Review on Volatile Flavor Components of Roasted Oilseeds and Their Products

Volatile flavor components in foods are the key quality parameters. The researchers conducted in-depth research on sesame oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil, sesame paste and peanut butter, etc. However, there is no comprehensive summary about the flavor of roasted oilseeds and their products. The occurrence and the formation mechanisms of the main volatile flavor substances,and the impacts of processing factors are discussed in this review, which may provide references for further research on volatile flavor compounds, identification and evaluation of specific products and development of new products.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Oils in Mango Leaves from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives]To analyze the composition of volatile oils from mango leaves from different producing areas.[Methods]The volatile oils in mango leaves from different areas was extracted by steam distillation,and the GC-MS method combined with retention index and peak area normalization method was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.[Results]The volatile oils of mango leaves in southern provinces contained high content of terpenes,such asα-gurjunene(18.39%-34.13%),(+)-viridiflorene(8.95%-16.30%)and(E)-β-ocimene(3.49%-7.63%).The volatile oils components of mango leaves were significantly different in different provinces,for example,mango leaves produced in Hainan Province contained a large amount ofβ-selinene(23.00%),but not in other provinces.[Conclusions]The origin had a great influence on the composition and contents of volatile oils in mango leaves.

Chemical Compositions of <i>Lonchocarpus cyanescens</i>Benth., (Fabaceae)—Case Study of Its Volatile Oils, and Two Triterpenoids

Leaf and stem essential oils of Lonchocarpus cyanescens Benth., (Fabaceae) were obtained by hydro-distillation, using all-glass apparatus adapted to British Pharmacopeia specifications with yields of 0.03% and 0.17% respectively. The oils were investigated by GC and GC-MS analyses. Results show seven compounds were responsible for 90.4% of leaf;eleven compounds responsible for 97.6% of stem volatile oils. Phytol (62.5%) and hexadecanoic acid (12.4%) dominate the leaf oil;octadecenoic (24.1%) and hexadecanoic acids (17.2%) are predominant in the stem oil. Phytochemical screening of stem, leaf, and root methanol extracts of Lonchocarpus cyanescens reveal presence of following seven classes of metabolites: saponin, tannin, steroid, terpenoid, cardiac glycosides, phlobatannins and flavonoids. Partitioning of methanol extract from dried leaf of it with ethylacetate gave fraction, which was chromatographed using gradient elution. TLC with high Rf was used in monitoring elution. Two white crystalline solids eluted at 5% and 10% ethylethanoate in hexane, were re-crystallized and characterized. They were subjected to Infra-Red spectra, mass spectrometry (ESI technique), 1H and 13C-NMR analyses, which confirmed they are triterpenoids. Above mentioned metabolites may be responsible for literature acclaimed bio-activities L. cyanescens display [anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, anti-microbial effects]. This paper presents details of above results which are new in literature.

Effects of Volatile Oils of Sichuan Citrisarcodactylis fructus on Proliferation and Apoptosis of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells

[Objectives] To study the effects of volatile oils of Sichuan Citrisarcodactylis fructus on proliferation and apoptosis of MCF-7human breast cancer cells.[Methods]CCK-8 method was used to measure the cell proliferation,the flow cytometry was used to measure changes in cell cycle,Western blot was used to detect p53 and cyclin D1 activity changes,TUNEL method was used to measure percentage of apoptotic cells,inverted phase contrast microscope and transmission electron microscope were used to observe morphology of MCF-7 cells treated with different concentrations.[Results]When the concentration was 5-50 μmol/L,the cell proliferation inhibition rate increased significantly(P <0. 05),G2/M phase decreased significantly( P < 0. 05),eventually disappeared completely,G1 phase significantly increased with time and concentration( P < 0. 05),finally reached 90. 0%; the activity of cyclin D1 significantly declined( P < 0. 05),while the activity of p53 had no significant change( P > 0. 05). The apoptotic rate of MCF-7 cells significantly increased with the extension of time( P < 0. 05). At6 h,12 h and 24 h of action time,the apoptotic rate of MCF-7 cells significantly increased with the increase in volatile oil concentration(P <0. 05). Morphological observation showed that the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells was obvious.[Conclusions]The volatile oils of Citrisarcodactylis fructus have obvious inhibition of proliferation of MCF-7 cells and function of inducing apoptosis,and the effects took on the dose and time dependent. 5-50 μmol/L volatile oil of Sichuan Citrisarcodactylis fructus can inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and induce the apoptosis of MCF-7 cells through inhibiting the cyclin D1.

Investigation of the volatile oils,lipid constituents and biological activity of Ballota andreuzziana,Teucrium zanonii and Verbena tenuisecta in Libya

Objective:To determine the chemical composition of essential oils and lipid constituents of Ballola andreuzziana(B.andreuzziana),Teucrium zanonii(T.zanonii) and Verbena tenuisecta(V. tenuisecta) growing in Libya,and to test the antibacterial activity of different extracts of Teucrium zanonii.Methods:The volatile oils of all plants were extracted by hydrodistillation method and analyzed by GC/MS method.The lipid constituents of plants were obtained by extraction with petroleum ether and fractionated into fatty alcohols,fatty acids and unsapoinfiable matters. Antibacterial activity of T.zanonii extracts and antioxidant activity of different extracts of T. zanonii were also studied.Results:The volate oil of B.andreuzziana was found to consists of 20 compounds in which caryophyllin is the main one(63.1%),the volatile oil of T.zanonii consists of 74 compounds in which germacrene-D was the main compound,while the volatile oil of V. tenuisecta consists of 13 compounds with l-octen-3- ol as a major constituent(52.87%).The study of antimicrobial activity of different extracts of V.tenuisecta showed that,both methanol and butanol extracts exhibited the highest activity against Mycobacterium phlei(M.pblei) and Candida albicans(C.albicans) respectively,while petroleum ether,fatty alcohols and unsaponifiable fractions had no antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Investigation of the antioxidant activity of different extracts of T.zanonii using DPPH method proved that,the ethyl acetate and butanol fractions showed the highest activity where the inhibition percentage(1%) are 93.6 and 92.1 respectively.Conclusions:This is the first report about the volatile oils of these plants where T.zanonii have the highest content and the highest number of the identified compounds.The study of antioxidant T.zanonii extracts proved that,the ethyl acetate,butanol and aqueous extracts have the highest antioxidant activity.Methanol and butanol extracts of V.tenuisecta exhibited the highest activity against M.phlei and C.albicans respectively.

Physicochemical properties and volatile components of hempseed oils in Bama region

A comparison study has been performed in hempseed oils (HSO) extracted from different cultivars in Bama region. Squeezing properties, chemical compositions, thermal stability and flavor profile of pressed HSO were determined in this study. Results indicated that there were no significant differences in crude fat, protein, fiber of different hempseeds and fatty acid composition in HSOs. Hempseeds with small size and dark-colored peel have lower squeezing oil yield than big ones. Average content of total phytosterol, tocopherol and phenol in HSO from small seeds were 872.0 mg/100 g, 124.1 mg/100 g and 15.5 mg SA/100 g respectively. Thermal oxidation by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed three step oxidation of HSO with mean onset and oxidation temperature at 124oC and 135-315oC. Oxidation temperature of HSO from small seeds was higher than that from big seeds (big size and light-colored peel). Main volatile ingredients in HSO contained 11 kinds of monoterpene and 7 kinds of sesquiterpene. Volatile terpene content in HSO from small seeds was nearly 30% higher than that of big seeds. Quality of HSO with different peel feature has significant difference in squeezing yield, thermal stability and volatile flavors. This work may be useful to produce high quality hempseed oils through quality evaluation.

Rosa x alba:source of essential minerals and volatile oils

Rosa x alba is cultivated almost exclusively for the production of aromatic water and fruits widely used as ingredients in some traditional food preparations sold commercially.Results of the proximate and elemental analyses revealed that flowers exhibited higher moisture content while the dry matter content was higher in leaves.Total fat and ash was higher in fruits when compared with leaves and flowers.All studied organs were found to be rich in essential mineral such as K,Ca,P and Mg.Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the volatile oils revealed different composition patterns between organs.Linalool and geraniol were found as major constituents of the leaf oil whereas 2-phenethyl alcohol and eugenol were the major constituents of the floral oil.In contrast,fruits showed very distinct composition and alkanes/alkenes were found to have the major contribution.The present composition could justify the traditional use of Rosa x alba which could be considered as a potential source of essential minerals and volatile constituents.

Chemometric Analysis of Volatile Compounds of NIPRINEEM Oil and Other Brands of Neem Seed Oils Sold in Nigeria

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem, family Meliaceae) is a reputable medicinal plant. Various parts of the plant are used as a remedy against different ailments, as a natural pesticide, as raw material in the cosmetic industry, and for marking other commodities. The seed oil is a major product of the plant and its quality depends on the seed quality and extraction methods employed. In this study, the chemical profile of NIPRDNEEM oil is compared with that of other brands of neem seed oils by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and chemometrics. The fatty acid identified in NIPRDNEEM oil were: oleic acid (34.09%), stearic acid (11.4%), linoleic acid (15.94%), palmitic acid (23.4%), arachidic acid (0.73%), and the other compounds were: 1-Monolinoleoylglycerol trimethylsilyl ether (0.95%) and farnesyl alcohol (13.20%). The branded oils were composed predominantly of oleic acid (13.50% - 26.76%), palmitic acid (6.88% - 11.99%), linoleic acid (7.32% - 11.17%), stearic acid (4.29% - 13.08%), and arachidic acid (0.53% - 1.27%). The unbranded oil contained oleic acid (30.04%), stearic acid (14.91%), linoleic acid (14.62%), palmitic acid (12.34%), and arachidic acid (0.93%). Stigmasterol, stigmasterol acetate, and sitosterol were the sterols identified in the oils. Characterization of the fatty acid profile of neem seed oil is vital for industrial and economic purposes. The fatty acids profile of the NIPRDNEEM oil and other neem seed oil were comparable. Both PCA plots and HCA dendrogram from the chemometric analysis shows three main grouping of all samples. While NIPRDNEEM and the local neem oil were grouped, suggesting a high degree of resemblance of both samples.

GC-MS Analysis of Chemical Constituents of Volatile Oils of the Yao Medicine Thunbergia grandiflora from Different Habitats in Guangxi

[Objectives]This study was conducted to compare and analyze the chemical constituents of the volatile oils of the Yao medicine Thunbergia grandiflora from different habitats.[Methods]A quartz capillary column DB-1MS,an EI ion source and a quadrupole mass analyzer were used for analysis.The chromatographic and mass spectrum information obtained was automatically retrieved and analyzed by data processing system and its memory spectrum library(Nist.08).The relative content of each chemical component in the volatile oil was determined by the peak area normalization method.[Results]Forty nine chromatographic peaks were isolated from the sample produced in Shitun,Bailongtan Town,Mashan County,and 24 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 88.78% of the total volatile oil.Forty nine chromatographic peaks were isolated from the sample produced in Hongdu Village,Chengjiang Town,Duan County,and 30 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 88.38% of the total volatile oil.Forty eight chromatographic peaks were isolated from the sample produced in Longwan Township,Du'an County,and 25 chemical constituents were identified,accounting for 80.01% of the total volatile oil.Nine chemical constituents were common to the volatile oils of the samples from the three habitats.[Conclusions]It could be seen that the main components of volatile oils from T.grandiflora produced in different areas are different.

Behavioural Response of Anacanthotermes ochraceus towards Some Baits and Volatile Oils

Six types of termites＇ baits （cartoon, rough tissues, soft toilet tissues, acacia wood, saw dust of building wood and sackcloth） were elicited variable degree of attraction toward Anacanthotermes ochaceus, where the best one was cardboard, followed by soft and rough toilet tissue at mono-choice and multiple-choice tests. Chemical analysis showed that there were variations in the chemical constituents （lignin, cellulose, N, H and C） of the six baits studied. On the other hand, olfactory reactions of harvester termites toward eight volatile oils （four natural medical plants and four commercial terpines） were repellent, but the most repellent one was cineol and the least one was clove oil. The most tested oils were caused inhibition in feeding, except cedar wood. The most toxic oils were cineol followed by thymol.

Detection and analysis of the volatile components in the essential oils of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus species and their hybrid progeny

Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus are genera that include perennial herbaceous floral species,including excellent varieties with strong fragrances resulting from long-term artificial selection.Thus,they are ornamentally and economically important flower resources.In this study,a water distillation method was used to extract essential oils from the inflorescences of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus wild resources and hybrid progeny with high essential oil contents(Chrysanthemum morifolium'xiangjin',C.morifolium'xiangyun',C.morifolium'xinjiboju',Opisthopappus taihangensis,Opisthopappus longilobus,Chrysanthemum lavandulifolium,and C.morifolium'minghuangju').The essential oil extraction rates were as follows:1.17‰,2‰,1.67‰,2.17‰,0.43‰,1‰,and 1.17‰.On the basis of HS-SPME-GC-MS(Headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry),225 volatile compounds were detected in the seven analyzed essential oil samples.Each essential oil had a relative volatile component content exceeding 0.3.The three most abundant compounds were olefins(46 types),alcohols(34 types),and esters(18 types).The volatile components with relatively high contents included thymol,D-camphor,pinene,eucalyptol,2-terpineol,terpineol,trans-caryophyllene,andβ-elemene.These volatile compounds have strong biological activities and are useful components of medicines and daily-use products.An evaluation of their antibacterial effects demonstrated that the essential oils of C.'xiangjin',C.'xiangyun',C.'xinjiboju',O.taihangensis,O.longilobus,and C.'minghuangju'inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli.The C.lavandulifolium essential oil inhibited the growth of Pectobacterium carotovorum.The results of this study will provide researchers with an important theoretical basis for the development and application of Chrysanthemum and Opisthopappus essential oils.

Identification and mechanism of formation of certain mutagenic components in the volatile condensates from oxidized and heated edible oils

Edible oils-rapeseed oil, soybean oil and peanut oil are heated in air at 270-280 ℃respectively. The volatile condensates are collected and analyzed by means of GC/MS. Eithercrotonaldehyde or 2-methylacrolein is found respectively in the condensates of rapeseed oil andsoybean oil. Neither crotonaldehyde nor 2-methylacrolein is found in the condensates of peanut oil.Mechanism of formation of crotonaldehyde is discussed.

Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oils combination enhances intestinal resilience against LPS stimulation in weaned piglets

Background The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils(BAO)to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established,while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury,while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance.Methods In this study,we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure.Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d,followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples.Results Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets’final weight,average daily gain,and feed intake/body gain ratio.Additionally,BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota,increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota,Prevotella and Oscillospira.Furthermore,BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge.This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC,SOD,and GSH,as well as decreased levels of MDA,TNF-α,and IL-6 in the plasma.Moreover,piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity,as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts.Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Additionally,the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO.Conclusions In summary,our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition,reinforcing the intestinal barrier,and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities.These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.

GC-MS/MS Method for Determination and Pharmacokinetics of Main Components of Cang-Ai Volatile Oil in Rat Plasma after Intravenous Administration

[Objectives]To establish a gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS)method based on multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)mode for the analysis of the major components in Cang-ai volatile oil(CAVO).[Methods]An ultrasensitive gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(GC-MS/MS)method was developed and validated for the determination of three highly abundant components in rat plasma samples.Paeonol was used as an internal standard.A multiple reaction monitoring(MRM)model was employed for the quantification of the three major components of CAVO.[Results]The method demonstrated linearity over the range of 0.25 to 50μg/mL with a correlation coefficient(R 2)greater than 0.9998.The lower limit of quantification was 0.25μg/mL.Intra-day and inter-day accuracy and precision were within 15%.Extraction recovery and matrix effect values ranged from 90.1%to 110.6%and 0.1%to 2.1%,respectively.[Conclusions]This method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of the three components in high-level CAVO plasma samples,providing a basis for subsequent studies of CAVO.

Cosmetic or Dietary Vegetable Oils Sampled in the Cameroonian Market May Not Expose Consumers to Lipid Oxidation Products Generating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation

Vegetable oils are a source of energy, essential fatty acids, antioxidants and fat-soluble vitamins useful for human health care and development. These oils also contribute to organoleptic quality of their products’ derivatives. However, their chemical and physical properties can be modified by the mode of their extraction, storage and distribution. These modifications might negatively affect the nutritional quality of the oils. The goals of this study were to: sample different vegetable oils for cosmetic or dietary use marketed in Cameroon, and verify purity and oxidation states of each kind of oil through determination of its acidity, iodine, peroxide, saponification, refractive indexes and the conformity of the labeling. The carotene content, the level of polar components and specific absorbance were also determined. As the result, six oils namely palm, palm kernel, coconut, black cumin, peanut and shea butter were collected. Apart from labeling, chemicals and physicals parameters analyzed were generally in accordance with the Cameroonian and Codex Alimentarius standard. This study suggests that vegetable oils sampled in the Cameroonian market may not expose consumers to lipid oxidation products generating pathological oxidative stress and inflammation. However, efforts in application of existing standard need to be done as far as labeling are concerned.

Recent advances in essential oils and their nanoformulations for poultry feed

Antibiotics in poultry feed to boost growth performance are becoming increasingly contentious due to concerns over antimicrobial resistance development.Essential oils(EOs),as natural,plant-derived compounds,have demonstrated antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.EOs may potentially improve poultry health and growth performance when included in poultry feed.Nevertheless,the incorporation of EOs as nutritional additives is hindered by their high volatility,low water solubility,poor intestinal absorption,and sensitivity to environmental conditions.Recently,nanoencapsulation strategies using nanoformulations have emerged as a potential solution to these challenges,improving the stability and bioavailability of EOs,and enabling targeted delivery in poultry feed.This review provides an overview of the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of EOs,the current limitations of their applications in poultry feed,and the recent advancements in nano-engineering to overcome these limitations.Furthermore,we outline the potential future research direction on EO nanoformulations,emphasizing their promising role in advancing sustainable poultry nutrition.

Profiles of the Headspace Volatile Organic and Essential Oil Compounds from the Tunisian Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. and Its Leaf and Stem Epidermal Micromorphology

In this work, we investigated aroma volatiles emanated by dry roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits of Cardariadraba (L.) Desv. growing wild in Tunisia and its aerial part essential oils (EOs) composition. A total of 37 volatileorganic compounds (96.7%–98.9%) were identified;4 esters, 4 alcohols, 7 hydrocarbons, 12 aldehydes, 5 ketones,1 lactone, 1 organosulfur compound, 2 organonitrogen compounds, and 1 acid. The hydrocarbons form the maingroup, representing 49.5%–84.6% of the total detected volatiles. The main constituent was 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane(44.5%–76.2%) reaching the highest relative percentages. Forty-two compounds were determined in thetwo fractions of EOs, representing 98.8% and 97.2% of the total oil composition, respectively. The principal componentswere hexadecanoic acid (34.6%), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one (18.3%), decanal (15.0%), 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone (13.2%), and n-pentacosane (13%). Micromorphological details of the leaf and stem epidermisusing light microscopy revealed polygonal cells with sinuous walls in the adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces andnearly rectangular and long ones with linear and thick walls for the stem epidermis. The stomata complexes wereanisocytic in the leaf epidermis and mainly anisocytic and rarely paracytic in the stem epidermis. Non-glandulartrichomes were unbranched and long with an acute apex or short with a convex apex. The glandular ones wereidentified for the first time in this species. They were short-stalked with a large secretory head. The highest stomatalindex (17.02%) was recorded in the abaxial leaf surface. The identification of headspace volatiles and essentialoil compounds can be used to characterize this species, and the various epidermis micromorphologicalfeatures are very useful for biosystematics taxonomic studies within Brassicaceae.

The potassium storage performance of carbon nanosheets derived from heavy oils

As by-products of petroleum refining,heavy oils are characterized by a high carbon content,low cost and great variability,making them competitive precursors for the anodes of potassium ion batteries(PIBs).However,the relationship between heavy oil composition and potassium storage performance remains unclear.Using heavy oils containing distinct chemical groups as the carbon source,namely fluid catalytic cracking slurry(FCCS),petroleum asphalt(PA)and deoiled asphalt(DOA),three carbon nanosheets(CNS)were prepared through a molten salt method,and used as the anodes for PIBs.The composition of the heavy oil determines the lamellar thicknesses,sp3-C/sp2-C ratio and defect concentration,thereby affecting the potassium storage performance.The high content of aromatic hydrocarbons and moderate amount of heavy component moieties in FCCS produce carbon nanosheets(CNS-FCCS)that have a smaller layer thickness,larger interlayer spacing(0.372 nm),and increased number of folds than in CNS derived from the other three precursors.These features give it faster charge/ion transfer,more potassium storage sites and better reaction kinetics.CNS-FCCS has a remarkable K^(+)storage capacity(248.7 mAh g^(-1) after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g^(-1)),long cycle lifespan(190.8 mAh g^(-1) after 800 cycles at 1.0 A g^(-1))and excellent rate capability,ranking it among the best materials for this application.This work sheds light on the influence of heavy oil composition on carbon structure and electrochemical performance,and provides guidance for the design and development of advanced heavy oil-derived carbon electrodes for PIBs.

Antibacterial,antioxidant and antiproliferation activities of essential oils and ethanolic extracts from Chinese mugwort(Artemisia vulgaris L.)leaf in Shanxi

Background:Artemisia vulgaris,a medicinal aromatic plant,is widely used as a food item,tonic pharmaceutical,and cosmetic industry additive owing to its antibacterial,antihypertensive,hepatoprotective,antioxidant,and antispasmodic properties.But the effect of different geographic locations on the chemical composition and bioactivities of its extracts is unclear.Methods:Biological activities of essential oils and ethanol extracts of three varieties of Artemisia vulgaris leaves,which are grown in Shanxi province China,were studied.Results:Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the main components of essential oils were terpenes and ketones.Essential oils and ethanol extract of Artemisia vulgaris leaves possessed good antioxidant activities,and their half maximal inhibitory concentrations determined using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl and 2,2’-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate)assays were 57.0 and 22.9μg/mL,respectively.The essential oils also exhibited remarkable antibacterial activity against three foodborne pathogenic bacterial strains.The ethanol extract presented a high anticancer activity against the MGC-803 human gastric cancer cell line.Conclusion:These biological activities were well correlated with the composition of the extract and EOs,which in turn is affected by the genetic composition of Artemisia vulgaris and geographic location and diverse climatic condition under which it is grown.These findings demonstrate the remarkable potential of Artemisia vulgaris as a valuable source of antioxidant,antibacterial,and anticancer agents.

Production and trade trend of oils and oilseeds in BRICS countries

In order to promote agricultural production and trade cooperation among BRICS countries,and ensure the security and stability of the oils and oilseeds industrial and supply chains in China and the world,the production,consumption,trade trend,and cooperation potential of oils and oilseeds in BRICS countries were expounded,and relevant policy recommendations were put forward.Most of the BRICS countries are major agricultural producers,and they are also important agricultural product consumption markets in the world.In 2023/2024,the production and consumption of oilseeds in BRICS countries account for nearly half of the world's total;the production of vegetable oils exceeds a quarter of the world's total,and the consumption of vegetable oils accounts for 40%of the world's total.In 2023/2024,the import and export volume of oilseeds exceeds half of the world's total;vegetable oil imports account for 40%of the world's total,and exports account for about one tenth of the world's total.China's imports of oilseeds and oils from BRICS countries account for 68%and 29%of its global imports in 2023,respectively.BRICS countries are rich in agricultural land resources,have great potential for oils and oilseeds production,obvious complementary advantages in trade structure,and huge space for future cooperation.It is suggested that Brazil should be included in the"Belt and Road"co-construction category to promote the continuous deepening of agricultural cooperation between China and Brazil.It is suggested to explore regional agricultural trade agreements among BRICS countries,promote currency settlement and exchange among BRICS countries,and enhance the facilitation and stability of BRICS trade.It is suggested that China should increase its investment in BRICS countries and export advanced technology and management experience to benefit local agricultural development and achieve a mutually beneficial and win-win situation.