Printed Circuit Boards(PCBs)are very important for proper functioning of any electronic device.PCBs are installed in almost all the electronic device and their functionality is dependent on the perfection of PCBs.If P...Printed Circuit Boards(PCBs)are very important for proper functioning of any electronic device.PCBs are installed in almost all the electronic device and their functionality is dependent on the perfection of PCBs.If PCBs do not function properly then the whole electric machine might fail.So,keeping this in mind researchers are working in this field to develop error free PCBs.Initially these PCBs were examined by the human beings manually,but the human error did not give good results as sometime defected PCBs were categorized as non-defective.So,researchers and experts transformed this manual traditional examination to automated systems.Further to this research image processing and computer vision came into actions where the computer vision experts applied image processing techniques to extract the defects.But,this also did not yield good results.So,to further explore this area Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Techniques were applied.In this studywe have appliedDeep Neural Networks to detect the defects in the PCBS.PretrainedVGG16and Inception networkswere applied to extract the relevant features.DeepPCB dataset was used in this study,it has 1500 pairs of both defected and non-defected images.Image pre-processing and data augmentation techniques were applied to increase the training set.Convolution neural networks were applied to classify the test data.The results were compared with state-of-the art technique and it proved that the proposed methodology outperformed it.Performance evaluation metrics were applied to evaluate the proposed methodology.Precision 94.11%,Recall 89.23%,F-Measure 91.91%,and Accuracy 92.67%.展开更多
Ground subsidence is one of the key factors damaging transportation facilities, e.g., road networks consisting of highways and railways. In this paper, we propose to apply the persistent scatterer synthetic aperture r...Ground subsidence is one of the key factors damaging transportation facilities, e.g., road networks consisting of highways and railways. In this paper, we propose to apply the persistent scatterer synthetic aperture radar interferometry （PS-InSAR） approach that uses high- resolution TerraSAR-X （TSX） imagery to extract the regional scale subsidence rates （i.e., average annual sub- sidence in mm/year） along road networks. The primary procedures involve interferometric pair selection, interfer- ogram generation, persistent scatterer （PS） detection, PS networking, phase parameterization, and subsidence rate estimation. The Xiqing District in southwest Tianjin （China） is selected as the study area. This district contains one railway line and several highway lines. A total of 15 TSX images covering this area between April 2009 and June 2010 are utilized to obtain the subsidence rates by using the PS-InSAR （PSI） approach. The subsidence rates derived from PSI range from -68.7 to -1.3 mm/year. These findings show a significantly uneven subsidence pattern along the road network. Comparison between the PSI-derived subsidence rates and the leveling data obtained along the highways shows that the mean and standard deviation （SD） of the discrepancies between the two types of subsidence rates are 0.1 and 4-3.2 mm/year, respectively. The results indicate that the high-resolution TSX PSI is capable of providing comprehensive and detailed subsidence information regarding road networks with millimeter-level accuracy. Further inspections under geo- logical conditions and land-use categories in the study area indicate that the observed subsidence is highly related to aquifer compression due to groundwater pumping. Therefore, measures should be taken to mitigate groundwater extraction for the study area.展开更多
Hot compression experiments were conducted on Ti 15 3 alloy specimens using Gleeble 1500 Thermal Simulator.These tests were focused to obtain the flow stress data under various conditions of strain,strain rate and tem...Hot compression experiments were conducted on Ti 15 3 alloy specimens using Gleeble 1500 Thermal Simulator.These tests were focused to obtain the flow stress data under various conditions of strain,strain rate and temperature. On the basis of these data, the predicting model for the nonlinear relation between flow stress and deformation strain,strain rate and temperature for Ti 15 3 alloy was developed with a back propagation artificial neural network method. Results show that the neural network can reproduce the flow stress in the sampled data and predict the nonsampled data well. Thus the neural network method has been verified to be used to tackle hot deformation problems of Ti 15 3 alloy. [展开更多
This paper provides an analytic performance evaluation of dual-hop cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks over independent nonidentically distributed (i.n.i.d.) fading channels. Two different transmit po...This paper provides an analytic performance evaluation of dual-hop cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks over independent nonidentically distributed (i.n.i.d.) fading channels. Two different transmit power constraint strategies at the secondary network are proposed to investigate the performance of the secondary network. In the case of combined power constraint,the maximum tolerable interference power on the primary network and the maximum transmit power at the secondary network are considered. Closed-form lower bound and its asymptotic expression for the outage probability (OP) are achieved. Utilizing the above results,average symbol error probability (ABEP) at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are also derived. In order to further study the performance of dual-hop cognitive AF relaying networks,the Closed-form lower bounds and asymptotic expressions for OP with single power constraint of the tolerable interference on the primary network is also obtained. Both analytical and simulation are employed to validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis. The results show that the secondary network obtains a better performance when higher power constraint is employed.展开更多
Considering wireless sensor network characteristics,this paper uses network simulator,version2(NS-2)algorithm to improve Ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV)routing algorithm,so that it can be applied to wireless se...Considering wireless sensor network characteristics,this paper uses network simulator,version2(NS-2)algorithm to improve Ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV)routing algorithm,so that it can be applied to wireless sensor networks.After studying AODV routing protocol,a new algorithm called Must is brought up.This paper introduces the background and algorithm theory of Must,and discusses the details about how to implement Must algorithm.At last,using network simulator(NS-2),the performance of Must is evaluated and compared with that of AODV.Simulation results show that the network using Must algorithm has perfect performance.展开更多
0-1 programming is a special case of the integer programming, which is commonly encountered in many optimization problems. Neural network and its general energy function are presented for 0-1 optimization problem. The...0-1 programming is a special case of the integer programming, which is commonly encountered in many optimization problems. Neural network and its general energy function are presented for 0-1 optimization problem. Then, the 0-1 optimization problems are solved by a neural network model with transient chaotic dynamics (TCNN). Numerical simulations of two typical 0-1 optimization problems show that TCNN can overcome HNN's main drawbacks that it suffers from the local minimum and can search for the global optimal solutions in to solveing 0-1 optimization problems.展开更多
The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(...The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(10),Belgium(5),Brazil(2),Canada(4),Chile(2),China(56),Czech Republic(1),Denmark(1),Finland(3),France(7),Germany(24),Greece(13),Hungary(2),India(9),Iran(2),Ireland(2),Israel(4),Italy(41),Japan(47)。展开更多
The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(...The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(10),Belgium(5),Brazil(2),Canada(4),Chile(2),China(56),Czech Republic(1),Denmark(1),Finland(3),France(7),Germany(24),Greece(13),Hungary(2),India(9),Iran(2),Ireland(2),Israel(4),Italy(41),Japan(47),Kuwait(2),Mexico(1),Netherlands(7),New Zealand(2),Norway(1),Poland(3),Portugal(5),Romania(1),Saudi Arabia(1),Serbia(2),Singapore(4),South Korea(27),Spain(10),Sweden(5),Switzerland(2),Syria(1),Thailand(1),Turkey(6),United Kingdom(15),and United States(95).展开更多
The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 404 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 41 countries,including Argentina(1),Australia(9),
The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(...The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(10),Belgium(5),Brazil(2),Canada(4),Chile(2),China(56),Czech Republic(1),Denmark(1),Finland(3)。展开更多
The World Journal of Diabetes Editorial Board consists of 323 members, representing a team of worldwide experts in diabetes mellitus. They are from 38 countries, including Argentina (1), Australia (13), Austria (6), B...The World Journal of Diabetes Editorial Board consists of 323 members, representing a team of worldwide experts in diabetes mellitus. They are from 38 countries, including Argentina (1), Australia (13), Austria (6), Belgium (1), Brazil (3), Canada (14), China (21), Czech Republic (3), Denmark (9), Egypt (2), Finland (3), France (5), Germany (17), Greece (10), Hungary (2), India (10), Ireland (2), Iran (2), Israel (5), Italy (25)展开更多
The World Journal of Radiology Editorial Board consists of 365 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in radiology.They are from 36 countries,including Afghanistan(1),Argentina(2),Australia(5),Austria(7),Bel...The World Journal of Radiology Editorial Board consists of 365 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in radiology.They are from 36 countries,including Afghanistan(1),Argentina(2),Australia(5),Austria(7),Belgium(2),Brazil(8),Canada(6),Chile(1),China(43),Croatia(1),Denmark(4),Egypt(6),France(5),Germany(22)。展开更多
The World Journal of Diabetes Editorial Board now consists of 713 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in diabetes mellitus.They are from 56 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(27),Austria(11),
The World Journal of Diabetes Editorial Board consists of 323 members, representing a team of worldwide experts in diabetes mellitus. They are from 38 countries, including Argentina (1), Australia (13), Austria (6), B...The World Journal of Diabetes Editorial Board consists of 323 members, representing a team of worldwide experts in diabetes mellitus. They are from 38 countries, including Argentina (1), Australia (13), Austria (6), Belgium (1),展开更多
The World Journal of Radiology Editorial Board consists of 319 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in radiology.They are from 40 countries,including Australia(3),Austria(4),Belgium(5),Brazil(3),Canada(9),...The World Journal of Radiology Editorial Board consists of 319 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in radiology.They are from 40 countries,including Australia(3),Austria(4),Belgium(5),Brazil(3),Canada(9),Chile(1),China(25),Czech(1),Denmark(1),Egypt(4),Estonia(1),Finland(1),France(6),Germany(17),Greece(8),Hungary(1),India(9),Iran(5),Ireland(1),Israel(4),Italy(28),Japan(14),Lebanon(1),Libya(1),Malaysia(2),展开更多
A token-bus-based design method of the distributedfault-tolerant industrial network is presented in this pa-per.The dual-link network is of hot-redundancy.The performance of the network is also discussed.
The World Journal of Gastroenterology Editorial Board consists of 685members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastroenterologyand hepatology.They are from 52 countries including:Albania(1),Argentina(1),Aust...The World Journal of Gastroenterology Editorial Board consists of 685members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastroenterologyand hepatology.They are from 52 countries including:Albania(1),Argentina(1),Australia(16).Austria(7),Belarus(1),Belgium(11),Brazil(1),Bulgaria(1),Canada(10),China(58),Croatia(2),Czech(1),Denmark(5),Egypt(3),Finland(1),France(27).Germany(71),Greece(1),Hungary(1).Iceland(1),India(6),Iran(2),Ireland(2),Israel(5),Italy(51),Japan(137),Lebanon(2),Lithuania(1),Macedonia(1),Malaysia(3),Mexico(2),Monaco(1),Netherlands(15),New Zealand(1),Nigeria(1),Norway(2),Pakistan(1),Poland(6),Portugal(1),Russia(3),Singapore(3),Slovakia(1),South Africa(1),South Korea(9),Spain(27),Sweden(6),Switzerland(8),Turkey(7),United Arab Emirates(1),United Kingdom(37).United States(121),Yugoslavia(1).展开更多
基金The author would like to thank Deanship of Scientific Research at Shaqra University for their support to carry this work.
文摘Printed Circuit Boards(PCBs)are very important for proper functioning of any electronic device.PCBs are installed in almost all the electronic device and their functionality is dependent on the perfection of PCBs.If PCBs do not function properly then the whole electric machine might fail.So,keeping this in mind researchers are working in this field to develop error free PCBs.Initially these PCBs were examined by the human beings manually,but the human error did not give good results as sometime defected PCBs were categorized as non-defective.So,researchers and experts transformed this manual traditional examination to automated systems.Further to this research image processing and computer vision came into actions where the computer vision experts applied image processing techniques to extract the defects.But,this also did not yield good results.So,to further explore this area Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence Techniques were applied.In this studywe have appliedDeep Neural Networks to detect the defects in the PCBS.PretrainedVGG16and Inception networkswere applied to extract the relevant features.DeepPCB dataset was used in this study,it has 1500 pairs of both defected and non-defected images.Image pre-processing and data augmentation techniques were applied to increase the training set.Convolution neural networks were applied to classify the test data.The results were compared with state-of-the art technique and it proved that the proposed methodology outperformed it.Performance evaluation metrics were applied to evaluate the proposed methodology.Precision 94.11%,Recall 89.23%,F-Measure 91.91%,and Accuracy 92.67%.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)under Grant 2012CB719901the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 41074005the 2013 Doctoral Innovation Funds of Southwest Jiaotong University
文摘Ground subsidence is one of the key factors damaging transportation facilities, e.g., road networks consisting of highways and railways. In this paper, we propose to apply the persistent scatterer synthetic aperture radar interferometry （PS-InSAR） approach that uses high- resolution TerraSAR-X （TSX） imagery to extract the regional scale subsidence rates （i.e., average annual sub- sidence in mm/year） along road networks. The primary procedures involve interferometric pair selection, interfer- ogram generation, persistent scatterer （PS） detection, PS networking, phase parameterization, and subsidence rate estimation. The Xiqing District in southwest Tianjin （China） is selected as the study area. This district contains one railway line and several highway lines. A total of 15 TSX images covering this area between April 2009 and June 2010 are utilized to obtain the subsidence rates by using the PS-InSAR （PSI） approach. The subsidence rates derived from PSI range from -68.7 to -1.3 mm/year. These findings show a significantly uneven subsidence pattern along the road network. Comparison between the PSI-derived subsidence rates and the leveling data obtained along the highways shows that the mean and standard deviation （SD） of the discrepancies between the two types of subsidence rates are 0.1 and 4-3.2 mm/year, respectively. The results indicate that the high-resolution TSX PSI is capable of providing comprehensive and detailed subsidence information regarding road networks with millimeter-level accuracy. Further inspections under geo- logical conditions and land-use categories in the study area indicate that the observed subsidence is highly related to aquifer compression due to groundwater pumping. Therefore, measures should be taken to mitigate groundwater extraction for the study area.
文摘Hot compression experiments were conducted on Ti 15 3 alloy specimens using Gleeble 1500 Thermal Simulator.These tests were focused to obtain the flow stress data under various conditions of strain,strain rate and temperature. On the basis of these data, the predicting model for the nonlinear relation between flow stress and deformation strain,strain rate and temperature for Ti 15 3 alloy was developed with a back propagation artificial neural network method. Results show that the neural network can reproduce the flow stress in the sampled data and predict the nonsampled data well. Thus the neural network method has been verified to be used to tackle hot deformation problems of Ti 15 3 alloy. [
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61461024)
文摘This paper provides an analytic performance evaluation of dual-hop cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks over independent nonidentically distributed (i.n.i.d.) fading channels. Two different transmit power constraint strategies at the secondary network are proposed to investigate the performance of the secondary network. In the case of combined power constraint,the maximum tolerable interference power on the primary network and the maximum transmit power at the secondary network are considered. Closed-form lower bound and its asymptotic expression for the outage probability (OP) are achieved. Utilizing the above results,average symbol error probability (ABEP) at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are also derived. In order to further study the performance of dual-hop cognitive AF relaying networks,the Closed-form lower bounds and asymptotic expressions for OP with single power constraint of the tolerable interference on the primary network is also obtained. Both analytical and simulation are employed to validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis. The results show that the secondary network obtains a better performance when higher power constraint is employed.
文摘Considering wireless sensor network characteristics,this paper uses network simulator,version2(NS-2)algorithm to improve Ad hoc on-demand distance vector(AODV)routing algorithm,so that it can be applied to wireless sensor networks.After studying AODV routing protocol,a new algorithm called Must is brought up.This paper introduces the background and algorithm theory of Must,and discusses the details about how to implement Must algorithm.At last,using network simulator(NS-2),the performance of Must is evaluated and compared with that of AODV.Simulation results show that the network using Must algorithm has perfect performance.
基金This project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (79970042).
文摘0-1 programming is a special case of the integer programming, which is commonly encountered in many optimization problems. Neural network and its general energy function are presented for 0-1 optimization problem. Then, the 0-1 optimization problems are solved by a neural network model with transient chaotic dynamics (TCNN). Numerical simulations of two typical 0-1 optimization problems show that TCNN can overcome HNN's main drawbacks that it suffers from the local minimum and can search for the global optimal solutions in to solveing 0-1 optimization problems.
文摘The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(10),Belgium(5),Brazil(2),Canada(4),Chile(2),China(56),Czech Republic(1),Denmark(1),Finland(3),France(7),Germany(24),Greece(13),Hungary(2),India(9),Iran(2),Ireland(2),Israel(4),Italy(41),Japan(47)。
文摘The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(10),Belgium(5),Brazil(2),Canada(4),Chile(2),China(56),Czech Republic(1),Denmark(1),Finland(3),France(7),Germany(24),Greece(13),Hungary(2),India(9),Iran(2),Ireland(2),Israel(4),Italy(41),Japan(47),Kuwait(2),Mexico(1),Netherlands(7),New Zealand(2),Norway(1),Poland(3),Portugal(5),Romania(1),Saudi Arabia(1),Serbia(2),Singapore(4),South Korea(27),Spain(10),Sweden(5),Switzerland(2),Syria(1),Thailand(1),Turkey(6),United Kingdom(15),and United States(95).
文摘The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 404 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 41 countries,including Argentina(1),Australia(9),
文摘The World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology Editorial Board consists of 428 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastrointestinal oncology.They are from 40 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(10),Belgium(5),Brazil(2),Canada(4),Chile(2),China(56),Czech Republic(1),Denmark(1),Finland(3)。
文摘The World Journal of Diabetes Editorial Board consists of 323 members, representing a team of worldwide experts in diabetes mellitus. They are from 38 countries, including Argentina (1), Australia (13), Austria (6), Belgium (1), Brazil (3), Canada (14), China (21), Czech Republic (3), Denmark (9), Egypt (2), Finland (3), France (5), Germany (17), Greece (10), Hungary (2), India (10), Ireland (2), Iran (2), Israel (5), Italy (25)
文摘The World Journal of Radiology Editorial Board consists of 365 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in radiology.They are from 36 countries,including Afghanistan(1),Argentina(2),Australia(5),Austria(7),Belgium(2),Brazil(8),Canada(6),Chile(1),China(43),Croatia(1),Denmark(4),Egypt(6),France(5),Germany(22)。
文摘The World Journal of Diabetes Editorial Board now consists of 713 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in diabetes mellitus.They are from 56 countries,including Argentina(2),Australia(27),Austria(11),
文摘The World Journal of Diabetes Editorial Board consists of 323 members, representing a team of worldwide experts in diabetes mellitus. They are from 38 countries, including Argentina (1), Australia (13), Austria (6), Belgium (1),
文摘The World Journal of Radiology Editorial Board consists of 319 members,representing a team of worldwide experts in radiology.They are from 40 countries,including Australia(3),Austria(4),Belgium(5),Brazil(3),Canada(9),Chile(1),China(25),Czech(1),Denmark(1),Egypt(4),Estonia(1),Finland(1),France(6),Germany(17),Greece(8),Hungary(1),India(9),Iran(5),Ireland(1),Israel(4),Italy(28),Japan(14),Lebanon(1),Libya(1),Malaysia(2),
文摘A token-bus-based design method of the distributedfault-tolerant industrial network is presented in this pa-per.The dual-link network is of hot-redundancy.The performance of the network is also discussed.
文摘The World Journal of Gastroenterology Editorial Board consists of 685members,representing a team of worldwide experts in gastroenterologyand hepatology.They are from 52 countries including:Albania(1),Argentina(1),Australia(16).Austria(7),Belarus(1),Belgium(11),Brazil(1),Bulgaria(1),Canada(10),China(58),Croatia(2),Czech(1),Denmark(5),Egypt(3),Finland(1),France(27).Germany(71),Greece(1),Hungary(1).Iceland(1),India(6),Iran(2),Ireland(2),Israel(5),Italy(51),Japan(137),Lebanon(2),Lithuania(1),Macedonia(1),Malaysia(3),Mexico(2),Monaco(1),Netherlands(15),New Zealand(1),Nigeria(1),Norway(2),Pakistan(1),Poland(6),Portugal(1),Russia(3),Singapore(3),Slovakia(1),South Africa(1),South Korea(9),Spain(27),Sweden(6),Switzerland(8),Turkey(7),United Arab Emirates(1),United Kingdom(37).United States(121),Yugoslavia(1).
