Experimental study on asphaltene precipitation induced by CO_2 flooding

The effects of CO2 pressure,temperature and concentration on asphaltene precipitation induced by CO2 were studied using a high-pressure vessel,interfacial tensiometer,Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） and drill core displacement experimental apparatus.The results indicated that the content of asphaltene in crude oil decreased,and the interfacial tension between a model oil and distilled water increased,with an increase of CO2 pressure,decrease of temperature and increase of molar ratio of CO2 to crude oil when CO2 contacted crude oil in the high pressure vessel.The content of asphaltene in sweepout oil and the permeability of test cores both also decreased with an increase of CO2 flooding pressure.The main reason for changes in content of asphaltene in crude oil,in interfacial tension between model oil and distilled water and in the permeability of the test core is the precipitation of asphaltene which is an interfacially active substance in crude oil.Precipitation of asphaltene also blocks pores in the drill core which decreases the permeability.

Experimental Study and Numerical Simulation of Polymer Flooding

The numerical simulation of polymer flooding is a complex task as this process involves complex physical and chemical reactions,and multiple sets of characteristic parameters are required to properly set the simulation.At present,such characteristic parameters are mainly obtained by empirical methods,which typically result in relatively large errors.By analyzing experimentally polymer adsorption,permeability decline,inaccessible pore volume,viscosity-concentration relationship,and rheology,in this study,a conversion equation is provided to convert the experimental data into the parameters needed for the numerical simulation.Some examples are provided to demonstrate the reliability of the proposed approach.

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS FOR THE EFFECTS OF TWO MODEL INITIALIZATION SCHEMES ON RAINFALL FORECAST IN THE 2008 FLOODING SEASON

In this paper, based on heavy rain numerical forecast model AREM(Advanced Regional Eta Model), two different initialization schemes, LAPS and GRAPES-3DVAR, are used to run assimilation experiments of AREM-LAPS and AREM-3DVAR with the same data source(NCEP forecast field, surface data and radio-soundings) during the period from 21 May to 30 July 2008 to investigate the effect of the two initialization schemes on the rainfall simulation. The result suggests that:(1) the forecast TS score by the AREM-LAPS is higher than that by the AREM-3DVAR for rainfall in different areas, at different valid time and with different intensity, especially for the heavy rain, rainstorm and extremely heavy rain;(2) the AREM-3DVAR can generally simulate the average rainfall distribution, but the forecast area is smaller and rainfall intensity is weaker than the observation, while the AREM-LAPS significantly improves the forecast;(3) the AREM-LAPS gives a better forecast for the south-north shift of rainfall bands and the rainfall intensity variation than the AREM-3DVAR;(4) the AREM-LAPS can give a better reproduction for the daily change in the mean-rainfall-rate of the main rain band, and rainfall intensity changes in the eastern part of Southwest China, the coastal area in South China, the middle-lower valleys of Yangtze river, the Valleys of Huaihe river, and Shandong peninsula, with the rainfall intensity roughly close to the observation, while the rainfall intensity simulated by the AREM-3DVAR is clearly weaker than the observation, especially in the eastern part of Southwest China; and(5) the comparison verification between the AREM-LAPS and AREM-3DVAR for more than 10 typical rainfall processes in the summer of 2008 indicates that the AREM-LAPS gives a much better forecast than AREM-3DVAR in rain-band area, rainfall location and intensity, and in particular, the rainfall intensity forecast is improved obviously.

Flume experimental study on evolution of a mouth bar under interaction of floods and waves

Based on the characteristics of hydrodynamics and sediment transport in the bar area in the Modaomen Estuary,a flume experiment was performed to study the evolution of the longitudinal profile of the mouth bar.The mouth bar evolution was investigated under the impacts of floods with different return periods as well as flood-wave interaction.The results showed that floods with different return periods had significant influences on the evolution of the river mouth bar.Particularly on the inner slope of the mouth bar,the sediment was substantially active and moveable.The inner slope and the bar crest tended to be remarkably scoured.The erosion was intensified with the increase of the magnitude of floods.Moreover,the bar crest moved seawards,while the elevation of the bar crest barely changed.Under the flood-wave interaction,a remarkable amount of erosion on the inner and outer slopes of the mouth bar was also found.The seaward displacement of the bar crest under the interaction of floods and waves was less than it was under only the impact of floods,while more deposition was found on the crest of the mouth bar in this case.

Experimental Study of the Interaction between Building Clusters and Flash Floods

In recent years, flash flood disasters have occurred frequently in southwest China due to the increased frequency of extreme climate events. To solve this problem, great efforts have been made in studying the process of flash flood. However, little attention was paid on bearing body of hazard, the clusters of buildings. Thus the real disaster mechanism of flash flood remains unclear.Accordingly, based on the experiments of artificial flash floods in a conceptual solid model, this paper focuses on the flood-impacted inundation characteristics of the building clusters at different locations of the gully model, in order to obtain a better understanding of the disaster process and the interaction between the flash floods and building clusters. The results showed that, in a typical smallscale flash flood gully with hot and dry climate, 1)clusters of buildings on an alluvial fan could reduce about 35% of the flooding area by blocking the diffusion of the flood to the depression areas, and could also promote the deposition in lower reaches of the river channel by blocking the overbank flow from going back into the channel, making the width-depth ratio of the channel larger. 2) The flash flood rates of disaster and hazard on the alluvial fan are generally higher than that of the inner gully. For the inner gully,buildings located on the beaches along the lower river and the transitional areas of the straight channel and channel bends can easily be affected because of their lower elevations. For the alluvial fan, buildings nearby the meanders suffer the greatest impacts because of bank collapsing and flooding. 3) The safe vertical distance from a building to the river channel is 13 m for the buildings in the inner gully under extreme floods. Below this threshold, the smaller the vertical distance is, the greater the risk exposure is. For the buildings on the alluvial fan, especially for the buildings near the concave bank of the top rush point,the horizontal distance is more important, and the safe value is 80 m under extreme floods.

The Selection and Breeding of a Novel Microorganism Strain I and Investigation of Core Model Experiment for MEOR

This paper introduces the results of selecting and breeding a micro-organism, Strain I, and its core model experiment investigation for microbial enhanced oil recovery (MEOR). Strain I was separated from the formation water of the Dagang oil field, with analytical results showing that Strain I is a gram-positive bacillus. A further study revealed that this strain has an excellent tolerance of environmental stresses: It can survive in conditions of 70℃, 30 wt% salinity and pH3.5-9.4. Strain I can metabolize biosurfactants that could increase the oil recovery ratio, use crude oil as the single carbon source, and decompose long-chain paraffin with a large molecular weight into short-chain paraffin with a small molecular weight. The core model experiment shows that Strain I enhances oil recovery well. Using 2 vol% of the fermentation solution of Strain I to displace the crude oil in the synthetic plastic bonding core could increase the recovery ratio by 21.6%.

Experimental Study on Heavy Oil Drag Reduction in Horizontal Pipelines by Water Annular Conveying

Transportation of heavy oil by the so-called water-ring technique is a very promising method by which pressure drop and pollution can be significantly reduced.Dedicated experiments have been carried out by changing the phase’s density,viscosity,velocity and interfacial tension to systematically analyze the characteristics of the water ring.On the basis of such experimental data,a mathematical model for pressure drop prediction has been introduced.This research shows that as long as the density of oil and water remains the same,a concentric water ring can effectively be formed.In such conditions,the oil-water viscosity difference has little effect on the shape of water ring,and it only affects the pressure drop.The greater the viscosity of heavy oil,the smaller the pressure drop of the oil-water ring transportation system.The influence of phases’interfacial tension on the characteristics and pressure drop of the heavy oil-water ring can be considered negligible.The pressure drop prediction model introduced on the basis of the Buckingham’s principle provides values in good agreement(95%)with the experimental data.

Inter-well interferences and their influencing factors during water flooding in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

Based on the characteristics of injection-production units in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs,nine groups of experiments were designed and performed to analyze the interference characteristics and their influencing factors during water flooding.Based on percolation theory,an inversion model for simulating waterflooding interferences was proposed to study the influence laws of different factors on interference characteristics.The results show that well spacing,permeability ratio,cave size,and cave location all affect the interference characteristics of water flooding.When the cave is located in high permeability fractures,or in the small well spacing direction,or close to the producer in an injection-production unit,the effects of water flooding are much better.When the large cave is located in the high-permeability or small well spacing direction,the well in the direction with lower permeability or smaller well spacing will see water breakthrough earlier.When the cave is in the higher permeability direction and the reserves between the water injector and producer differ greatly,the conductivity differences in different injection-production directions are favorable for water flooding.When the injection-production well pattern is constructed or recombined,it’s better to make the reserves of caves in different injection-production directions proportional to permeability,and inversely proportional to the well spacing.The well close to the cave should be a producer,and the well far from the cave should be an injector.Different ratios of cave reserves to fracture reserves correspond to different optimal well spacings and optimal permeability ratios.Moreover,both optimal well spacing and optimal permeability ratio increase as the ratio of cave reserves to fracture reserves increases.

Experimental Study on Influencing Factors of Resistance Coefficient and Residual Resistance Coefficient in Oilfield Z

In order to clarify the major influence factors of resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient, so as to provide the basis for optimizing the polymer flooding schemes in oilfield Z of Bohai Sea, artificial cores were made by simulated the characteristic parameters of real reservoir and the spacing of production-injection wells. The main parameters considered include reservoir permeability, polymer solution concentration and polymer injection rate. Core experiment of polymer flooding was taken by considering all the main parameters. The result showed that resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient decrease with the increase of core permeability. Resistance coefficient and residual resistance coefficient increase with the increase of concentration of polymer solution. The increment of displacement pressure in low permeability core is higher than in medium and high permeability core. The resistance coefficient increase with higher displacing velocity, and the increment in high permeability core is higher than in low permeability?core. The displacement velocity has little effect on the residual resistance coefficient. The experimental results can effectively guide the formulation of polymer flooding scheme in offshore oilfields, and optimize the appropriate injection rate and concentration of polymer solution for different properties of reservoirs, thus ensuring the effectiveness of polymer flooding in offshore oilfields.

CO2 assisted steam flooding in late steam flooding in heavy oil reservoirs

To improve the oil recovery and economic efficiency in heavy oil reservoirs in late steam flooding,taking J6 Block of Xinjiang Oilfield as the research object,3D physical modeling experiments of steam flooding,CO2-foam assisted steam flooding,and CO2 assisted steam flooding under different perforation conditions are conducted,and CO2-assisted steam flooding is proposed for reservoirs in the late stage of steam flooding.The experimental results show that after adjusting the perforation in late steam flooding,the CO2 assisted steam flooding formed a lateral expansion of the steam chamber in the middle and lower parts of the injection well and a development mode for the production of overriding gravity oil drainage in the top chamber of the production well;high temperature water,oil,and CO2 formed stable low-viscosity quasi-single-phase emulsified fluid;and CO2 acted as a thermal insulation in the steam chamber at the top,reduced the steam partial pressure inside the steam chamber,and effectively improved the heat efficiency of injected steam.Based on the three-dimensional physical experiments and the developed situation of the J6 block in Xinjiang Oilfield,the CO2 assisted steam flooding for the J6 block was designed.The application showed that the CO2 assisted steam flooding made the oil vapor ratio increase from 0.12 to 0.16 by 34.0%,the oil recovery increase from 16.1%to 21.5%,and the final oil recovery goes up to 66.5%compared to steam flooding after perforation adjustment.

Research on Optimization of Reservoir Perforation Position in Offshore Polymer Flooding Oilfield

In order to enhance the effect of polymer flooding in offshore oilfields, so as to realize the longer stable production period and higher oil recovery, the reservoir perforation positions of production wells and injection wells are taken as research objects. By analyzing the distribution of remaining oil and production characteristics under different perforation positions, the optimum perforation positions of production wells and injection wells are selected. Bohai oilfield L was taken as target oilfield in this article, according to the actual reservoir characteristic parameters, three-dimensional laboratory physical simulation experiments of water flooding and polymer flooding were carried out, the experiments include different perforation positions of production wells and injection wells. The research result showed that the influence of perforation position on residual oil and development characteristics of the model is obvious. When takes the scheme of injection well upper part perforated and production well all part perforated, the least of the remaining oil distribution, the longest of the production period without water. Contrast with other perforation schemes, its stable production period increase about 1.2 times, the oil recovery of water flooding increase 3.7% - 6.0%, the oil recovery of polymer flooding increase 2.5% - 4.1%. So it is recommended as the best perforation scheme. Preferable effect had been achieved when translating research findings into practice. It can serve as a reference to the similar offshore oilfield.

Mechanisms and influencing factors of the oil bank in fire flooding

Based on the systematic summary of current research on oil bank, the definition of oil bank in the process of fire flooding and its quantitative indices were proposed; and a new one-dimensional positive dry-fire flooding model considering temperature gradient was established based on the steady flow theory of gas and liquid phases. Single factor analysis and orthogonal experiments were adopted to verify the reliability and reveal the formation mechanisms and the controlling factors of the oil bank. Then the optimal conditions for the oil bank to form were discussed. The study results show the formation of the oil bank is controlled by 3 factors:(1) Oil bank would come into being within a certain temperature interval and above a critical value of temperature gradient(absolute value), with temperature too high or too low and temperature gradient absolute value lower than the critical value, the oil bank couldn't form.(2) For fire flooding process in heavy oil reservoirs, the viscosity of oil influences the width of oil bank and the speed at which oil bank forms; the lower the oil viscosity is, the wider the oil bank is and the faster the oil bank forms.(3) Oil saturation could affect the developing temperature and speed of oil bank. The favorable temperature at which oil bank develops gets lower and the accumulating speed of oil gets faster when the oil saturation is higher. By orthogonal experiments with the model, the optimal combinations of reservoir conditions for forming oil bank during fire flooding in heavy oil reservoirs can be worked out.

Partial phase flow rate measurements for stratified oil-water flow in horizontal wells

To accurately measure and evaluate the oil-water production profile of horizontal wells, a dynamic measurement experiment of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal wells and numerical simulation were combined to establish a method for measuring the partial phase flow rate of oil-water two-phase stratified flow in horizontal wells. An experimental work was performed in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow simulation well using combination production logging tool including mini-capacitance sensor and mini-spinner. The combination tool provides a recording of holdup and velocity profiles at five different heights of the borehole cross-section. The effect of total flow rate and water-cut on the response of spinner and capacitive sensor at five measured positions were investigated. The capacitance water holdup interpolation imaging algorithm was used to determine the local fluid property and oil-water interface height, and the measured local fluid speed was combined with the numerical simulation result to establish an optimal calculation model for obtaining the partial phase flow rate of the oil-water two-phase stratified flow in the horizontal well. The calculated flow rates of five measured points are basically consistent with the experimental data, the total flow rate and water holdup from calculation are in agreement with the set values in the experiment too, suggesting that the method has high accuracy.

An Experiment on Releasing Water from Water Tanks by Xu Youzhen during the Ming Dynasty

In 1453,Xu Youzhen,a scholar-bureaucrat and hydrologist in Ming China,was dispatched to Shandong to find a way to harness the Yellow River.He proposed the opening up of multiple channels to diverge the flood waters.An experiment was conducted to compare the efficiency of releasing water using one large opening with the use of a number of small openings.This experiment proved that opening up multiple channels outperformed the construction of only one,thereby convincing the emperor and officials of the efficacy of this method.Xu’s method for water control proved to be successful in averting a flood that occurred in 1456.

基于高分子材质的L型城市应急防洪屏受力分析

国内关于高分子材质城市内涝应急防御装备的研究较为少见。采用水槽试验与流固耦合数值仿真相结合的方法,对城市应急防洪屏(以下简称“防洪屏”)的结构受力特性展开研究。结果表明,数值仿真模拟与试验结果吻合较好。随着水深和流速的增大,防洪屏的应力和变形逐渐增大,最大应力位于防洪屏的踵部,最大变形位于挡水面顶部两侧。防洪屏的结构受力系数随着来流弗劳德数的增大快速衰减,当弗劳德数大于0.15后,结构受力系数趋于定值;相对于惯性力,防洪屏承受最大应力的影响因素主要是重力。研究结果可为防洪屏的进一步优化设计提供参考。

沿海地面沉降对风暴潮作用下洪水淹没影响的析因试验

地面沉降会加剧沿海地区潮灾风险。基于验证良好的MIKE 21水动力模型预测珠海市未来地面沉降和风暴潮影响下洪水淹没情况,引入并设计析因试验以量化地面沉降和风暴潮对洪水淹没的单独效应、主效应和交互效应。结果表明:珠海市地面沉降在平沙镇东北至白蕉镇西南呈条带状分布,对洪水淹没存在空间“放大效应”。地面沉降和风暴潮交互作用会加剧鸡啼门水道和泥湾门水道两侧洪水向内陆演进的趋势;与内陆相比,沿岸农田和水产养殖区的淹没对地面沉降更为敏感。交互作用时两个因素的单独效应均增强,二者对洪水淹没存在正向协同交互作用。未来100年地面沉降情景下,地面沉降主效应约为风暴潮主效应的1.11~29.49倍,这表明地面沉降在淹没效应中占主导地位,在预测未来风暴淹没时须考虑地面沉降的影响。

玉果油田果8区块减氧空气驱低温氧化对采收率的影响

注减氧空气是低渗透油藏有效的开发手段,减氧空气可在地层条件下与原油发生低温氧化反应,提高采收率。针对玉果油田果8区块目前减氧空气驱提高采收率机理认识不完善的问题,采用等温氧化实验和长岩心驱替实验探究原油氧化过程和生成物质对提高采收率的影响。等温氧化实验结果表明,稀油的低温氧化过程产生了沉积物质,随着温度升高,氧化程度明显提高,89℃时原油氧化生成重质组分沉积量为1.25×10^(-3)g/g,100℃时为3.43×10^(-3)g/g,120℃时为5.02×10^(-3)g/g。长岩心驱替实验结果表明,不同氧化温度下重质组分沉降对采收率存在影响,随着温度升高,气窜时机变晚,波及效果变好,最终采收率有所提高,温度为89℃、100℃和120℃时的最终采收率分别为52.77%、58.89%和65.23%。

四川盆地公山庙油田中侏罗统沙溪庙组一段致密油藏流体渗流特征

针对致密油藏岩石孔隙结构复杂、流体渗流阻力大、油气产量低、开发效益较差等问题,以四川盆地中部地区(简称“川中地区”)公山庙油田中侏罗统沙溪庙组一段低渗透、特低渗透致密砂岩油藏为例,在储层岩石润湿性实验基础上,开展了流体低速渗流实验、恒速水驱油实验和自发渗吸实验等多项研究。研究结果表明:①川中地区公山庙油田沙一段致密油藏的储层岩石总体上呈弱亲水性特征,在完全饱和地层水条件下的水相渗流曲线为一条直线,且经过坐标原点,地层水单相渗流符合达西定律且不存在启动压力或启动压力梯度。②在通过油驱水建立束缚水饱和度的条件下,岩石孔隙表面吸附的水膜降低了油相渗流通道,两相渗流存在贾敏效应,增加了油相渗流的附加阻力。油相低速渗流曲线不过坐标原点,存在启动压力或启动压力梯度;储层岩石的渗透率越低,启动压力或启动压力梯度越大。③驱替速度和岩石渗透率对水驱油效果有较大影响,在较高的驱替速度下,注入水在大孔道中发生指进和沿裂缝发生水窜是造成水驱油效率降低的主要原因。④岩石渗透率对渗吸驱油效果有显著影响,且裂缝样品的渗吸驱油效率大于基质样品的渗吸驱油效率。⑤对致密油藏实施大规模压裂改造,所形成的高渗透缝网可有效降低流体渗流的启动压力或启动压力梯度,再辅以单井吞吐(水油渗吸交换)的开采方式,这种组合是保证致密油藏长期稳产的重要技术措施。研究成果对致密油藏以及页岩油的开发具有重要的借鉴意义。

致密油藏CO_(2)吞吐驱油和封存注采参数敏感性分析——以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段致密油藏典型储集层为例

致密油藏CO_(2)吞吐开发具有提高原油采收率和封存CO_(2)的双重效果。目前,对致密油藏CO_(2)吞吐驱油和封存研究中,鲜有学者将CO_(2)封存量相关参数作为评价指标。以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段某致密油藏典型储集层为例,利用数值模拟技术分别选取吞吐时机、注气速度、注气时间、焖井时间、生产时间和吞吐轮次为注采参数,以换油率、CO_(2)滞留系数及驱油-封存协同综合系数为评价指标,采用单因素控制变量法和多因素正交试验设计,结合极差分析方法,分析了6个注采参数对3个评价指标的敏感性。结果表明:当注重CO_(2)驱油时,建议注气时间为30~60 d,注气速度为0.001 0~0.003 0 PV/d,吞吐时机小于0.5年;当注重CO_(2)封存时,建议生产时间为30~230 d,注气速度为0.0075~0.010 0 PV/d,注气时间为145~180 d;当CO_(2)驱油和封存协同优化时,建议注气时间为30~65 d,吞吐时机为6个月前,焖井时间为10~20 d。

涠洲11-X油田水淹层地质特征及影响因素研究

在涠洲11-X油田开发的过程中,随着水淹程度的不断加大,油藏的储层物性、孔隙结构以及黏土矿物含量等储层微观特征均发生了不同程度的变化,这些变化对水淹油层的识别和后期剩余油分布规律的研究有重要的意义。文章通过开展不同驱替倍数的岩心驱替实验,开展水驱前后储层特征参数对比,以此明确水淹前后储层的变化规律和影响水淹层地质特征的主控因素。研究表明,注水油田中水淹层储层参数变化主要是由开发过程中地层水与注入水相互作用引起的,主要表现为地层微粒的迁移和黏土矿物的变化,并伴随着地下液流对微粒的冲刷,产生分散、迁移现象,从而造成储层物性的改变。