Effect of Biofertilizers on the Agromorphological Parameters of Three Okra Cultivars in Southern Côte d’Ivoire

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is an herbaceous plant of the Malvaceae family. In Côte d’Ivoire, okra production is estimated to be over 193,000 tons. This low production is largely due to poor soils and hardly covers the needs of the population. To remedy this, growers systematically use mineral fertilizers. However, these fertilizers pollute the environment. To find an alternative to chemical fertilization and increase production, the effect of biofertilizers (Spaawet, Retone, Super Gro) compared with NPK mineral fertilizer was evaluated on Divo, Teriman, and Djonan F1 cultivars. The trial was set up in a factorial block design with three replications. Plant height, number of functional leaves, and crown diameter were assessed at 60 days after sowing (DAS). The time to 50% flowering, production time, and fruit yield were calculated. The results showed that the biofertilizer Retone induced the highest heights and number of functional leaves, with averages of 61.89 cm and 29.88 leaves, respectively. The diameter at the crown (17.77 mm) was highest with the NPK mineral fertilizer, and the shortest 50% flowering time, with an average of 47.61 days, was also obtained with the biofertilizer Retone. The NPK mineral fertilizer produced the longest production time, with an average of 35.25 days. The highest yields were obtained using Retone (11.07 t/ha) and NPK (9.52 t/ha) fertilizers. The “Divo*Retone” interaction produced the highest yield with an average of 12.19 t/ha. The biofertilizer Retone could therefore be used as an alternative fertilizer to chemical fertilization in okra crops, given its effect on the parameters assessed.

Cotton Leafhoppers, Amrasca biguttula (Ishida, 1913) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Identified as a New Species on Okra and Guinea Sorrel in Niger

Leafhoppers (jassids) are well-known pests of vegetable crops in Niger. They are often part of a parasitic complex that causes varying degrees of damage. Over the last two crop years, the Niamey region has seen a heavy outbreak of leaf hoppers on okra and guinea sorrel. These insects alone have caused spectacular damage, resulting in losses ranging from 50% to 100% of unharvested plants. Following this observation, infested fields were surveyed, specimens sampled, and the responsible species identified. Two sites were surveyed in the city of Niamey. At each site, two plots of okra and two of guinea sorrel were visited. Fifty (50) plants were randomly sampled using the double “W” method per plot. The sampled plants were used for active and passive leaf hopper capture, damage description and loss assessment. Captured leaf hoppers were identified based on their morphology observed with a binocular magnifying glass and compared with the data in the identification keys. The symptoms observed in the plots were yellowing, leaf curling and drying, stunting, abortion of flowers and immature fruit and very low production. Identification results revealed the single species Amrasca biguttula (Ishida, 1913), which can be considered a new invasive species in Niger. Further confirmation of this identification by molecular tests, the distribution of the pest in Niger and the development of appropriate control methods would yield good prospects.

Coupling Aquaculture—Crop Productions and Using of Water Drained from Ponds Rearing Clarias gariepinus as Fertilizer for Okra Production (Abelmoschus esculentus var. Clemson spineless, L. Moench)

The present study concerns the revalorization of drained water from aquaculture ponds rearing Clarias gariepinus on okra crops. The rearing was carried out at the farm of Gaston Berger University in 100 m2 ponds. In each pond, the individuals of C. garipinus with an average weight of 6 ± 0.3 g were stocked at a density of 11 per m2. The water temperature and pH were measured during the experiment. The control fishing is carried out every month to monitor variations in the weight and size of reared individuals. The plant production is carried out in elementary plots measuring 3 m × 1.5 m. Each plot was fertilized with either: drained water from C. gariepinus rearing (DWC), poultry droppings (PD), cow dung (CD) and mineral fertilizer (NPK). Treatments are carried out in tripliqua with either river water (RW), RW + the recommended dose of NPK (RD-NPK), RW + RD-PD, RW + RD-CD, DWC, DWC + 25% RD-NPK, DWC + 50% RD-NPK, DWC + 75% RD-NPK, DWC + 25% RD-PD, DWC + 50% RD-PD, DWC + 75% RD-PD, DWC + 25% RD-CD, DWC + 50% RD-CD, DWC + 75% RD-CD. Growth parameters and yield of okra were determined. The average temperature in the rearing environment was 27.6 ± 1.5˚C and pH 7.9 ± 1.1. After six (06) months of rearing, C. gariepinus individuals reached an average weight of 850.12 ± 1.3 g and an average height of 52.44 ± 1.1 cm. The daily weight gain and specific growth rates over this period were 3.9 g per day and 2.8% per day, respectively. The treatment T1 (RW + DR-NPK) gave the highest mean collar diameter and mean plant height with 2.3 ± 0.9 cm and 61.6 ± 32 cm, respectively. In T4 (DWC), the mean height of plants was 38.8 ± 23.5 cm and mean collar diameter 1.4 ± 0.8 cm. The growth performance in T4 was comparable to that of RD-CD (T3), but different from RD-NPK (T1) and RD-PD (T2). The highest average number, average weight, average length and average diameter of fruits were noted in treatments T13 (RW + RD-75%CD) and T7 (DWC + 75% RD-NPK). The best yields were noted in T1 (RW + RD-NPK) = 10.8 ± 5.4 t·ha−1, T5 (DWC + 25% RD-NPK) = 9.2 ± 4.6 t·ha−1 and T4 (DWC) = 8.6 ± 4.3 t·ha−1 which are comparable and higher than those obtained in T2 = 5.7 ± 2.8 t·ha−1 and T3 = 7.5 ± 3.8 t·ha−1.

Appraisal of Improvement in Physiological and Metabolic Processes by Exogenously Applied Natural and Synthetic Ascorbic Acid in Okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)Fruit Subjected to Water Deficit Stress

To counteract the effects of drought stress,scientists have adopted several approaches including the use of different chemicals both inorganic and organic,which is contemplated as a highly efficient and cost-effective shot-gun approach.Ascorbic acid(AsA)is a potential organic substance,which widely occurs in plants,and is considered to be an effective antioxidant to counteract reactive oxygen species(ROS).Thus,a pot experiment was performed to assess the relative mitigating impacts of synthetic AsA and naturally occurring AsA in the form of lemon juice(LJ)and orange juice(OJ)on two cultivars of okra(Abelmoschus esculentus L.)namely Sabz Pari and Bhindi Sanwali under varying water deficit conditions.After 30 days of seed germination,okra seedlings were subjected to different irrigation regimes,i.e.,water deficit stress[(65%and 50%F.C.)and control conditions(100%F.C.)].Different levels of AsA[control(no spray),14 mg L^(−1)LJ,24 mg L^(−1)OJ and 150 mg L^(−1)AsA]obtained from different sources were applied as a foliar spray to control and water-stressed plants.Drought stress prominently reduced plant growth and yield attributes of the okra cultivars.Water-deficit conditions(65%and 50%F.C.)substantially decreased the fruit chlorophyll(a,b)pigments and the activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD)enzyme,while an increase was observed in the contents of fruit’s hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)),malondialdehyde(MDA),total phenolics,total soluble sugars,AsA,and total soluble proteins.Drought stress also increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes like peroxidase(POD)and catalase(CAT).However,plant growth and yield attributes,fruit chlorophyll pigments,total phenolics,total soluble sugars,total free amino acids,total soluble proteins,AsA,GB,H_(2)O_(2),and the activities of antioxidant enzymes(POD and CAT)were increased by the AsA exogenous treatment in both okra cultivars under water deficit and control conditions.Overall,LJ and OJ were more effective than the synthetic AsA in upregulating the physiological and metabolic processes of okra plants.So,cost-effective as well as multi-nutrient natural sources of AsA could be suggested for alleviating the harmful effects of water deficit stress on plants.

Molecular Identification and Characterization of a Begomovirus Associated with Okra Enation Leaf Curl Disease in Mali

Okra is one of the most widespread vegetable crops in the world, particularly in West Africa. However, several factors influence okra crops as biotic and abiotic factors. Among the diseases affecting its culture, okra leaf curl disease is a major threat. This study aims to assess begomoviruses from okra plants with symptoms like leaves curl by molecular approach. A total of thirteen serologically positive samples were tested by PCR assay, and one sample was sequenced among them. The begomovirus was found in six isolates, Bhendi yellow vein mosaic virus (BYVMV) in three isolates, and Okra enation leaf curl virus (OELCuV) in three isolates, respectively. The begomovirus isolate sequences shared 90% identity with the Cotton leaf curl Gezira virus. Mixed infections between these viruses were found. Thus, these results highlight the need to monitor the spread of these disease-causing viruses for okra crops in Mali. In addition, they can also lead to a considerable loss in okra fields in Koulikoro, which is an agricultural region by excellence.

Physical Transformations of Agri-Food Products during Their Convective Drying: Characterization of the Contraction and Isotropicity of Okra

The physical transformations in terms of contraction of okra dimensions during convective drying were examined. During drying, the lateral and longitudinal dimensions of okra decrease over time. The lateral dimensions go from their initial value to around 53%, 65% and 66% of this value after 530 min. The length of the two samples used goes from 8.65 and 9.02 cm to 6.79 and 7.52 cm after 14,300 min, i.e. a variation of 78.50% and 83.37%. All the two directions give variations almost linear depending on the water content. These linear contractions result in a volume contraction of the okra. It considerably decreases in volume during the drying process. The volume goes from 831.32 cm3 to 367.57 cm3 in min, a variation of 44.22%. The isotropic index reveals that okra does not behave the same in the lateral and longitudinal directions. It contracts its diameter more than its length.

黄秋葵酒渣纳米纤维素的制备工艺及表征分析

酒渣又被称为酒糟,是发酵后的酒醅经过蒸馏出酒后余下的残渣。黄秋葵发酵酒渣富含果胶多糖和纤维素,以提取果胶多糖后制备的纤维素为原料,采用硫酸酸解法制备黄秋葵酒渣纳米纤维素(nanocrystalline cellulose from okra fermented pomance,NCC),通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken响应面试验法确定NCC的最佳制备工艺条件,即硫酸质量分数45%、酸解温度60℃、酸解时间120 min、料液比1∶17(g/mL),此条件下NCC的得率为21.07%。利用扫描电镜、透射电镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射对其微观结构进行表征。结果表明,硫酸酸解法得到的NCC为直径在100 nm左右的棒状结构,但由于氢键作用,使其极易团聚;此法对NCC的基团影响较小,其仍然具备黄秋葵酒渣纤维素的最基本化学结构;NCC的结晶度为65.14%,属于纤维素Ⅰ型结晶结构。

响应面法优化秋葵预制菜真空蒸汽脉动烫漂工艺

将真空蒸汽脉动烫漂技术应用到秋葵预制菜处理中,以色差、脆度、蛋白质含量、感官评分为指标,分别进行蒸汽烫漂单因素试验和四因素三水平响应面试验,通过响应面法分析烫漂真空度、烫漂温度、烫漂时间和脉动次数对综合评分的影响,建立二次回归数学模型,对秋葵预制菜真空蒸汽脉动烫漂工艺参数进行优化。结果表明:各秋葵预制菜品质的影响顺序为烫漂时间>脉动次数>烫漂温度>烫漂真空度。最佳工艺参数:烫漂真空度0.04 MPa,烫漂温度108℃,烫漂时间70 s,脉动次数2次,此工艺条件下,色差值6.36,脆度1824.68,蛋白质含量1.66%,感官评分31,综合评分0.8795分。研究结果可为预制秋葵菜品的加工提供参考。

黄秋葵多糖和黄酮的双水相萃取

为了从黄秋葵中分离出多糖和黄酮,采用(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)和乙醇形成的双水相进行萃取,经单因素和正交试验优化萃取条件。结果表明:每10 mL萃取液含1.98 g(NH_(4))_(2)SO_(4)和3.9 mL乙醇,50℃条件下振荡萃取15 min,黄秋葵多糖萃取率为(86.12±1.87)%(n=3),黄酮萃取率为(78.38±1.35)%(n=3)。该方法可以一次性萃取出黄秋葵多糖和黄酮,且萃取率较高,为黄秋葵功能性成分的提取奠定了基础。

秋葵发酵液对肉种鸡生产性能、肠道屏障及微生物组成的影响

试验旨在研究黄秋葵发酵液对肉种鸡生产性能、肠道屏障和微生物组成的影响。试验选取190日龄爱拔益加(AA)白羽肉种鸡40只随机分为对照组和黄秋葵发酵液(饲粮添加1%黄秋葵发酵液),每组5个重复,每个重复4只。试验期为49 d,其中预试期7 d,正试期42 d。试验结束后,收集盲肠组织和肠道内容物采用RT-qRCR检测肠道屏障相关基因(ZO-1、Claudin-1和Occludin)表达水平,ELISA检测肠道内容物中细胞因子含量,并且对肠道微生物细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行高通量测序以检测盲肠中微生物的组成。结果显示:饲粮添加黄秋葵发酵液显著提高白羽肉种鸡平均蛋重、日产蛋率和双黄蛋率(P<0.05),但对料蛋比和平均日增重没有显著影响(P>0.05);与对照组相比,FOP组白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)含量显著降低(P<0.05),白细胞介素-4(IL-4)和白细胞介素-10(IL-10)含量显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),肠道ZO-1、Claudin-1、Occludin基因表达水平显著上调(P<0.05)。物种注释结果发现,在门水平,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和拟杆菌门(Bacterodietes)占比最高,与对照组相比,黄秋葵发酵液组厚壁菌门相对丰度升高(P<0.05),而拟杆菌门相对丰度下降(P<0.05);在属水平,黄秋葵发酵液组乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)和梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)相对丰度升高(P<0.05或P<0.01),拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)和罗姆布茨菌属(Romboutsia)相对丰度降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。KEGG富集通路分析表明,与对照组相比,黄秋葵发酵液组显著上调的通路主要涉及到抗生素的生物合成与调节机制、胆汁酸的生物合成等,显著下调的通路涉及到细胞凋亡、鞭毛组装以及细菌的趋化性等。研究表明,在本试验条件下,饲粮添加1%黄秋葵发酵液能够显著提高白羽肉种鸡平均蛋重、产蛋率和双黄蛋率,改变肠道内容物微生物区系组成,提升肠道屏障功能,改善肠道免疫微环境。

不同灌溉和钾肥浓度对秋葵生理生化指标的影响

以秋葵为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,研究了润湿灌溉、仅有承隔盘、以色列新一代灌溉和传统灌溉方式下不同钾肥浓度对秋葵常用生理生化指标的影响。结果表明,灌溉方式和钾肥浓度对秋葵植株叶片叶绿素含量具有显著的影响,润湿灌溉条件下秋葵植株叶片叶绿素含量较高,最大值达到22.55 mg/g,受钾肥浓度的影响较小;相同钾肥浓度下,秋葵植株根系活力表现为润湿灌溉≈仅有承隔盘>传统栽培≈以色列新一代灌溉;秋葵植株叶片中硝酸还原酶活性受钾肥浓度影响较小,润湿灌溉≈仅有承隔盘>以色列新一代灌溉>传统栽培,以色列新一代灌溉极显著高于传统灌溉。

The Extraction Process Optimization of Phenolic Compounds from Okra Flower and Its Antioxidant Activities

[Objective] The aim of the study was to investigate extraction optimization and antioxidant activity of polyphenol in okra flower in order to enhance extraction efficiency and developing value of okra flower. [Method] Optimization of supersonic assisted extraction of phenolic compound in okra flower was investigated using uniform design methodology, and its antioxidant activity was analyzed including reducing power and the capacity of scavenging superoxide anion radicals（O-2·）. [Result]The optimal process parameters of supersonic assisted extraction were as follows：ratio of sample to solvent of 1：35, ethanol concentration of 55%, supersonic time of22 min, and in the extraction condition the experimental yield of phenolic compound was 4.28%. Moreover, phenolic compound in okra flower exhibited stronger antioxidant activities, reducing power of 0.2 mg/ml extraction fluid reached 0.672 and the rate of scavenging O-2· was 13.13%. [Conclusion] The optimization of extraction technology of phenolic compound in okra flower is simple and reliable, the result contributes to the development of phenolic compound in okra flower.

饲粮添加不同比例黄秋葵秸秆对肉兔生长性能、血液生化指标及盲肠菌群结构的影响

为研究饲粮中添加不同比例黄秋葵秸秆对肉兔生长性能、血液生化指标及盲肠菌群结构的影响,试验选用80只体重相近的断奶肉兔,公母各半,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复4只兔。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组(4%组、6%组和8%组)分别饲喂含4%、6%、8%黄秋葵秸秆的饲粮,预试期7 d,正式期35 d。结果表明:(1)与对照组相比,饲粮中添加4%、6%、8%的黄秋葵秸秆均可以明显降低断奶肉兔的死亡率,改善断奶肉兔的腹泻情况,其中以4%组效果最好。(2)4%添加组总胆固醇显著低于对照组(P<0.05),其他试验组总胆固醇含量均有降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);各试验组兔血液中的总胆红素、肌酐、尿素均有不同程度的降低,但差异均不显著(P>0.05);天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶均有一定程度的提高,差异不显著(P>0.05)。(3)在Alpha多样性上,Chao1指数,6%添加组显著低于对照组、4%组和8%组(P<0.05),Shannon指数和Simpson指数,各组之间差异均不显著(P>0.05);在门、属水平上,不同黄秋葵秸秆添加量对优势菌属和优势菌门均无显著性影响(P>0.05),但添加8%的黄秋葵秸秆可以提高厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门、瘤胃球菌属、颤螺旋菌属的相对丰度,降低变形菌门的相对丰度。由此可见,肉兔饲粮中添加4%的黄秋葵秸秆对肉兔肝肾功能有一定的调节作用,并可以显著降低肉兔生长过程中的死亡率,添加8%的黄秋葵秸秆可提高一些优势菌群的相对丰度,降低有害菌群的丰度。

黄葵胶囊联合他克莫司和糖皮质激素治疗肾病综合征的临床研究

目的:观察探讨肾病综合征患者联合应用黄葵胶囊、他克莫司、糖皮质激素治疗的临床效果。方法:选取2021年1月—2024年1月靖边县人民医院肾内科收治的80例肾病综合征患者,遵循随机数表法分组原则,设为对照组(给予他克莫司联合糖皮质激素治疗,40例)、观察组(给予他克莫司联合糖皮质激素治疗加用黄葵胶囊,40例)。比较总缓解效率、肾功能[尿微量蛋白排泄率(UAER)、尿蛋白总量(UTP)、尿素氮(BUN)、血肌酐(Scr)]、炎症氧化指标[一氧化氮(NO)、丙二醛(MDA)、血红素氧合酶(HO-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)]、不良反应。结果:观察组患者总缓解效率为95.00%,比对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。用药前,两组患者肾功能、炎症氧化指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);用药后,两组UAER、UTP、BUN、Scr、MDA、HO-1、TNF-α降低,NO升高,并且观察组患者用药后UAER、UTP、BUN、Scr、MDA、HO-1、TNF-α比对照组低,NO比对照组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组患者治疗期间发生的不良反应与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:肾病综合征患者应用他克莫司与糖皮质激素治疗基础上加用黄葵胶囊具有显著效果,能够改善肾功能,减轻炎症氧化反应,用药安全性高。

Stability Assessment of Some West African Okra （Abelmoschus caillel~ Genotypes in Nigerian Genebank

Stability among 50 accessions of West African okra （Abelmoschus caillei） was assessed under three diverse ecological environments at Abeokuta, Ibadan and Mokwa in Nigeria during 2005 and 2006 cropping season. The accessions were grown in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications; data were collected on 5-10 randomly selected plants from each plot. Only 20 accessions were subjected to stability analysis on the basis of yield across the three environments. The joint regression analysis, deviation means square were computed using Eberhart and Russell method and complemented with Francis and Kannenberg method. The regression coefficients of accessions mean yields on the environmental index resulted in regression coefficients ranging in values from 0.5549 to 1.6667. OAA/96/175-5328, NGAE-96-011 and NGAE-96-0060 were among the superior genotypes with high yield performance. The large variation in regression values indicated large differences in genotype response to different environments. It suggests that stability concept of Ebelhart and Russell could be modified to use any yield components that has strong correlation with yield for stability analysis. The two promising accessions ofA. caillei （NGAE-96-011 and NGAE-96-0060） needed to be further tested on farmers＇ field to obtain on-farm data, alter which it should be recommended for official registration and released by the National Committee on Naming, Registration and Release of Crop varieties in Nigeria.

响应面法优化青麦仁秋葵饼干加工工艺的研究

以秋葵粉、青麦仁粉、异麦芽酮糖醇等为原材料,通过单因素试验及响应面优化试验,对青麦仁秋葵饼干的加工工艺进行探讨。结果表明,在100 g低筋面粉的基础上,秋葵粉添加量7%,青麦仁粉添加量14%,异麦芽酮糖醇用量24.8 g,黄油用量30.0 g,制备的青麦仁秋葵饼干口感酥脆、甜度适中,满足人们对健康食品的需求。

Therapeutic effect of okra extract on gestational diabetes mellitus rats induced by streptozotocin

Objective:To explore the effect of okra extract on gestational diabetes mellitus(GDM) rats and its probable molecular mechanism.Methods:A total of 30 female SD rats were caged with male rats for pregnancy,27 pregnant rats were obtained and weighed.The pregnant rats were equally randomized into the control group,GDM group and intervention group.Once the pregnancy was verified,GDM group and intervention group were given 45 mg/kg streptozotocin by peritoneal injection for inducing GDM,control group was given equal volume of citrate buffer.Once the model was established successfully,intervention group was administered orally the solution containing 200 mg/kg/d okra extract,the other groups were given the diet and water only.On the 19 th day of pregnancy,the blood samples and fetal rats of all groups were collected,fetal rats weight and placental weight was recorded and the serum glucose,lipids,serum insulin and C-peptide of pregnant rats before the delivery were determined.Results:The pregnant rats weight before the delivery,fetal rats weight and placental weight of GDM group were lower than control group and intervention group(P<0.05).After the treatment of okra extract,serum glucose and lipids levels of intervention group were both improved significantly(P<0.05),especially,the FBG,HDL,FINS,serum m insulin and hepatic glycogen levels were equivalent to control group(P>0.05).Antioxidant enzymes levels of GDM group in liver and pancreas tissues were lower than the other groups,and after treatment of okra extract,antioxidant enzymes levels in liver and pancreas tissues were equivalent to control group(P>0.05).Conclusions:Okra extract,rich in antioxidant substances,could avoid the excessive consuming of antioxidant enzymes,then,suppresses the oxidative stress and insulin resistance,thereby improving blood glucose level of GDM rats.

Effect of Diazotrophs and Chemical Fertilizers on Production and Economics of Okra (<i>Abelmoschus esculentus</i>, L.) Cultivars

The effect of diazotrophs and chemical fertilizers on yield attributing characters and economics of okra cultivation was evaluated. Application of highest dose of NPK @100% in combination with vermicompost (5 t ha-1) and biofertilizers with FYM increased the fruit yield of okra (cultivar Mahyco-10) considerably with yield varying between 80.00 q ha-1 to 227.13 q ha-1 and 80.49 q ha-1 to 229.62 q ha-1 during 2010 and 2011 respectively. In okra cv. Utkal Gaurav the fruit yield varied from 47.68 q ha-1 to 129.84 q ha-1 in 2010 and 47.27 q ha-1 to 131.35 q ha-1 in 2011. As regards the net return, highest net profit of Rs 87,630 and Rs. 89,370 ha-1 from the okra was realized over an investment of Rs. 71,360 ha-1 during both the years with a benefit cost ratio of 2.23 and 2.25 when 100% NPK integrated with vermicompost @5t ha-1 and biofertilizers with FYM applied in okra cv.Mahyco-10. The highest net return of Rs. 14,350 in 2010 and Rs. 15,260 in 2011 with an investment of Rs. 63,550 each year was found in cultivar Utkal Gaurav under highest level of nutrient application.

Effect of Farm Product Intrinsic Properties on Convective Drying: Case of Okra

In this study, the material is okra, a cucurbitaceous largely consumed in West Africa and South Asia. The influence of the external air parameters on food drying with different size, maturity, shape of the material is considered by convective drying. So, the okra was cut in several parts according to its three characteristic zones, the basis, the middle of the okra and the extremity because the three parts of the vegetable have not the same resistances in transfers by convective drying. The maturity of the okra also has an influence. The okra dries faster in its younger or older age. Okra dries slowly when its maturity is convenient to be consumed. The drying duration of okra with the age of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 days is respectively 580, 780, 990, 1200 and 850 min. When we consider the three (matters) constituent of the okra: the skin, the seeds and the central material, the central matter dries faster. The diffusion coefficient was identified in all cases in order to compare the influence of those intrinsic properties of that food.

Determination of Multiple Pesticide Residues in Okra by QuEChERS Combined with PTV-GC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS

[Objectives] To establish Qu ECh ERS based extraction method for determining multiple pesticide residues in okra combined with programmed temperature vaporizer-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry( PTV-GC-MS/MS) and ultra high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry( UPLC-MS/MS). [Methods] In this experiment,124 pesticide residues in okra were determined by an optimized Qu ECh ERS method combined with PTV-GC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS. The pesticides in okra were extracted and purified by the optimized Qu ECh ERS pretreatment method and determined by PTV-GC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS. [Results] In this experiment,124 kinds of pesticides had a good linearity with a limit of detection( LOD) of 0. 000 5-0. 008 0 mg/kg; the average recovery rate at three levels was 65. 5%-128. 1% with relative standard deviation of 2. 2%-9. 7%. [Conclusions] This method is simple,rapid,accurate and sensitive,and can provide reliable and valid data support for the determination of multiple pesticide residues in okra by GC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS.