Spatial Coupling Relationship and Driving Mechanism of Population and Economy in Rural Areas in Qinling-Daba Mountains,China

Addressing the issue of the healthy and coordinated development of the population and economic factors in rural areas will not only help consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation,but will also lay a foundation for comprehensive rural revitalization.In this paper,the spatial coupling relationship between the population and economic factors in rural areas in the QinlingDaba Mountains,China,is explored to provide a reference for rural revitalization and regional sustainable development in poverty areas.Sixty-eight county units in rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains,as well as the population and economic factors in rural areas,are used to study the spatial coupling relationship between population and economy,as well as the driving mechanism,in rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains from 2010 to 2020.The results show that a population contraction phenomenon occurred in the rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains,and the spatial agglomeration trends of the population and economic factors were consistent.The agglomeration was mainly located in the suburban areas of the municipal area,and the agglomeration degree was significantly higher in these areas than in other areas.In terms of the spatial distribution,the economic development level of the rural areas in the northeastern part of the Qinling-Daba Mountains was generally higher than that in the central and western parts,and the unbalanced trends of the population and economic spatial differentiation in the eastern and western regions were significant.The spatial coupling relationship between the population and economy changed from coordinated development to economic advancement.This was mainly due to the mutual restriction and joint actions of the industrial structure,capital situation,natural environment,policies,and institutional regulations,among which the industrial structure and capital status had significant effects.

Improvement of the Legal System for Addressing the Issue of Elderly Care in China in the Context of Population Aging

Rapid population aging is a social reality facing China at present,and the issue of elderly care has become a hot topic of social concern.Legislation to address the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging should follow systematic concepts to achieve“vertical and horizontal integration.”In terms of content,it is necessary to formulate specific legal approaches around“the elderly and children,”with a focus on guaranteeing the livelihood and protection of the rights of the elderly while taking into account childbirth,employment and other issues.the laws should not only safeguard the social participation and labor rights of the elderly,but also effectively respond to the social challenges brought about by the aging of the population.It is also necessary to optimize the family planning policy to ease the burden of child-raising,improve the population structure and promote the long-term balanced development of the population,thus fundamentally solving the problem of population aging.the effort to improve the legal system to deal with the issue of elderly care in the context of population aging will better advance Chinese modernization.

Study on Health of Rural Poor Population and Health Poverty Alleviation Countermeasures in Chongqing

[Objectives]The paper was to understand the health of rural poor population in Chongqing,and to put forward countermeasures for health poverty alleviation.[Methods]The 439 people living in poverty in Qianjiang District and Pengshui County,Chongqing,were investigated on the spot to deeply understand and analyze the health status,current medical insurance status and accuracy of medical system of rural poor population in Chongqing.[Results]The vast majority of poor households had been lifted out of poverty after targeted poverty alleviation.Poverty due to illness was the main cause of family poverty.The prevalence of chronic diseases in poor households was high,and the overall health level showed a downward trend.The countermeasures and suggestions for strengthening the construction of medical insurance system,exploring and perfecting rural medical assistance system,enhancing the service capacity of primary medical and health institutions,and strengthening health education and health management were put forward.[Conclusions]The study provides an empirical evidence for improving the health level of poor rural residents and promoting targeted health poverty alleviation policies.

Population,Environment Dynamics,Poverty and Quality of Life in China

Ｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎ，ＥｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔＤｙｎａｍｉｃｓ，ＰｏｖｅｒｔｙａｎｄＱｕａｌｉｔｙｏｆＬｉｆｅｉｎＣｈｉｎａ￥／／ＢａｏｃｈａｎｇＧｕ；Ｐｈ．Ｄ．ＤｅｍｏｇｒａｐｈｉｃＤｉｌｅｍｍａｉｎＣｈｉｎａＴｈｅｐｏｐｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｉｚｅｏｆＣ...

Aging Characteristics and Layout Planning of Old-age Care Facilities in the Downtown Area of Nanchang City

Compared to the situation of population aging and the elderly aging, the development of oldage undertaking in Nanchang is still undeveloped in that the old-age care industry lags behind the urban renewal speed and the objective needs of aging. Apart from discussions on the composition of elderly population and the status quo of aging, this paper took the institutional old-age care in the downtown area of Nanchang for example, explored problems in the current institutional old-age care facilities through field investigation, and proposed suggestions for the layout planning of old-age care facilities in the study area.

Population,development,and environment in India

High population growth and continued economic development have caused serious environmental damage in the Asia Pacific region.However,the recent experience is that the pace of environmental degradation is faster in developing countries than in developed countries.To this end,the study seeks to assess the impact of population pressure on India's environment,with particular reference to the degradation of natural endowments like land and water resources and the resultant environmental pollution in the six regions of India.The rapid economic growth and expansion of infrastructure development in recent decades have not come without serious environmental consequences particularly in the southern,northern,and western regions.But in the eastern,north-eastern,and central regions of the country,environmental damage has been mainly due to rapid population growth.

Identification of life habits factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence in a mestizo population of Chabeklumil, Chiapas, México

Aim: Gastric diseases are a recent trend in morbidity in México. We aimed to identify most frequent life habits factors as risk for gastritis and colitis occurrence, in a Mexican mestizo population in Chabeklumil, Chiapas. Population: This study was observational, descriptive, transversal and prospective;346 questionnaires were applied to individuals of both genders from 11 years of age, with low income and socio-economic status, after they signed the informed consent. An individual file was created by the nurses in Chabeklumil. The predominant gender in the population was female (56.1%), with a distribution of 166 among adulthood (19 - 59 years of age);among males (43.9%), 133 included adults. Results: We identified the following environmental risk factors to develop gastritis and colitis: long periods of daily fasting > consumption of irritant food and drink > stress, in females;in contrast, males reported alcohol and tobacco consumption > irritant food and drink > long periods of daily fasting > stress. We found statistical differences (P < 0.05) in risk factors between females and males, in drugs and alcohol consumption, fasting, and stress, but not in consumption of irritant foods, nor in colitis and gastritis prevalence. Conclusions: Females are most affected by life habits risk factors for gastritis/colitis, which occurs mainly due to lifestyle and “macho” culture, since women are precluded of a better living standard, they work hard in the field, and start early in the day without consuming a meal, which they eat late in the day once arriving home. People in Chabeklumil eat/drink a lot of irritant food like hot pepper and coffee, which damage the gastrointestinal system leading to gastritis and colitis. Furthermore, men started to consume drugs at early ages, a condition also involved in developing gastritis.

共同富裕目标下易返贫致贫人口的识别分解与特征分析——基于弱相对贫困线方法

绝对贫困消除以后,精准识别易返贫致贫人口是巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、实现共同富裕的必要基础。结合绝对贫困人口和弱相对贫困人口的动态转换过程识别易返贫致贫人口,基于包容性增长理论构建“增长-分配-识别-帮扶”四成分分解框架,有助于更好地掌握中国易返贫致贫人口的时空变化及变动原因。运用中国家庭金融调查微观数据的实证研究发现:全国弱相对贫困线逐年攀升,易返贫致贫人口占比由2011年的14.89%上升到2019年的19.94%;其中,农村易返贫致贫人口占比较城市更大、上升速度也更快。在省际差异化弱相对贫困标准下,广东、北京、浙江等经济发达省份由于更高的生活成本及就业压力也会触发返贫致贫现象。易返贫致贫人口变动分解结果显示,除识别成分外,“增长-分配-帮扶”均可降低易返贫致贫人口占比,且帮扶的贡献仅次于增长成分。易返贫致贫人口呈现身体健康状况差、受教育程度低、无住房保障、家庭非农就业率低等特征,地区收入分配不平等也会产生负面影响。由此,应将绝对贫困线与弱相对贫困线相结合来识别易返贫致贫人口,内生发展与外源扶持相结合来缓解易返贫致贫人口占比,从而防止规模性返贫,扎实推进共同富裕。

共同富裕背景下易地脱贫人口市民化:价值蕴涵、现实困境与发展进路

易地脱贫人口市民化是该群体在非农就业、生活方式、思想观念、权利参与、身份认同等方面向城镇居民全面转变的过程。易地脱贫人口市民化的价值意涵体现为:推动易地脱贫人口全面发展的有效路径,防止规模性返贫的根本方向,维持城市社会稳定的重要支撑,推进新型城镇化的基本保障和实现共同富裕目标的关键前提。易地脱贫人口市民化仍面临结构约束和主体限制的双重困境,其中,结构约束体现为制度抑制、权利缺失、关系阻滞、身份错位,主体限制则主要包括可行能力受限、发展意识滞后和心理认同模糊。欲破解易地脱贫人口市民化困境,应完善制度供给,迭代产业结构,优化空间营造,加强社区教育培训和营造包容性社会氛围。

云南省巩固阶段脱贫人口工资性收入增长研究

基于对国家和省级乡村振兴重点帮扶县实地调研、行业主管部门座谈及材料收集整理,研究巩固脱贫成果阶段脱贫人口工资性收入增长情况。结果表明,云南省通过动态监测巩固就业、多方协作转移就业、技能培训提升就业、公益岗位稳定就业、项目帮扶促进就业,有效实现了脱贫人口收入保持较高增长态势,工资性收入呈现占比高、增速快的特征,但脱贫人口内生动力不足、农业产业发展水平低、经营主体发展质量欠佳、就业稳定性质量不高、开发式帮扶未充分发挥效能等因素制约了云南脱贫人口工资性收入可持续增长。从构建教育扶贫长效机制、持续推进脱贫地区产业兴旺、培育壮大新型经营主体、提升脱贫人口非农就业质量、调整完善开发式帮扶就业等方面提出促进脱贫人口工资性收入增长的对策建议。

精准扶贫政策的隐性价值评估--基于流动人口的收入溢出效应视角

作为人类一次大规模的准自然实验,中国脱贫攻坚取得全面胜利之后,其政策效应和历史经验需要深入总结。跳出仅聚焦精准扶贫政策效应“显性价值”的传统视角,从更广阔的视域来审视其可能带来的“隐性价值”,评估其“看不见的效应”。基于对脱贫县非贫困户外出流动人口这一非政策群体可能是外溢对象的观察,利用全国流动人口动态监测调查数据,运用双重差分方法评估精准扶贫政策对其收入的外溢效应。研究发现,精准扶贫政策对外流人口具有显著的正向收入溢出效应。群体异质性研究发现,这种外溢存在“马太效应”,高收入流动人口的溢出效应显著高于低收入群体;流入地空间异质性研究结果显示,西部地区获得的外溢效应最小;流出地空间异质性研究结果显示,老家处于村庄或乡镇的人口具有显著的收入溢出效应,而县城及以上区域不显著。机制分析发现,外溢效应可以通过同群影响、东西部地区协作、公共服务完善等渠道产生作用。因此,未来乡村振兴过程中应继续优化传承精神扶贫、区域协作、基础设施建设等农村贫困治理方略。

何以“造血”?信息支持视角下健康贫困的演化逻辑与治理路径

当下实存的健康治理理念与举措正面临着适配性危机。立足于精准扶贫全面决胜背景,我国已进入相对贫困治理时期,但现有研究仍拘囿于强调“输血”式为主的工具性支持,忽视了媒介化社会背景下信息支持的适时性与内生性。作为对“造血”式治理路径的探索,本研究以信息支持为视角,尝试剖释相对贫困人群健康贫困的演化逻辑及其阶段性矛盾,并提出信息赋能健康贫困治理的实践进路。研究认为,相对贫困人群可能因健康认知匮乏而诱发疾病威胁,并由于知识—行为差距再度返贫,而固有的健康信息回避倾向则会使其陷入新的滞贫危机。因此,有必要在致病前普及以“治未病”为主的预防性健康信息,增进健康认知;在致病后传递有效应对信息,提升自我效能;还应面向因病滞贫人群,加大其疾病致因接触,以降低个体脆弱性,通过专业的信息支持逐渐弥合不同群体间的健康不平等,最终实现健康贫困治理“关口前移”。

从农村贫困监测到低收入人口动态监测预警——理论和技术视角的阐释

贫困监测的目标是识别和统计贫困,为减贫政策的制定提供依据。贫困预警则是通过对低收入人口的动态跟踪并发出预警,实现对贫困风险的提前干预。中国农村扶贫开发既采用扶贫线跟踪贫困人口数量和评估扶贫工作成就,也采用多维贫困指标来监测分析农村贫困状况。从方法来看,农村贫困监测主要采用实地调查方法收集数据并进行统计分析。2020年以后,为了巩固脱贫攻坚成果和防止返贫,民政部门通过归集政府相关部门的数据建立了低收入人口动态监测预警机制。监测机制采用多维致贫指标体系,但贫困风险预警目前主要使用单维“触发式”指标。除了要发挥大数据平台的线上功能之外,低收入人口动态监测预警在主动发现、预警排查和分类处置等环节仍然需要大量的线下工作。总体来看,从农村贫困监测转向低收入人口监测预警是中国反贫困战略调整的必然结果,也是贫困治理理论和方法的创新。

流动人口相对贫困的制度困境与韧性治理

2020年年底,中国如期完成新时代脱贫攻坚目标任务,中华民族千百年的绝对贫困问题得到历史性解决。下一步是解决发展不均衡不充分的相对贫困问题,进而实现共同富裕。当前,受户籍制度的影响,流动人口在社会保障、最低收入、社会融入等方面的情况不容乐观,并作为相对贫困的主要群体呈现出复杂的相对贫困特征。亟须以韧性治理模式作用于新阶段相对贫困问题的解决,即通过强化政府治理韧性、区域整体韧性以及个体禀赋韧性,形成政府主导—区域嵌入—多主体共治的韧性治理格局,从而实现流动人口发展资源充分、生活丰富、社交可及的美好治理愿景。

精准扶贫、人口流动与地区经济差距

本文利用县域面板数据结合2000—2020年人口普查资料,系统考察了精准扶贫对地区经济差距的影响,以及人口流动在其中的角色扮演。结果显示,精准扶贫政策的实施确实有助于缩小地区经济差距,但效果相对有限。一个重要的原因在于,精准扶贫存在加速贫困县常住人口流失的倾向,而常住人口流失扩大了地区经济差距。进一步研究显示,贫困县人口流失对地区经济差距的激发作用明显强于其他地区;对于处在城市群或南方地区的贫困县,精准扶贫在降低其与其他地区经济差距中的作用更为明显;对于处在城市群或北方地区的贫困县,精准扶贫导致其流失更多常住人口。本文为认识精准扶贫的经济作用及其要素配置效应,优化后扶贫时代脱贫地区扶持策略提供了经验证据,但本文仅是对精准扶贫经济效应的短期评估,其经济潜力仍需长期观察。

农村贫困治理中低收入群体主观阶层认同的差异与变化

主观阶层认同作为个体在社会环境中对自身社会经济地位的感知和判断,与个体的机遇、未来前景以及主观福祉等密切相关,然而其在贫困治理中却没有得到足够重视。基于此,本文从我国农村贫困治理出发,实证考察了农村低保对低收入群体主观阶层认同的影响以及这一差异在精准扶贫干预后所产生的变化,并进一步检验了其中的异质性效应。研究发现,总体上,相比没有农村低保的低收入群体,获得农村低保救助的低收入群体对自身的主观地位感知更低。进一步地,在精准扶贫政策实施前,相比没有农村低保的低收入群体,有农村低保的低收入群体呈现出更低的主观地位感知、更差的主观流动感知。而自精准扶贫政策实施之后,这一状况得到了明显的缓解和改善,并且这一变化在处于主要工作年龄的低收入群体中尤为显著。未来的农村贫困治理应将低收入群体的主观阶层认同纳为重要考量。

以“并库”为突破口:两项政策衔接并轨的路径选择与政策集成

推动防止返贫帮扶政策和农村低收入人口常态化帮扶政策的衔接并轨构成过渡期内的工作重点。在政府治理数字化转型背景下,以防止返贫监测系统和低收入人口动态监测平台合并为突破口,打通衔接并轨各环节成为可行选择。本文首先提出“两库分离”基础上,对农村低收入人口分别监测、分开研判和分类帮扶带来的潜在问题并进行实证检验,论证“并库”的意义。再从江西赣州龙南市的地方实践出发,提炼“并库”的实现过程,包括:加强两套信息系统数据共享和比对,统一监测内容和标准;开放链接端口,实现信息传输;扩大监测范围,强化数据功能。以“并库”为基础,通过信息集成推动政策集成,实现监测预警统一、综合研判统一、分类管理统一和帮扶政策统一,最终形成基本生活保障、专项救助、发展帮扶和急难救助四位一体的低收入人口常态化帮扶体系智能匹配,实现低收入人口帮扶目标升级。

易地扶贫搬迁云南人口较少民族日常信息搜寻影响因素研究

[目的/意义]通过考察云南易地扶贫搬迁人口较少民族(EMSP)搬迁后日常信息搜寻的影响因素,为“新市民”信息搜寻研究和实践提供参考。[研究设计/方法]选取云南省怒江州境内易地扶贫安置点的独龙族和怒族作为调查样本,通过深度访谈收集45位受访者的资料,采用扎根理论方法分析样本数据。[结论/发现]族群特质作为先赋性限制因素,通过对原先传统习俗和生活方式的依附制约EMSP日常信息搜寻的动机和信息源选择。场域重构作为自致性转变因素,会逐渐转换EMSP在新信息环境中日常信息搜寻的空间感知动机和场景识别路径。社会融入作为调节性因素,在减少族群特质对EMSP日常信息搜寻限制的同时,能够提升场域重构对其日常信息搜寻的转变。[创新/价值]相较于以往“新市民”研究更多关注“市民化”和“城镇化”为中心的社会融合过程中的情境性因素,研究进一步从空间转换视角来揭示易地扶贫搬迁EMSP日常信息搜寻的影响因素。

小额信贷机构愿意继续帮扶脱贫户吗?——基于政银关联和委托代理的调查与实证分析

从政银关联和委托代理关系视角分析小额信贷机构(MFI)对脱贫户帮扶意愿形成的理论逻辑,基于小额信贷机构帮扶意愿的现状调查与分析,利用Ologit排序模型对影响MFI帮扶意愿的主要因素进行实证分析。结果表明:以所有权和管理控制权为基础的政银关系和信贷帮扶机制中的委托代理关系,是影响MFI对脱贫户帮扶意愿的主要因素;MFI的帮扶意愿程度总体较低,但农村金融机构的帮扶意愿高于商业银行,且传统农村金融机构高于新型农村金融机构;政银合作和信贷帮扶激励会显著推动MFI对脱贫户的帮扶,脱贫人口小额信贷风险会显著降低MFI的帮扶意愿,而帮扶效果和扶贫小额信贷的可持续性对推动帮扶具有积极作用。基于此,应明确MFI的社会责任,进一步优化小额信贷政策的激励机制,针对不同类型的MFI实施差异化的激励和约束政策,提高脱贫户的生产创收能力和信用意识。