,对比铜冶炼烟尘金属分离与回收方法,包括碳热还原法、硫酸浸出法、碱性浸出法和湿法-火法联合工艺,总结各方法的原理、典型工艺、现状和存在问题,阐述非常规冶金方法在铜冶炼烟尘金属分离中的应用,展望铜冶炼烟尘资源回收的发展方向。研究结果表明:铜冶炼烟尘中砷、铜、锌含量受冶炼工艺、原矿品质的影响,不同元素赋存形态存在差异。碳热还原法可以通过金属砷酸盐和氧化物分解的方式释放砷,从而实现砷与其他有价金属的分离;硫酸浸出法可以高效浸提铜冶炼烟尘中的金属,实现多元素的回收;碱性浸出法可选择性浸提砷;湿法-火法联合工艺结合了火法工艺选择性分离砷和湿法工艺高效提取金属的优点,对于复杂高砷铜冶炼烟尘处理具有优势。铜冶炼烟尘兼具资源属性和环境风险,实现清洁生产及多金属资源化利用仍是关键,砷的无害化处置与锌、铜、铅等有价金属的高效协同回收工艺及分离机制、全过程物质流与环境效应是铜冶炼烟尘资源回收的发展方向。