Influence of Omega 3 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Phase Angle Values of People Living with HIV/AIDS with Lipodystrophy Secondary to Antiretroviral Therapy: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Objective: The measurement of phase angles is an important monitoring parameter and supplementation with omega-3 could promote benefits by modulating the electrical potential of membranes and increasing body cell mass. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the phase angle of people living with HIV/AIDS. Methods: In this study, 63 individuals of all genders who were undergoing outpatient follow-up and showed lipodystrophy due to highly active antiretroviral therapy were analyzed. Our sample consisted of two groups, one that received supplementation containing 2550 mg of omega-3/day (1080 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 720 mg of docosahexaenoic acid) for three months (n = 32) and another that underwent nutrition guidance (n = 31). Phase angle and body cell mass were assessed for both groups and compared at the beginning of research (T0) and after our intervention (T1) for each group separately. Results: Phase angle averaged 6.45° ± 1.06 SD. The comparison between T0 and T1 showed a significant increase in phase angle and body cell mass, whereas the guidance group showed a decrease in body cell mass at T1 in relation to T0, with a significant p-value. Variance in phase angle between moments showed significant values between T0 and T1 in the supplementation group for all genders. Conclusion: Omega-3 positively modulated patients phase angle and body cell mass, but we emphasize the need for other studies that can solidify knowledge about supplementation dosage and intervention time.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids, Inflammation, and Cardiovascular Diseases Prevention—An Essay

This is an essay focused on discussing parts of the current state of knowledge and research in the field of Omega 3, Inflammation and cardiovascular diseases prevention. For a long time, Omega 3 has been considered a health-promoting and beneficial substance for well-being and longevity. New studies have shed new light on the role of omega 3 in cardiovascular diseases prevention and anti-inflammatory effects.

The Global Research Progress of Enzymatic Processing of Oils with Omega 3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

This paper has reviewed that Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), as an essential fatty acids (EFAs), mainly come from fish oil of marine products, has positive effects on treatment and/or prevention of several diseases. In this review, the recent developments by 2019 in the field of enzymatic modification of oils rich in omega 3 PUFAs have summarized. Several different products, such as structured lipids with a variety of FA compositions, nutritional aspects, omega 3 PUFA concentrates and phospholipids,have discussed from the point of process technology as well as possible applications. Enhancing omega 3 PUFA content in diet involves a number of strategies aiming to modify the content of such FAs in fats and oils. Due to the mild reaction conditions used, especially the lipase specificity, the position as well as content of omega 3 PUFAs in lipid molecules being of importance from the point of bioavailability, enzymatic processing of omega 3 PUFA oil is safe, efficient and preferred over chemical treatments.

Omega 3 Fatty Acid and Cannabidiol Prolong Lifespan and Ameliorates Brain Ischaemia in Mice Fed Chronic High Fat Diet

Diets these days contain more fats. High fat diet (HFD) is a model of unhealthy eating in experimental animals. It is known to induce inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychoactive component of Cannbis sativa has been legalized for medicinal use in many countries of the world. Omega 3 fatty acid, commonly found in fish oil is medicinal and necessary for brain development. The antioxidant and neuroprotective functions of CBD and omega 3 have made them relevant in many researches. In this study, 45 mice were used and divided into three groups of 15 animals each: Group 1 (normal feed and water ad libidum);Group 2 (HFD ad libidum);Group 3 (HFD + CBD + Omega 3) for 16 weeks. Thereafter, five animals from each group were selected and their frontal lobes were harvested for histological analyses using H and E staining. The remaining mice were allowed to feed on normal diet and observed till death. At the end, HFD significantly reduced life span (57.4 ± 0.3) when compared to control (78.9 ± 1.6) and HFD + CBD + omega 3 group (74.5 ± 0.8) at p < 0.05. HFD also caused significant brain ischemic damage, neuronophagia and significant perivascular oedema. CBD + Omega 3 induced significant astrocytosis compared to control and HFD group. The immune stimulation by the CBD + Omega 3 could be responsible for tissue survival and longevity by protection from inflammatory and oxidative injuries. Ischaemic tissue death could have been prevented by amelioration of artheroma formation due to HFD. Further studies will be required to ascertain other possible mechanisms behind these findings.

High Fat Diet Alteration of Gut Microbiota Impacts Learning, Memory and Anxiety Response in Mice: Cannabidiol and Omega 3 Possible Remedies

Chronic intake of High Fat Diet (HFD) has the potential of causing a number of metabolic disorders. It is also theorized to be involved in perturbation of gut microbiota. Cannabididol (CBD) and omega 3 are known to possess a number of medicinal usefulness. Their combined use in experimental interventions is quite limited. A total of 15 mice were used for this research divided into three groups of five animals each. Group 1 was administered water and normal chow ad libidum. Group 2 had HFD and water ad libidum. Group 3 had HFD plus CBD (10 mg/kg) and omega 3 (200 mg/kg) all for a total of 12 weeks. They were tested on the elevated plus maze (EPM) and average entry time into the closed arm was recorded. They were also tested on the Y-maze and spontaneous alternations were measured. Thereafter animals were sacrificed and faecal content in the caecum was collected in sterile bottles and cultured for E. coli count. It was found that HFD group at p value E. coli count (2.4 × 106 ± 4.5) compared to group 1 (1.4 × 106 ± 5.6) and group 3 (1.42 × 106 ± 6.3). The findings revealed that HFD enhanced gut E. coli overgrowth which was reduced by CBD and Omega 3. The memory impairment and anxiety induction by HFD was also significantly ameliorated by CBD and omega 3. E. coli known to be implicated in dementia induction was suppressed by the interventions. Possible mechanisms proposed are actions of CBD and omega 3 on CB1, TRVP and 5HT receptors in reducing anxiety and their antioxidant/anti-inflammatory actions in mitigating the neuro-inflammatory effect of HFD and immune hyperstimulation of E. coli via the gutbrain-axis.

Omega 3 and atrial fibrillation:Where are we?

Anti-arrhythmic properties of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, at least in part mediated by anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic power, have been widely proved. Effect of fish oil on atrial fibrillation, both in primary and in secondary prevention and after cardiac surgery, are controversial, mostly due to lack of homogeneity between studies but also due to individual variability in response to fatty acids administration. Inclusion of measurement of incorporation of fish oil into cell membranes, appears to be essential in future studies, to assess their antiarrhythmic effect.

Whole Blood Omega 3 Fatty Acid Levels of HIV Exposed and HIV Unexposed 7 - 10 Years Old Children from a Low Income Country with High Burden of Under-Nutrition

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential macronutrients that have several benefits which have been described for children’s health. Omega 3 LCPUFA metabolism has been reported to be altered in under-nourished and in HIV infected children. Therefore, we describe Eicosapentaenoic acid, Docosapentaenoic acid and Docosahexaenoic acid levels of HIV infected, HIV exposed uninfected and HIV unexposed uninfected school aged children from a low income country with a high burden of HIV infection and under-nutrition. This cross-sectional study recruited children 7 to 10 years old. Capillary blood was collected on filter paper and whole blood fatty acid analysis done using automated gas liquid chromatography. Kruskal Wallis and Median tests were used to compare the distribution and medians of the Omega 3 LCPUFA among the children according to HIV status, gender, age and nutritional status. A total of 318 children were recruited with 21 (7%) being HIV infected and 116 (37%) being HIV exposed uninfected. Chronic malnutrition was present in 12% of the children. The omega 3 fatty acids were expressed as percent weight of total fatty acids. The medians (interquartile range) for EPA, DPA and DHA for all the children were 0.19 (0.09), 0.79 (0.19) and 2.14 (0.54) %wt/wt respectively. EPA, DPA and DHA levels were not associated with the HIV status of the children. EPA levels were much lower in the 7-year-age group compared with the 8 and 9 - 10-year-age groups. Further studies assessing LCPUFA levels that include larger sample size, children from both urban and rural areas are recommended as this may assist in clearly defining the association of LCPUFA with HIV status in children from low income countries with high burden of under-nutrition.

Evaluation of a Rumen Protected Omega 3 Supplement for Reproduction in Dairy Cows as Determined in Three Large Herd Field Trials

Omega 3 fatty acids have been shown to support reproductive performance in dairy cows, but large amounts are needed due to ruminal biohydrogenation of fatty acids. Three long-term large herd feeding trials, two with heifers and one with mature cows, were conducted to evaluate the effects of adding a rumen protected fish oil supplement on reproduction. In all trials, there were over 1000 animals eligible to be bred/treatment. Cows received a ration with 40 g of a rumen protected fish oil supplement (Salmate&reg;?the Ballard Group, Cincinnati Ohio) during the test periods, while controls received no supplementation. The additive was provided to the test cows from the onset of lactation until 90 ± 5 days in milk. Cows entering the pen on or after the first day of the study were included in the dataset. Individual cow records were compiled by Dairy Herd Improvement Association (National DHIA, Verona WI USA) were compared to records from the same time period the year prior. Results were compared using ANOVA for single mean variables and Fisher’s exact test for proportional data. In trials 1 and 2 involving heifers, pregnancy rates were improved (22.4% vs 14.8% in trial 1 and 22.0 vs 17.8% in trial 2, (p < 0.05)). In both cases the improved pregnancy rate could be attributed to higher numbers of cattle bred that became pregnant (P < 0.05), resulting in fewer services/conception (P < 0.05). Early embryonic abortion rates were under 2% in trial 1 and did not differ by treatment. Embryonic abortions rates were 9.2% for the control group as compared to 5.6% for the test group in trial 2, but failed to reach significance. There were no differences in pregnancy rates for the mature cows evaluated in trial 3 (P > 0.05). However, early embryonic abortion rates were 16.8 during the control period, as compared to 4.7% during the test feeding period. The rumen protected omega 3 fatty acid supplement was found to be of benefit to reproductive performance in dairy cows. The supplement may improve the percentage of cattle bred that become pregnant in herds where this metric is low. Early term abortions may be lowered, particularly in herds where this is high.

Analytical Evaluation of Omega 3 Fatty Acids Imbedded in Hydrophobic Starch in the Rumen

Two experiments were conducted to assess the value of hydrophobic starch as a method to encapsulate a supplement consisting of refined fish oil intended for use as a feed supplement for ruminant animals. In Study 1, the product was incubated in vitro for 24 hours. The entire media was analyzed to determine fatty acid composition. In Study 2, the test material was incubated for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 hours in order to determine rate of loss of dry matter, as well as the fatty acid profile of the dry matter remaining at 24 hours. Results from Study 1 indicated that 61.1 % of the eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5) and 75.3% docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6) were still intact after the 24 hour incubation period. In Study 2, 39.1% of the test material was solubilized in the 24 hour period. However, the losses in C20:5 and C22:6 fatty acids were less (25.32% and 27.90% respectively) indicating that the majority of the test product was protected against biohydrogenation. It was concluded that hydrophobic starch can be used to ruminally protected fish oil and to deliver C20:5 and C22:6 fatty acids past the rumen.

Omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸在少弱精子症治疗中的研究进展

少弱精子症是男性不育常见的类型之一,但目前仍缺乏有效治疗手段。越来越多的研究显示,omega-3多不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3 PUFA)对少弱精子症具有潜在的治疗价值。本文主要对ω-3 PUFA在影响少弱精子症脂肪酸代谢与组成、炎症反应、氧化应激等方面的相关研究进行综述,以期为少弱精子症的治疗提供新的思路。

孟德尔随机化探究Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌发病风险的因果关系

目的利用孟德尔随机化方法分析Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌发病风险的因果关联。方法对Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌全基因组关联研究(GWASs)数据进行分析,筛选出与Omega-3脂肪酸相关的遗传位点作为工具变量(IVs)。使用逆方差加权(IVW)、MR-Egger、加权中位数、简单模式和加权模式等孟德尔随机化分析方法对Omega-3脂肪酸和乳腺癌发病风险间的因果关系进行评估。结果共筛选出47个与Omega-3脂肪酸强相关的SNPs作为工具变量,IVW等分析方法均显示Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌的发病风险间不存在因果关联(P>0.05)。MR-Egger回归分析等方法均未检测到明显的基因水平多效性(P=0.319),表明分析结果具有较高的敏感性和稳健性。结论Omega-3脂肪酸与乳腺癌发病风险之间无因果关联。

玻璃酸钠和Omega-3必需脂肪酸混合滴眼液对去势雄兔干眼症模型的疗效观察

目的探讨玻璃酸钠和Omega-3必需脂肪酸(Omega-3 EFAs)混合滴眼液对去势雄兔干眼症治疗的有效性。方法将15只新西兰成年雄兔随机分为正常对照组(A)、非治疗组(B)、玻璃酸钠治疗组(C)、Omega-3EFAs治疗组(D)、玻璃酸钠和Omega-3 EFAs联合治疗组(E),每组3只。对B、C、D、E组行去势术复制动物模型,造模成功后C、D、E组雄兔双眼分别以玻璃酸钠滴眼液、Omega-3 EFAs滴眼液、玻璃酸钠及Omega-3 EFAs混合滴眼液治疗,每日10次,连续1个月。全部实验兔行Schirmer 1试验,测定泪膜破裂时间,行角膜荧光素染色评分,Western blot检测兔泪腺组织中的肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)表达。结果各组指标经LSD-t检验显示,药物干预后玻璃酸和Omega-3 EFAs混合滴眼液组泪液分泌量、泪膜稳定性高于其他实验组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);泪腺组织内TNF-α的表达低于其他实验组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论局部应用玻璃酸钠和Omega-3 EFAs混合滴眼液治疗去势雄兔干眼症可明显改善雄兔眼表体征,降低泪腺组织TNF-α的表达。

辛伐他汀加用Omega-3脂肪酸对混合性血脂异常患者高敏C反应蛋白、血脂及纤溶的影响

目的:评价辛伐他汀加用Omega-3脂肪酸对冠心病及冠心病等危症合并混合性血脂异常患者高敏C反应蛋白(HsCRP)、血脂及纤溶的影响。方法:采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照方法,40例冠心病及冠心病等危症合并混合性血脂异常患者经6-12周辛伐他汀10mg或20mg治疗后,分为试验组(n=20)和对照组(n=20),分别加用Omega-3脂肪酸3g·d-1或安慰剂,治疗2个月,观察治疗前后对HsCRP、血脂及纤溶的影响。结果:试验组治疗后HsCRP、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、TC倩密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)较基线分别降低(2.16±2.77)(38.5％),(94.0±65.4)(31.1％),(13.3±22.3)mmol·L-1(6.3％)和(0.78±1.60)mg·dL-1(P分别<0.01,<0.001,<0.05,<0.05),对照组HsCRP及TG降低更为显著(P分别为0.021及0.011)。试验组TG降低的数值及百分数分别与HsCRP降低的数值及百分数呈显著正相关(r分别为0.51和0.45,P分别为0.021和0.047)。结论:辛伐他汀加用Omega-3脂肪酸增加二者的调脂优势和非调脂优势。

辛伐他汀加omega-3脂肪酸治疗冠心病及其等危症合并混合性血脂异常随机双盲对照研究

目的评价辛伐他汀与国产omega-3脂肪酸合用在冠心病及其等危症合并混合性血脂异常患者调脂治疗中的疗效和安全性。方法用随机双盲安慰剂平行对照的试验方法,冠心病及其等危症合并混合性血脂异常患者经6-12周辛伐他汀10或20mg治疗后,低密度脂蛋白胆固醇已达标(LDL-C<2.6mmol·L-1)或接近达标(LDL-C<3.4 mmol·L-1),但甘油三酯(TG)水平在2.26-5.64 mmol·L-1,加用omega-3脂肪酸每日3g或安慰剂,治疗2月,40例患者完成试验,每组患者20名。结果Omega-3脂肪酸组治疗后,TG、总胆固醇(TC)、非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(Non-HDL-C)较基线分别显著降低1.06±O,74(31.1％),0.35±0.58(6.3％),0.44±0.58 mmol·L-1(10.4％)(P<0.05);Omega-3脂肪酸组较安慰剂组TG降低更明显(P<0.05)。加用Omega-3脂肪酸组治疗2个月后,较基线单用辛伐他汀显著增加30％的Non-HDL-C达标率(P<0.05)及25％的全面达标率(P<0.05)。Omega-3脂肪酸组TG基线值与TG下降幅度呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。两组间药物不良反应无统计学差异。结论辛伐他汀加用国产omega-3脂肪酸调脂治疗冠心病及其等危症合并混合性血脂异常患者安全、有效。

正念疗法联合Omega-3治疗儿童ADHD疗效观察

目的评估正念疗法及服用Omega-3作为辅助措施治疗儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的疗效。方法本研究为随机双盲临床试验,研究对象为2010年7月至2016年7月在深圳市南山区妇幼保健院就诊的60名ADHD患儿,年龄在5~12岁。所有研究对象均被评估8周,均服用利他林,分为对照组、Omega-3组、正念疗法组及联合治疗组,每组15例患儿。使用Conners父母和教师评定量表评价治疗0周、2周、4周、8周时临床症状改善情况。结果治疗开始时(0周)及治疗2周四组Conners评分比较均无明显差异(均P>0.05),治疗4周时联合治疗组较对照组及Omega-3组Conners评分明显降低(t值分别为3.00、2.85,均P<0.01),治疗8周时正念疗法组较对照组及Omega-3组Conners评分明显降低(t值分别为2.76、2.94,均P<0.01),联合治疗组较对照组及服用Omega-3组Conners评分明显降低(t值分别为2.91、2.89,均P<0.01)。结论在服用利他林的基础上,正念疗法联合服用Omega-3可有效改善ADHD患儿的症状。正念疗法联合服用Omega-3较对照组及服用Omega-3有更好的治疗效果。

内源性omega-3多元不饱和脂肪酸对小鼠银屑病样皮损以及Th17细胞的影响

目的观察内源性omega-3多元不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFAs)对小鼠银屑病样皮损以及脾脏Th17细胞因子的影响。方法本实验采用Fat-1转基因小鼠模型,将野生型(Wild-type)小鼠和Fat-1小鼠各分为2组,背部以及右耳背外涂咪喹莫特乳膏(Imiquimod,IMQ)和凡士林乳膏(cream),建立银屑病样皮损模型及对照组。观察4组小鼠给药部位皮肤变化,对表皮组织进行病理切片和HE染色,流式细胞术测定脾细胞内Th17细胞因子的百分比。结果 Fat-1 IMQ与WT IMQ组相比,表皮因IMQ作用而出现角质层、棘细胞层的增厚,大体表现的红斑、增厚、鳞屑反应均较后者轻微,同时IMQ所造成的脾细胞内Th17细胞以及炎症因子IL-17升高,也在Fat-1组小鼠中呈现出了较低的水平(P<0.05)。而两组cream组间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论内源性omega-3 PUFAs在银屑病中能够减少脾细胞内Th17细胞的水平,减少IL-17炎症因子的分泌以及改善银屑病样红斑、鳞屑、增厚等临床症状,从而发挥治疗银屑病的作用。

Omega-3脂肪酸预防和治疗多囊卵巢综合征并发症的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)被认为是最常见的女性内分泌疾病之一,除疾病本身引起的生殖功能异常外,PCOS引起的代谢紊乱及相关并发症也是影响患者生存质量的重要因素。目前的研究结果表明,虽然omega-3脂肪酸是缓解PCOS相关并发症的有效药物之一,但在饮食中如何使用omega-3脂肪酸对PCOS患者的并发症进行系统性控制仍待进一步研究。现主要综述omega-3脂肪酸对PCOS患者体质量指数(BMI)、胰岛素抵抗程度、异常炎症因子表达水平及对甾体激素水平的影响,总结omega-3脂肪酸治疗PCOS并发症的临床疗效的研究进展。

Omega-3脂肪酸对高血压合并颈动脉粥样硬化患者血管内皮功能的影响

目的研究omega-3脂肪酸(降血脂辅助药)对高血压合并颈动脉粥样硬化患者血管内皮功能和内膜厚度的影响。方法 62例经颈动脉超声证实存在颈动脉粥样硬化的高血压患者,随机分为2组:对照组(高血压常规治疗)和试验组(高血压常规治疗+omega-3脂肪酸22.5mg每日3次),观察8周,治疗前后测定血清内皮素(ET)、一氧化氮(NO)水平和颈动脉内膜厚度。结果与治疗前比较,对照组ET、NO和颈动脉内膜厚度无明显差异(P>0.05);试验组:ET明显下降而NO显著升高且颈动脉内膜的厚度明显缩小。结论高血压合并颈动脉粥样硬化患者,在常规治疗基础上合用omega-3不饱和脂肪酸,能使患者的血管内皮功能得到一定的改善,能减少颈动脉内膜的厚度,有一定的抗动脉粥样硬化的作用。

Omega-3脂肪酸在预防乳腺癌化疗患者口腔黏膜炎中的效果

目的观察Omega-3脂肪酸在预防乳腺癌化疗患者口腔黏膜炎中的效果。方法选取2018年3月至2019年10月我院住院乳腺癌化疗患者120例为研究对象,按照随机数字表法将其随机分为对照组和试验组,每组各60例,对照组患者给予醋酸氯已定常规口腔治疗,试验组在对照组的基础上加服Omega-3脂肪酸。并对两组患者口腔真菌感染、牙周健康和口腔黏膜炎严重程度状况进行比较。结果试验组患者的真菌感染率为5.00%(3/60),明显低于对照组的16.67%(10/60),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=4.227,P<0.05);试验组患者的菌斑指数为(1.32±0.25)、牙龈指数为(1.27±0.22),明显低于对照组的(2.41±0.33)、(2.19±0.39),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);试验组患者的口腔黏膜炎分级0级比例为81.67%(49/60),明显高于对照组的41.67%(28/60),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),试验组Ⅰ~Ⅱ级、Ⅲ~Ⅳ级比例为11.67%(7/60)、6.67%(4/60),均明显低于对照组的28.33%(17/60)、25.00%(15/60),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论Omega-3脂肪酸在预防乳腺癌化疗患者口腔黏膜炎中具有较好的预防和治疗效果,值得临床推广应用。

omega3多不饱和脂肪酸联合右归饮对骨质疏松模型大鼠的实验研究

目的研究omega3多不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3 PUFAs)和右归饮联合应用对去卵巢大鼠骨丢失的影响。方法 SPF级雌性SD大鼠40只,随机平均分为模型组,假手术组,ω-3不饱和脂肪酸组,联合组,密钙息组;实验期10周。检测大鼠雌激素和骨代谢指标、右侧股骨的骨密度(BMD)和第5腰椎的骨生物力学指标。结果模型组大鼠股骨骨密度及生物力学指标显著低于假手术组(P<0.01);而用药各组大鼠股骨则显著高于模型组(P<0.01)。其中ω-3PUFAs和右归饮联合应用的效果明显优于单独应用ω-3PUFAs组。用药组和假手术组大鼠血清雌二醇和碱性磷酸酶含量显著高于模型组(P<0.01)。结论ω-3PUFAs和右归饮能够明显降低去卵巢大鼠的骨丢失。