Comprehensive evaluation of the transformer oil-paper insulation state based on RF-combination weighting and an improved TOPSIS method

The accurate identification of the oil-paper insulation state of a transformer is crucial for most maintenance strategies.This paper presents a multi-feature comprehensive evaluation model based on combination weighting and an improved technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution(TOPSIS)method to perform an objective and scientific evaluation of the transformer oil-paper insulation state.Firstly,multiple aging features are extracted from the recovery voltage polarization spectrum and the extended Debye equivalent circuit owing to the limitations of using a single feature for evaluation.A standard evaluation index system is then established by using the collected time-domain dielectric spectrum data.Secondly,this study implements the per-unit value concept to integrate the dimension of the index matrix and calculates the objective weight by using the random forest algorithm.Furthermore,it combines the weighting model to overcome the drawbacks of the single weighting method by using the indicators and considering the subjective experience of experts and the random forest algorithm.Lastly,the enhanced TOPSIS approach is used to determine the insulation quality of an oil-paper transformer.A verification example demonstrates that the evaluation model developed in this study can efficiently and accurately diagnose the insulation status of transformers.Essentially,this study presents a novel approach for the assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation.

Chaotic Characteristic of Time Series of Partial Discharge in Oil-Paper Insulation

The chaotic characteristics of time series of five partial discharge （PD） patterns in oil-paper insulation are studied. The results verify obvious chaotic characteristic of the time series of discharge signals and the fact that PD is a chaotic process. These time series have distinctive features, and the chaotic attractors obtained from time series differed greatly from each other by shapes in the phase space, so they could be used to qualitatively identify the PD patterns. The phase space parameters are selected, then the chaotic characteristic quantities can be extracted. These quantities could quantificationally characterize the PD patterns. The effects on pattern recognition of PRPD and CAPD are compared by using the neural network of radial basis function. The results show that both of the two recognition methods work well and have their respective advantages. Then, both the statistical operators under PRPD mode and the chaotic characteristic quantities under CAPD mode are selected comprehensively as the input vectors of neural network, and the PD pattern recognition accuracy is thereby greatly improved.

The Research of Connection between Degree of Polymerization and Frequency Domain Dielectric Spectroscopy Characteristics during Oil-Paper Insulation Aging

In order to study the linkage effects between degree of polymerization and frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy characteristics of oil-paper insulation, the frequency domain dielectric response test platform of oil-paper insulation is set up. Complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation respectively composed by new or aged oil and insulation paper with different DP are tested, and complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation respectively composed by insulation respectively composed by new oil and insulation paper with different DP and low or high moisture content are tested. The test results are analyzed, and the analysis results show that the degree of polymerization of insulation paper has an influence on complex permittivity of oil-paper insulation though influencing the distribution of moisture and acids between oil and paper.

The Investigation of Replacing Ceramic Bushings with Silicon Bushings in the Distribution Transformers

In recent years, the deficiencies of ceramic insulators along with their high maintenance costs have resulted in the replacement of ceramic insulators with silicon type in the pollution area. This idea has been employed for more than two decades in the polluted areas. Humidity of the weather in the south of Iran and the presence of pollutants in the air have made special conditions for construction and maintenance of some equipment including transformer bushings. Usual ceramic bushings, due to their ability in absorbing pollution and the rapid reduction of creepage distance (in a limited time period), have reduced transformer disconnection severely as a result of earth fault. Additionally, they are costly to be washed regularly. Therefore, using intelligent materials in designing bushing can increase the reliability of network and consequently reduction of costs. In this regard, this paper investigates the use of silicon bushings in the distribution systems and proposes operational ideas for the optimal operation of these devices in the polluted areas. The sample bushing was evaluated based on the IEC60137 standard test.

A New Method for the Aging Evaluation of Oil-Paper Insulation Using η-Butanol and Methanol

To improve the accuracy and efficiency of the aging life prediction and assessment of transformer oil-paper insulation,and to make up for the deficiencies of traditional characterizers,such as 2-furfural,carbon monoxide,and carbon dioxide,a method for the simultaneous determination of methanol,ethanol,n−propanol,and η-butanol in oil with a single injection is established by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.The measured results show that the determination limits of the four alcohol characterizers can be controlled to 10μg/kg level.Based on this method,the change patterns of the above four alcohols with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization are obtained through thermal aging experimental research.Ethanol,η-propanol,and η-butanol in oil indicate nearly linear correlations with thermal aging time and degree of polymerization,similar to that of methanol.By analyzing 52 sets of measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation,η-butanol is found to have excellent performance,and a new method to evaluate the aging state of oil-paper insulation employing η-butanol and methanol is proposed along with the aging attention value model.The measured data of 500 kV EHV transformers in operation indicate that the combination of η-butanol and methanol as the preferred characterizers can effectively compensate for the shortcoming of traditional characterizers in the early stages of aging,and the feasibility of the method is verified.Two possible pathways for the generation of η-butanol by cellulose cleavage during the aging of oil-paper are proposed from the chemical structure of cellulose.

Research on the feature extraction of DC space charge behavior of oil-paper insulation

As the ultra high DC voltage grid comes into an important stage in the ‘Twelfth Five-year Plan’ of China, the requirement on the operation safety of power equipment needs to be improved. Oil-paper insulation plays a significant role as the main insulation material of many key power equipments. The space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation not only affect the dielectric strength, but also relate to the stability and security of power transmission facilities. Until now, the research on the space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation remains on the stage of objective description and phenomenon explanation, thus it is very urgent to make some feature extractions on the test results in order to further investigate the DC space charge behaviors of oil-paper insulation. In this paper, based on the large numbers of test data in the first stage, data mining and feature extractions were performed on the DC space charge behavior of oil-paper insulation. The variation laws of some key characteristic parameters obtained in different experiment conditions such as the total charge injection amount, apparent charge mobility, and trap energy distribution were analyzed. In addition, the distribution of trapping level inside oil-paper was calculated by using the PEA test results based on the mechanism of the isothermal decay current, which realized the approximate calculation of trap depth by charge decay characteristics. What’s more, the exponential injection and decay equations of DC space charge changing with time were acquired for the first time, and the physical meanings of related parameters were defined. This has laid a foundation for the prediction and simulation of space charge in the oil-paper insulation.

Space Charge Characteristics of Oil-paper Insulation in the Electro-thermal Aging Process

High electric field and temperatures can result in electrical property degradation of oil-paper insulation and accelerate its aging process.This paper describes the regulation of space charge in the process of electro-thermal aging.Electric field distortion and differences in characteristic parameters during electro-thermal aging are analyzed,along with the effects of electro-thermal aging on space charge from the perspective of trap energy.High temperature and an electric field are used to accelerate the aging of oil-paper,and space charge characteristics are measured using the pulsed electro-acoustic(PEA)method throughout the electro-thermal aging.Based on results obtained,it can be concluded that homo-charge injection occurs at the anode and the type of the charge injection at the cathode varies throughout the electro-thermal aging;the decrease of permittivity during aging allows for space charge injection to take place;growth of trap depth makes the space charge accumulate in the middle of the sample;and space charge accumulation after electro-thermal aging results in inner electric field distortion,which leads to large current and decreased breakdown in voltages.

Characteristics of Partial Discharge in Oil-paper Insulated Needle Plate Electrode Model Under Composite AC-DC Voltage

Converter transformers are the core device in ultrahigh voltage direct current(UHVDC)transmission systems,and the oil-paper insulation at its rectifying valve side deals with the composite AC-DC voltage.A detailed investigation of the partial discharge(PD)mechanism in the oil-paper insulation under the composite AC-DC voltage is,therefore,very important.The oilpaper insulated needle plate electrode simulation model for the electric field and charge distribution can be established using hydrodynamic drift-diffusion theory and bipolar charge carrier theory,and the simulation results can reflect the morphological changes of PD.The development characteristics of PD under composite AC-DC voltage are researched.In addition,the effects of simulation time,the AC-DC component proportion,and model parameters on PD are also explored.Results indicate that differences in applied voltage,interface charge,and geometry structure can cause changes in the electric field strength,which consequently influences the PD process in the simulation model.Oil-immersed paperboard is a type of liquid-immersed dielectric(LID).When the LID is arranged in perpendicular,only the positive streamers have narrow channels oriented toward the LID.When the LID is arranged in parallel,the PDs are in the form of creeping discharges and the negative streamers are more dispersed.The development characteristics of PD and its influencing factors reported here may provide theoretical and simulation support to explain the physical mechanism of PD at the rectifying valve side of the converter transformer.

基于绝缘套管的10 kV架空裸线接地故障监测与防治技术研究

树障问题是造成10 kV配电线路接地故障的主要原因,严重制约着末端配电线路的供电效率。针对10 kV架空线路穿越林木区频繁面临的接地现象,提出采取敷设带电流监测绝缘套管的方案对树障区裸线进行保护,以防止接地故障发生,降低配网线损,提升供电效率。首先分析了树障接地问题产生的机理;然后详细阐述了基于绝缘套管的接地故障监测与防治方法;第三,研制了带电流监测功能的简易型绝缘套管;最后,该成果在国网浙江省电力公司某配电线路试用,对该研究成果的实效进行了检验,获得了用户的好评。

基于弛豫时间分布函数的油纸绝缘老化状态研究

为减小基于扩展Debye模型的老化状态评估方法对描述套管油纸绝缘劣化过程和解释老化机理时存在的误差,本文测试分析了不同老化程度油纸绝缘样品的极化-去极化(PDC)曲线,建立了考虑弛豫支路呈概率分布的分布式Debye模型,并通过正则化方法进行求解,最终提出了油纸绝缘套管老化状态的精确评估方法。结果表明:随老化程度的增加,极化电流整体向去极化电流增大、弛豫时间减小的方向移动,曲线达到稳定值的时间缩短;分布式Debye模型能够较好地描述老化油纸绝缘样品的多弛豫过程,正则化方法则能够较好地解决求解病态线性方程组时遇到的系统不适定问题;随着老化程度的增加,样品弛豫主峰所对应的弛豫时间分布函数概率密度增大,最可几弛豫时间常数逐渐减小;本文构建的老化状态评估模型具有较高的评估精度,误差均小于1.37%。

500 kV SF6断路器复合绝缘套管绝缘介质液化电场研究

为研究复合绝缘子套管中的SF6气体发生液化对套管内部电场分布的影响,采用电流场有限元法对内部电场进行了求解分析。基于某项目中复合套管参数建立了3D实体模型,假设在重要部位出现液滴进行工频瞬态电场计算,得出整体电场强度分布规律和液滴周围电场强度分布规律。研究发现,轴对称方法不再适用于SF6液化情况的分析。结果表明,液滴会导致附近电场强度增大,且液滴介电常数越大电场强度越高,电场强度随液滴参数变化最大可能变为原场强的3倍,当液态SF6的介电常数高且SF6填充压力低,产生过电压时可能会形成击穿。另外,在地电位屏蔽上发生液化并引起放电的可能性最高,需要额外的加热措施或更换填充气体为SF6-N2气体。

高压直流支柱绝缘子和套管伞形结构研究

从积污、人工污秽试验、人工雨闪试验3个方面对高压直流换流站直流支柱绝缘子和套管伞形结构进行了研究。通过对换流站、自然积污站和风洞试验中支柱绝缘子和直流设备套管的积污数据的分析,对±500kV直流系统用不同伞形支柱绝缘子全尺寸的人工污秽试验,以及瓷套管的人工淋雨试验,比较了伞形参数对支柱绝缘子和瓷套管污秽性能和淋雨闪络性能的影响。结果表明,和大小伞支柱相比,深棱伞绝缘子具有更好的污闪特性,受海拔高度的影响也相对较小。伞间距对雨闪电压的影响很大,增大伞间距可提高瓷套管的雨闪电压。该文的研究结果可直接为工程设计中支柱绝缘子和瓷套管的伞形结构选择提供依据。

±1100kV直流输电工程换流变压器阀侧套管的设计

换流变压器阀侧套管作为换流变压器的关键组成部分,长期以来依靠进口,对其进行设计具有重要意义。为此,基于GB/T 22674—2008《直流系统用套管》及国家电网公司2011年5月份颁布的《±1 100千伏特高压直流输电工程设备研制技术规范-换流变压器册》技术规范,对准东-重庆±1 100kV特高压直流输电工程换流变压器阀侧套管结构型式、外绝缘、性能及关键技术进行了研究。结果表明:换流变压器阀侧套管结构比较复杂,采用充SF6式型式比较好;绝缘水平比换流变压器绕组绝缘水平要提高不等系数,其中雷电冲击耐受和操作冲击耐受提高1.05倍,直流耐受、极性反转和工频耐受试验水平提高1.15倍。根据研究结果给出了准东换流站换流变压器阀侧套管的技术参数,对±1 100kV特高压直流输电工程换流变压器阀侧套管的研制具有重要指导作用。

高压绝缘套管电场分析及结构优化

高压绝缘套管是气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(GIS)高电压与地电位绝缘的重要元件,其均匀的电场分布与合理的结构是GIS安全运行的保证。笔者针对252 k V GIS高压绝缘套管结构设计与电场分布问题,以电磁场理论为基础,通过建立高压绝缘套管电场分布计算的数学模型和基于ANSYS软件的套管电场分布的仿真分析,对套管接地内屏蔽附近电场分布对套管外表面局部区域电场强度的影响进行研究,并据此对套管内屏蔽进行结构设计。套管内屏蔽结构参数的优化结果表明,套管外表面的最大切向场强降低了约29%,使其绝缘性能有了明显的提高。

高压交流套管的油纸绝缘热老化特性及寿命模型研究

为研究高压交流套管的油纸绝缘热老化特性,用套管用绝缘油、绝缘纸及铝箔纸自制成样品并分别在90℃、100℃、130℃三种温度下进行加速热老化。对热老化过程中反映油纸绝缘材料样品老化状态的理化特征参数进行测试与分析。同时,对套管缩比模型在100℃进行电热联合老化实验,测试分析其在老化过程中相应的介电响应曲线,测试套管在绝缘失效并解体后的绝缘电气/理化参数。结果表明:对于套管的多层油纸屏障结构,最外层油纸绝缘是套管绝缘特性的薄弱点。油纸材料样品与套管缩比模型在老化过程中最外层绝缘纸的聚合度下降速率均最快,内层较慢,分析认为水分和油酸在各层间的分布规律是导致该现象的主要原因;相比传统的工频电容值,低频段对应的电容值对绝缘状态变化反映更为灵敏。以油纸绝缘材料样品最外层绝缘纸的聚合度随温度与时间变化数据为依据,建立了套管油纸绝缘热寿命模型,并初步验证了该模型的有效性。

基于数据分析的变压器套管新型在线监测预警策略研究

套管是电力变压器的重要附件,其安全稳定运行至关重要。为此,常采用在线监测技术对其运行状态进行实时监测。在电网内部,变压器套管在线监测系统已有一定应用。然而,监测数据不仅取决于套管自身绝缘性能,而且受温度、湿度和系统运行电压等环境因素影响,且当前各套管监测厂家推荐的预警策略各异,难以满足应用要求。因此研究适宜的在线监测预警策略至关重要;文中对广东电网在运变压器套管的介损值历史监测数据进行了统计分析。研究发现变压器套管在线监测应用过程中会出现短时性、间歇性的数据异常,异常率接近1%,导致监测系统告警。剔除这些异常数据后,套管介损在线监测数据相对平均值在±15%范围内小幅波动,数据分布近似服从正态关系,进而提出在线监测时介损值相对变化应小于30%的新预警策略,优化了原有的预警策略,新的预警策略适应了不同类型变压器套管的出厂值差异,适用性更强。

基于频域介电谱分析的高压套管绝缘状态评估

为了解决高压套管现场检测手段有限、诊断准确性差的问题，改善目前高压套管事故多发的现状，采用新型无损检测方法对高压套管绝缘老化和受潮状态进行评估，对提高高压套管的运行可靠性具有重要意义。笔者采用基于介电响应理论的频域介电谱法（FDS），对3支结构相同的油纸绝缘高压套管在不同温度、含水量以及热老化时间下FDS测试的介损频率曲线进行了对比和分析，通过0．01～1000Hz频段的FDS测试的介损频率曲线来评估套管纸绝缘的含水量。研究结果表明，FDS测量的套管介损频率曲线受温度、含水量和老化时间等因素的影响，介损频率曲线的低频部分对套管纸绝缘含水量更敏感。而通过FDS测试评估套管纸绝缘含水量也可定量分析套管内部纸绝缘的老化和受潮状态。相比传统工频介质损耗测量．频域介电谱测量能够更灵敏和较全面地反映套管内部绝缘老化和受潮状态，具有较好的工程应用价值。

基于云理论和核向量空间模型的电力变压器套管绝缘状态评估

为了解决电力变压器套管绝缘状态评估中存在不确定性因素的问题,提出了一种新的状态评估方法。该方法全面考虑评估指标等级分类边界的随机性和模糊性,采用由云推理确定指标客观权重,由未确知理论确定主观权重的组合赋权法。建立了核向量空间模型,利用核函数将样本映射到高维特征空间的方法,在高维特征空间定义样本数据的指标有向线段和变压器套管绝缘等级标准的理想指标有向线段。进而通过计算两线段之间的夹角加权余弦获得样本与标准模式的贴近度,将绝缘评估问题转化为向量空间的模式识别问题,最终得出变压器套管所处的绝缘状态。实际算例表明该套管在第1次测试时,其绝缘状态贴近正常的贴近度最大即处于正常状态;第2次和第3次测试时,贴近故障的贴近度最大即处于故障状态。

基于集对分析和综合赋权的电力变压器套管绝缘状态评估

针对当前电力变压器套管绝缘状态评估中各评价参量存在复杂性和不确定性的问题,文中应用集对分析方法对变压器套管进行绝缘状态评估。首先选取用于套管状态评估的指标,对评估结果进行等级划分并制定响应策略,采用层次分析法和熵权法融合的综合赋权法来确定各评估指标的权重,构造联系度数学表达式来描述评估指标与状态等级之间的关联程度,建立起集对分析状态评估模型。实例计算分析表明,基于集对分析方法和综合赋权的状态评估模型能够有效反映变压器套管的绝缘状态,评估结果可为变压器的状态检修提供有效参考。

基于模糊综合评判的变压器套管绝缘状态评估

针对变压器整体评估过于笼统的问题,构造模糊综合评判模型对变压器套管进行绝缘状态评估。针对常权模式容易使评判结果失真的问题,引入变权模式使评判结果更加接近套管的真实状况。采用降(升)半梯形分布函数作为确定关系模糊矩阵的隶属函数,应用级别特征值作为综合等级,确定套管所处的状态等级。通过实例分析,验证了模糊综合评判在变压器套管绝缘状态评估上的真实性和实用性。