Aging Characteristics and Layout Planning of Old-age Care Facilities in the Downtown Area of Nanchang City

Compared to the situation of population aging and the elderly aging, the development of oldage undertaking in Nanchang is still undeveloped in that the old-age care industry lags behind the urban renewal speed and the objective needs of aging. Apart from discussions on the composition of elderly population and the status quo of aging, this paper took the institutional old-age care in the downtown area of Nanchang for example, explored problems in the current institutional old-age care facilities through field investigation, and proposed suggestions for the layout planning of old-age care facilities in the study area.

Analysis of home care-based multi-level old-age service system

With the deepening of China＇s aging, China＇s social pension problem more obvious each day, and gradually become the focus of attention of the whole society. On the one hand, China entered the aging society, old-age needs to grow exponentially. The sixth national census shows that in our country, the population aged 60 and 13.26% of the total population over the total number of 179 million, 65 years and older the proportion of 8.87% of the total population, the absolute number of nearly 120 million. Hundreds of millions of older age groups will produce a growing demand for care services, which is the original old-age service system and the whole economic and social development is a huge pressure. On the other hand, with the economic and social transformation, the traditional model of family pension has been unable to adapt to the profound changes in modem employment, family structure, the concept of retirement, since most parts of China, ＂old before getting ricE＂ the situation, how to solve the elderly the pension problem is related to the overall situation of China＇s economic and social development, related to the overall situation of building a harmonious society in China. Under current national conditions, the emphasis on the development of a single individual body to meet the growing demand for pension service is not realistic, we must mobilize the enthusiasm of all aspects of the element, multi-service integration of resources subject to their commitment to a different responsibilities and tasks provide a full range of care services according to different types, different levels of the actual needs of the older age groups. On the aging problem is that the whole community to face, you need to multi-government body, families, communities, institutions combine effectively starting from the actual needs of the elderly population, according to the financial assistance, life care, spiritual consolation three set the specific needs of services, through a government-led, home-based care services, community care services for the core and supplementary services for institutions focused on pension and other means to provide a full range of pension services.

Construction of Xi'an ecological old-age care community in the new urbanization

The new urbanization is an important carrier of ecological civilization construction, and ecological old-age care is the concrete manifestation of the perfect combination of the two, the proper meaning of the new urbanization connotation and an inevitable trend of its development. Based on the analysis of the connotation and relationship between the new urbanization and ecological old-age care, together with the current situation and existing problems of the current nursing institutions and ecological old-age care in Xi'an area, this paper discusses the major issues that should be noticed when constructing the ecological old-age care community in Xi'an and three main construction modes.

The Experience and Enlightenment of the Development of Old-age Care Services in Russia

Through the analysis of the history and current situation of Russia＇s old-age care services system, this paper analyzes and studies the old-age care services system in Russia. By means of law and social policy, Russia can promote the active participation of the elderly in politics, economy, culture and other activities to promote the positive image of the elderly. The active aging policy in Russia and the development trend of the old-age care service to promote the social adaptation and re-employment of the elderly are of positive significance to the development of our country＇s old-age care service.

Improvement of the Legal System for Addressing the Issue of Elderly Care in China in the Context of Population Aging

Rapid population aging is a social reality facing China at present,and the issue of elderly care has become a hot topic of social concern.Legislation to address the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging should follow systematic concepts to achieve“vertical and horizontal integration.”In terms of content,it is necessary to formulate specific legal approaches around“the elderly and children,”with a focus on guaranteeing the livelihood and protection of the rights of the elderly while taking into account childbirth,employment and other issues.the laws should not only safeguard the social participation and labor rights of the elderly,but also effectively respond to the social challenges brought about by the aging of the population.It is also necessary to optimize the family planning policy to ease the burden of child-raising,improve the population structure and promote the long-term balanced development of the population,thus fundamentally solving the problem of population aging.the effort to improve the legal system to deal with the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging will better advance Chinese modernization.

长期照护保险对农村家庭消费水平的影响——基于CHARLS数据的实证分析

基于预防性储蓄等理论,运用双重差分法,依据中国健康与养老追踪调查(CHARLS)2011—2018年四期面板数据,考量长期照护保险政策对农村家庭消费水平的影响效应。结果显示,长期照护保险使得农村家庭消费水平总体提高了5.2%,这种消费促进效应突出地体现在食品消费、日用品消费、通信消费中,对文化娱乐消费和衣着消费影响不明显。异质性分析显示,非独生子女、收入高以及过去一年内有住院经历的农村家庭受长期照护保险政策的影响程度更大。机制分析表明,预防性储蓄、居民健康和代际经济支持是长期照护保险影响农村家庭消费的重要途径。鉴于此,应通过扩大城乡试点范围、建立多元筹资渠道、构建服务供给体系等方式,推动长期照护保险实现城乡全覆盖。

无酬劳动对女性心理健康的影响

心理健康是衡量人力资本的重要指标,也是备受国家和政府关注的民生和社会问题。而长期以来,女性作为家庭中家务劳动和儿童照料的主要承担者,参与家庭无酬劳动的时间远高于男性,这可能会影响她们的心理健康水平。基于Grossman健康需求理论,使用中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2020年调查数据,实证检验了无酬劳动对女性心理健康的影响及传导机制。研究发现,家务劳动时间的增加会对女性心理健康水平产生显著的负向影响,而照顾孩子时间的增加虽然对女性心理健康水平有负向影响,却并不显著。异质性分析表明,家务劳动时间对农村女性、青年女性和受教育程度较高的女性群体心理健康水平的负向影响更明显,而照顾孩子时间对老年女性和未受过教育的女性群体心理健康水平的负向影响会更明显。稳健性分析表明,在控制内生性后,家务劳动和照顾孩子时间对女性心理健康水平的负向影响显著增强。传导机制分析表明,无酬劳动主要通过影响女性劳动力市场表现来影响其心理健康。随着无酬劳动时间的增加,女性倾向选择非正规就业,工资收入也随之降低,这对其心理健康水平产生了不利影响。因此,重视无酬劳动的价值、在工作场所引入家庭友好措施和倡导男女共同承担家庭劳动是提升我国女性心理健康水平的重要措施。

长期护理保险对老年家庭支出行为的影响——基于健康风险冲击的视角

我国经济进入新发展阶段,需要不断扩大国内需求、激发消费潜能。随着国内老龄人口的增多,激发老年群体的消费潜能将对促进国内大循环有积极的作用。研究发现老年人的储蓄率会随着年龄增加而提高,其主要原因是为了预防健康风险冲击。而长期护理保险通过风险分散机制能够有效缓解健康风险冲击,对家庭消费支出行为产生影响。本研究利用CFPS(2012—2018年)数据,基于健康风险视角,探讨了长期护理保险政策对家庭消费支出决策的影响。分析结果显示,长期护理保险制度的实施使老年家庭储蓄率下降了原来水平的9.7%,同时显著增加了消费支出,有效促进了老年家庭消费,其中健康消费和文娱消费显著增加;健康风险越大,长期护理保险对于促进老年家庭消费的效果越明显。此外,长期护理保险政策对城镇以及高收入家庭消费的促进作用更显著。

论家务劳动补偿制度在搭伴养老中的适用

搭伴养老关系中,弱势方往往以家务劳动换取强势方养老资源支持。当关系终止后,为保护弱势一方利益,应将《民法典》第1088条规定离婚家务劳动补偿制度扩大适用至搭伴养老关系。对家务劳动价值予以肯定符合正当性与可行性的要求。鉴于搭伴养老关系相较于婚姻关系的特殊性,应扩大第1088条的适用,并明确可用于补偿的责任财产范围,在补偿数额上需考虑双方搭伴养老前的生活水平及搭伴持续时间、所获利益及经济状况等因素,综合替代成本、适当生活水平维系等现行补偿标准,并参考当地家政服务者的平均工资水平确定。

家庭老年照料对农户收入差距的影响——基于劳动力流动视角的分析

基于CFPS2018微观数据,运用相对收入剥夺指数动态测度农户收入差距,实证分析了家庭老年照料对农户收入差距的影响。研究发现:家庭老年照料显著扩大了农户收入差距,且对低收入和女性群体的影响更加明显,处理内生性之后结果依然稳健。机制分析看,家庭老年照料通过影响农户劳动力流动决策,表现为限制其劳动力流动距离和降低就业稳定性,间接扩大了农户收入差距,同时社会照料的互补功能可以较好地缩小农户收入差距。为此提出了要积极探索农村互助式养老的新模式、增加就近的工资性受雇机会以及制定差异化农村养老方案等建议,以减轻家庭老年照料负担和缩小农户收入差距。

Does community-based health insurance affect lifestyle and timing of treatment seeking behavior?Evidence from Ethiopia

Objectives This paper aims to investigate the effects of enrollment in the Ethiopian community-based health insurance(CBHI)scheme on household preventive care activities and the timing of treatment-seeking behavior for illness symptoms.There is growing concern about the financial sustainability of CBHI schemes in developing countries.However,few empirical studies have identified potential contributors,including ex-ante and ex-post moral hazards.Methods We implement a household fixed-effect panel data regression model,drawing on three rounds of household survey data collected face to face in districts where CBHI scheme is operational and in districts where it is not operational in Ethiopia.Results The findings show that enrolment in CBHI does not significantly influence household behaviour regarding preventive care activities such as water treatment before drinking and handwashing before meals.However,CBHI significantly increases delay in treatment-seeking behaviour for diseases symptoms.Particularly,on average,we estimate about 4-6 h delay for malaria symptoms,a little above 4 h for tetanus,and 10-11 h for tuberculosis among the insured households.Conclusions While there is evidence that CBHI improve the utilization of outpatient or primary care services,our study suggests that insured members may wait longer before visiting health facilities.This delay could be partly due to moral hazard problems,as insured households,particularly those from rural areas,may consider the opportunity costs associated with visiting health facilities for minor symptoms.Overall,it is essential to identify the primary causes of delays in seeking medical services and implement appropriate interventions to encourage insured individuals to seek early medical attention.

Construction of Urban Mixed-age Community: Opportunities, Challenges and Countermeasures: A Case Study of“Fangjia Hutong”in Beijing

In the context of China’s economic development and population aging,the innovation and exploration of the old-age care model has emerged as a new community transformation and development direction.Given the differing needs and characteristics of individuals across the lifespan,it is evident that a design approach that incorporates mixed-age integration and mutual-help communities is a viable strategy for enhancing intergenerational exchanges.This entails the creation of a diverse and open community that is conducive to habitation for individuals of all ages,encompassing the full spectrum of needs,from those of young children to the elderly.Such a community must be designed and constructed with the population in mind,from the initial planning and design stages to the operational phase.This encompasses a comprehensive range of services,including food,clothing,housing,transportation,and medical care and recreation.

家庭无酬照料劳动供给对中老年人健康的影响

伴随人口老龄化的加剧与三孩政策的放开,照料需求也不断增长。在有酬照料服务供给相对不足且质量欠佳,女性越来越多地进入劳动力市场的背景下,由中老年群体提供家庭照料成为了理性的选择。本文利用CHARLS数据库,构建面板数据固定效应模型,探究了家庭无酬照料劳动供给对中老年群体健康的影响。结果表明,提供家庭照料劳动对中老年群体的身体健康不存在显著性影响,但对其精神健康存在显著的负面冲击。提供家庭照料劳动对女性中老年人与农村中老年人精神健康的负面影响更强。中介效应分析表明,家庭照料劳动通过增加家庭总支出与减少花费在主要工作上的工作时间两种渠道对精神健康产生影响。文章最后从关注弱势群体精神健康、增加公共照料服务供给等角度提出了政策建议。

养老和家政服务联动发展标准化路径研究

随着中国老龄化程度不断加深,养老及家政服务需求不断增加,相关行业越来越受到重视。本文在阐述养老及家政服务政策背景的基础上,分析湖北养老和家政服务联动发展的现实意义及必要性,并以养老和家政服务建设为研究切入点,探索推动养老和家政服务联动发展标准化路径。

老年人赡养对农村家庭创业的抑制效应——基于中国家庭追踪调查数据分析

为了探究农村老龄化带来的家庭老年人赡养比的提升对家庭创业决策产生的影响效应,使用Probit模型,采用2014—2020年中国家庭追踪调查数据,对家庭老年赡养比对农村家庭创业决策的影响进行了实证分析。研究发现,家庭老年赡养比的提高显著抑制了农村家庭创业,且这种负向影响在男性户主与中西部的群体中更加显著;家庭老年赡养比的提高加重了子女经济赡养与生活照料负担,进而抑制了农村家庭创业;将老年父母隔代帮扶作为调节效应进行检验,发现老年父母隔代支持能够促进农村家庭创业,能够调节家庭老年赡养比对农村家庭创业的负向影响。研究表明,扩大社会保险覆盖范围,逐步提高农村养老保险的基本养老金水平,推广社会化服务等推进农村社会保障制度建设;支持和引导具有中国特色的农村现代家庭建设,提供有关家庭管理、子女教育、老年人照护和心理健康的培训课程,为那些维持传统家庭结构的农村家庭提供经济补贴,支持和促进以家庭为单位的文化活动和社区互动;重视老年人在农村家庭以及社会中所做出的贡献,加强农村地区的医疗卫生服务,强化老年人健康管理及技能培训等,能够有效应对老龄化挑战并减轻农村家庭养老压力,从而减少家庭老年人赡养对家庭创业决策的抑制效应,助力乡村实现全面振兴。

乳腺癌患者情绪抑制水平及其相关影响因素分析

目的 探讨乳腺癌患者情绪抑制水平的影响因素。方法 选取医院2019年2月~2021年6月收治的乳腺癌患者82例,评估所有患者的情绪抑制水平[情绪抑制量表(EIS)评分],详细统计所有患者的基线资料,对不同资料特征乳腺癌患者的EIS评分进行比较,探讨乳腺癌患者情绪抑制水平的影响因素。结果 经评估,82例乳腺癌患者的EIS评分为(26.53±4.86)分;不同疼痛程度、临床分期、家庭关怀度及家庭人均月收入乳腺癌患者的EIS评分比较,有统计学差异(P<0.05);经多元线性回归分析发现,乳腺癌患者情绪抑制水平的影响因素为家庭关怀度低、中重度疼痛、高分期及家庭人均月收入低(P<0.05)。结论 乳腺癌患者的情绪抑制水平较高,可能与家庭人均月收入低、中重度疼痛、高分期及家庭关怀度低有关。

Impact of Demographic Transition on Household Energy Consumption: A Case from China

Understanding how aging population and low fertility affect household energy consumption is important for optimizing household energy consumption and reaching effective policies.This paper studies the impacts of demographic transition on household energy consumption based on panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2005 to 2016.Child-age dependency rate(CDR)and old-age dependency rate(ODR)are selected to track the shifts in age structure.They are introduced into a STIRPAT model to measure their impacts on household energy consumption.Besides,8 representative regions are additionally chosen and investigated to find some regional characteristics.The results show that current demographic transition to aging population expands household energy consumption.The aging population and low fertility cause additional challenges for energy saving and emission reduction.Household energy consumption in less developed areas is more likely to be affected by CDR and ODR.Regions with large population are also more easily influenced by demographic transitions especially CDR.This study emphases the effects of demographic elements on household energy consumption.It indicates that continuous optimization of household energy consumption structures should be based on population dynamics.

Challenges and Possibilities for the Household Medicine Lease （HML） System Viewed in Light of CRM： HML-Based Everyday Self-Medication in Ubiquitous Network Society

Household medicine lease （HML） industry originated way back in the Edo period （17C-19C）, when it was promoted by the local fiefdom government to revitalize the economy. Accumulations of wealth, acquired thereafter from everywhere outside the region, have culminated in the formation of the present-day industrial cluster in Toyama, the largest in the whole area facing the Sea of Japan. Today an adaptation of the quasi-CRM （customer relationship management） business model of the HML system has proved to be a success in Mongolia. This fact seems to offer the authors some clues for dealing with those problems that healthcare and medical services in Japan and elsewhere are riddled with. In this paper, focusing on the common critical success factors （CSFs） behind the success of the authors＇ prototype HML system and its recent successful application in Mongolia, the authors will analyze these factors from the perspective of CRM. The authors will then clarify the following： （1） the usefulness of the business model for ensuring primary healthcare for people in developing countries; （2） the usefulness in our ubiquitous network society of applying ICT to the HML system; （3） possible contributions that the use of the system can make toward improving the quality of our everyday healthcare and medical services in our prominently aging society; and the authors will also suggest （4） the importance of elevating ＂individual self-medication＂ to ＂community-based self-medication＂.

老年照护保障与家庭消费——基于长护险试点的政策效应评估

长期护理险试点是中国积极应对老龄化、健全社会保障体系的重要实践。引入长期护理险的理论模型对家庭消费行为进行分析,采用中国养老与健康追踪调查(CHARLS)2011—2018年4期面板数据,以长期护理险试点作为准自然实验,运用双重差分法评估长期护理险试点对家庭消费的政策效果。研究发现:长期护理险试点促进了家庭消费,改善了家庭消费结构;作用机制检验表明,长期护理险通过影响家庭劳动参与率、非医疗消费和预防性储蓄三个渠道影响家庭总消费;异质性检验结果显示,长期护理险试点对中低收入家庭、独生子女家庭以及有重度失能老人家庭的消费提振作用更为明显。因此,应有序扩大长期护理险试点范围和支付范围,加大社区护理和居家护理服务力度等,为积极应对老龄化以及推动内循环为主、双循环互促的发展战略提供政策参考。

Old-age Care Modes and Facility Planning Based on the Concept of “Continuum of Care”

Through the comparative analysis on the theories and practical experience of the development of old-age care (OAC) in both China and other countries,and based on the interview and questionnaire survey in Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou City,this paper proposes the research and analysis framework for the old-age service system,i.e.,"OAC mode-OAC service system-OAC facility system." The paper argues that,oriented by OAC mode of "taking community-and home-based care as the main body and institution-based care as supplement," China should build an OAC facility system and planning thoughts that take "continuum of care" as concept and long-term care system as core.Taking Zhejiang Province and Hangzhou City as examples,the paper conducts the optimization research on current OAC facilities planning in terms of hierarchical system,scale,and differentiation,so as to formulate more systematic and operable planning standards for OAC facilities.