Control of gain and thermal carrier loss profiles for mode optimization in 980-nm broad-area vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers

Optical gain and thermal carrier loss distributions regarding current diffusion and various electric contact areas are investigated to improve the near-field modes from the ring-shape to a Gaussian-like configuration for extra-broad-area and oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers. In this work an equivalent circuit network model is used. The resistance of the continuously-graded distributed Bragg reflectors （DBRs）, the current diffusion and the temperature effect due to different electric-contact areas are calculated and analyzed at first, as these parameters affect one another and are the key factors in determining the gain and thermal carrier loss. Finally, the gain and thermal carrier loss distributions are calculated and discussed.

Evolution of Xanthomonas Gene Content:Gene Gain/Loss History and Species Divergence

Horizontal gene transfer （HGT） plays key roles in the evolution of pathogenetic bacteria, especially in pathogenetic associated genes. In this study, the evolutionary dynamics of Xanthomonas at species level were determined by the comparative analysis of the complete genomes of 15 Xanthomonas strains. A concatenated multiprotein phyletic pattern and a dataset with Xanthomonas clusters of orthologous genes were constructed. Mathematical extrapolation estimates that the core genome will reach a minimum of about 1 547 genes while the pan-genome will increase up to 22 624 genes when sequencing 1 000 genomes. The HGT extent in this genus was assessed by using a Markov-based probabilistic method. The reconstructed gene gain/loss history, which contained several features consistent with biological observations, showed that nearly 60% of the Xanthomonas genes were acquired by HGT. A large fraction of variability was in the clade ancestor nodes and ＂leaves of the tree＂. Coexpression analysis suggested that the pathogenic and metabolic variation between Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae might due to recently-transferred genes. Our results strongly supported that the gene gain/loss may play an important role in divergence and pathogenicity variation of Xanthomonas species.

Gain/loss effect on a bright solitary wave in a cigar-shaped attractive condensate in the presence of an expulsive parabolic potential

Taking into account both gain/loss and time-dependent atomic scattering length, this paper analytically derives an exact bright solitary wave in a cigar-shaped attractive condensate in the presence of an expulsive parabolic potential. Due to the balance of the scattering length and gain/loss, the bright solitary wave is shown to have constant amplitude. Especially, it is found that the bright solitary wave is accelerated by expulsive force, whose velocity can be modulated by changing the axial and transverse angular frequencies. The results are in good agreement with the experimental observations by Khaykovich et al （2002 Science 296 1290）.

Responses of Carbon Sink of Ecosystem Vegetation to Land Use Changes in Kunming City

[Objectives]To analyze the relationship between the land use pattern and the carbon sequestration level of the ecosystem vegetation in Kunming City,and to provide a certain reference for optimizing the land ecological use pattern and scientific carbon reduction and sequestration.[Methods]Based on remote sensing data,meteorological data,vegetation data and soil data,the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach(CASA)was adopted to estimate the vegetation net primary productivity(NPP)in Kunming during 2005-2020,and then the vegetation carbon sink was calculated through the plant mortality model.Besides,it established the land use transfer matrix of Kunming City,and analyzed the change characteristics of the carbon sink of ecosystem vegetation in Kunming City under the influence of land use changes.[Results]During 2005-2020,the water area,construction land and unused land area in Kunming increased by 43.52,710.51 and 2.8 km 2,respectively;farmland,woodland and grassland decreased by 269.72,140.20 and 347.03 km 2,respectively;farmland,woodland,grassland,water area,construction land and unused land caused a total of 58212.72 t of vegetation net carbon sink loss in land conversion,accounting for 14.88%,25.23%,11.95%,10.58%,37.09%,and 0.26%,respectively.[Conclusions]This study is expected to help to improve the ecological carbon sequestration capacity of Kunming and promote the sustainable development of land resources.

Body Composition and Metabolic Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Women: Effects of a Dietary Weight Loss Program

Epidemiological studies showed an association between menopause, weight gain and risk factors that identify the metabolic syndrome (MS). We evaluated body composition and metabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women addressed to a center for the assessment of nutritional status to lose weight by hypocaloric balanced diet. 161 postmenopausal women were enrolled. MS diagnosis was made applying IDF (International Diabetes Foundation) criteria. After the prescription of hypocaloric diet all subjects were controlled every 2 months. In patients suffering from MS (MS+) at the first visit, diagnosis of MS was reassessed when 10% weight loss was achieved. 70 women were MS+. Years since menopause, low instruction level, obesity and Visceral Adipose Tissue (VAT) were each associated with MS. Particularly, BMI ≥ 30 Kg/m2 (OR: 2.61;95% CI, 1.76 - 3.46) and VAT > 6.6 cm (OR: 3.49;95% CI, 2.52 - 4.46) resulted independent risk factors. The 30% of the whole sample dropped out, the reminders significantly reduced weight, waist circumference (Wc) and Fat Mass (p 0.01). The 35% of MS+ women achieved the 10% weight loss with significant reduction of VAT, Wc, fasting glucose, tryglicerides, blood pressure and resolution of MS in the 78% of them. The 43.5% of postmenopausal women addressed in one center for the assessment of nutritional status to follow a weight-loss nutritional program had the MS;visceral obesity was the strongest independent risk factor and hypocaloric balanced diet resulted a good strategy to lose weight and treat MS.

Determination of Array Gain of Single Hop to Achieve the Performance of a 2-Hop Wireless Link

In adaptive beamforming system adaptive algorithm of digital filter is applied to update the weighting vector of the antenna elements to get antenna gain along the desired direction and attenuation along the jammer. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the threshold gain of the adaptive beam former along the line of sight (LOS) between the transmitter and the receiver (including jammer suppression) to make the single hop link comparable with 2-hop link. The single hop and 2-hop communication systems are compared in context of symbol error rate (SER) under fading condition theoretically and verified by simulation. Finally we evaluate the numerical value of threshold gain of adaptive beamformer of two antenna elements under Rayleigh and Nakagami-m fading conditions.

The Accounting and Economic Effects of Currency Translation Standards： AASB 1012 vs. AASB 121

This paper1 empirically examines the accounting and the economic effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on the oil and gas industry under the former and the current translation accounting standards in Australia. Due to the unique features of the oil and gas industry and based on an analysis of the former standard-Australian Accounting Standards Board （AASB） 1012, the authors predict that a positive translation adjustment （the accounting effect） is associated with a loss, instead of a creation of the firm value （the economic effect） under AASB 1012. The authors also predict that the new standard AASB 121, adapted from the International Accounting Standard （IAS） 21 with modifications, will report translation adjustments that are consistent with the economic effects. By using Australia-based multinational oil and gas firms, the authors find that translation adjustments under AASB 1012 are inversely associated with firm value and that the relationship changes to a positive one under AASB 121. This study concludes that the new standard has the potential to improve the quality of the translation accounting information.

Compensation for diffusion loss of sound wave in sonar system

Sound pressure amplitude will be attenuated with propagation distance in a certain rule when sound wave is propagated in shallow sea.When processing the attenuated signal,time-variant gain circuit is usually used to compensate its diffusion loss.In this paper,spherical diffusion loss is compensated by digital potentiometer and operational circuit and further investigation is also made on compensation of cylindrical diffusion loss and transition from spherical diffusion loss to cylindrical diffusion loss.Finally,a new compensation model is proposed for unknown propagation loss for the purpose of adjusting the dynamic range of signal to meet the requirement of A/D conversion.

Effects of Shuanghuanglian Propolis Oral Liquid on Growth Performance,Slaughter Performance and Meat Quality of Broilers

[Objective] The paper was to investigate the effects of adding Shuanghuanglian propolis oral liquid in drinking water on growth performance,slaughter performance and meat quality of broilers. [Method]Ninety one-day-old broilers were randomly divided into three groups（ group Ⅰ,group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ） ： group Ⅰ was the control group,and groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were added 0. 5 and 1. 0 mL / L Shuanghuanglian propolis oral liquid in drinking water,respectively.[Result] Compared with broilers in group I,the average daily feed intakes of broilers in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ were increased by 0. 86%（ P 〉 0. 05） and 1. 10%（ P 〉 0. 05）,respectively; the average daily gains were increased by 2. 33%（ P 〈 0. 05） and 4. 43%（ P 〈 0. 05）,respectively; the feed gain ratios were decreased by 1. 05%（ P 〉0. 05） and 2. 63%（ P 〈0. 05）,respectively; the slaughter rates were increased by 0. 94%（ P 〉0. 05） and 1. 70%（ P 〈0. 05）,respectively; the eviscerated rates were increased by 0. 52%（ P 〉 0. 05） and 1. 15%（ P 〉 0. 05）,respectively; the semi-eviscerated rates were increased by 1. 51%（ P 〈 0. 05） and 2.23%（ P 〈 0. 05）,respectively; the breast muscle rates were increased by 3. 77%（ P 〈 0. 05） and 5. 51%（ P 〈 0. 05）,respectively; the leg muscle rates were increased by 1. 96%（ P 〉 0. 05） and 4. 09%（ P 〈 0. 05）,respectively; the lightness（ L＊） were decreased by 0. 96%（ P 〉 0. 05） and 1. 47%（ P 〉 0. 05）,respectively; the redness（ a＊） were increased by 1. 24%（ P 〈 0. 05） and 1. 86%（ P 〈 0. 05）,respectively; the yellowness（ b＊） were decreased by 0. 44%（ P 〉0. 05） and 1. 03%（ P 〈0. 05）,respectively; the drip losses were decreased by 1. 22%（ P 〈0. 05） and 1. 56%（ P 〈0. 05）,respectively; the cooking losses were decreased by 1. 76%（ P 〉 0. 05） and 2. 89%（ P 〈 0. 05）,respectively. [Conclusion]Adding 0. 5 and 1. 0 mL / L Shuanghuanglian propolis oral liquid in drinking water could improve growth performance,slaughter performance,meat quality of broilers,and the dose of 1. 0 mL / L is recommended in clinical application.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF MULTI-STEP AMPLITUDE QUANTIZATION WEIGHTED 2-D SOLID-STATE ACTIVE PHASED ARRAY ANTENNAS

An aperture design technique using multi-step amplitude quantization for two-dimensional solid-state active phased arrays to achieve low sidelobe is described. It can be applied to antennas with arbitrary complex aperture. Also, the gain drop and sidelobe degradation due to random amplitude and phase errors and element (or T/R module) failures are investigated.

Comparative Analysis on Antenna Balun and Feeding Techniques of Step Constant Tapered Slot Antenna

This paper represents the performance analysis of the different shapes of antenna balun and feeding techniques for step constant tapered slot antenna. This work also addresses the benefits of antenna balun (circular and rectangular) along with two types of feeding techniques (Microstrip line L-shape and Microstrip line I-shape). The performance of the antenna for each technique is thoroughly investigated using Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio software simulation under the resonant frequency of 5.9 GHz. Results demonstrate that the proposed model is an effective tool for improving antenna performance. Moreover, an extensive comparison has been carried out between the two different shapes, with and without antenna balun and between two feeding techniques focusing on return losses, gain, directivity, and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR).

Global parameter estimation of the Cochlodinium polykrikoides model using bioassay data

Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a notoriously harmful algal species that inflicts severe damage on the aquacultures of the coastal seas of Korea and Japan. Information on their expected movement tracks and boundaries of influence is very useful and important for the effective establishment of a reduction plan. In general, the information is supported by a red-tide（a.k.a algal bloom） model. The performance of the model is highly dependent on the accuracy of parameters, which are the coefficients of functions approximating the biological growth and loss patterns of the C. polykrikoides. These parameters have been estimated using the bioassay data composed of growth-limiting factor and net growth rate value pairs. In the case of the C. polykrikoides, the parameters are different from each other in accordance with the used data because the bioassay data are sufficient compared to the other algal species. The parameters estimated by one specific dataset can be viewed as locally-optimized because they are adjusted only by that dataset. In cases where the other one data set is used, the estimation error might be considerable. In this study, the parameters are estimated by all available data sets without the use of only one specific data set and thus can be considered globally optimized. The cost function for the optimization is defined as the integrated mean squared estimation error, i.e., the difference between the values of the experimental and estimated rates. Based on quantitative error analysis, the root-mean squared errors of the global parameters show smaller values, approximately 25%–50%, than the values of the local parameters. In addition, bias is removed completely in the case of the globally estimated parameters. The parameter sets can be used as the reference default values of a red-tide model because they are optimal and representative. However, additional tuning of the parameters using the in-situ monitoring data is highly required.As opposed to the bioassay data, it is necessary because the bioassay data have limitations in terms of the in-situ coastal conditions.

InGaN/GaN量子阱悬空微盘发光二极管

设计并制备了三种不同结构的电泵浦InGaN/GaN量子阱微盘发光器件,对其光增益和光损耗进行了分析和优化。以p型层的结构为分类标准,器件Ⅰ为圆柱形;器件Ⅱ为器件Ⅰ的悬空结构;器件Ⅲ是悬空的圆环形结构。实验和仿真结果表明,三种器件结构中,器件Ⅱ的结果最好。电极布局为内p外n型的圆柱形器件表面电流分布能够保证发光区和微腔高增益区重合,悬空结构能够降低微盘在垂直方向上的光损耗,有利于更好的光学增益。考虑到共振模式,器件Ⅱ在注入电流大于0.7 mA时,器件Ⅱ实现了峰值波长为408.2 nm、半峰宽为2.62 nm的振荡模式输出。这种电泵浦InGaN/GaN量子阱悬浮微盘二极管器件的设计思路对电泵浦微盘或微环激光器的研制具有重要参考意义。

Genomic characterization and molecular dating of the novel bacterium Permianibacter aggregans HW001T,which originated from Permian ground water

The Permian Basin is a unique ecosystem located in the southwest of the USA.An unanswered question is whether the bacteria in the Permian Basin adapted to the changing paleomarine environment and survived in the remnants of Permian groundwater.In our previous study,a novel bacterial strain,Permianibacter aggregans HW001T,was isolated from micro-algae cultures incubated with Permian Basin waters,and was shown to originate from the Permian Ocean.In this study,strain HW001T was shown to be the representative strain of a novel family,classified as‘Permianibacteraceae’.The results of molecular dating suggested that the strain HW001T diverged~447 million years ago(mya),which is the early Permian period(~250 mya).Genome analysis was used to access its potential energy utilization and biosynthesis capacity.A large number of transporters,carbohydrate-active enzymes and protein-degradation related genes have been annotated in the genome of strain HW001T.In addition,a series of important metabolic pathways,such as peptidoglycan biosynthesis,osmotic stress response system and multifunctional quorum sensing were annotated,which may confer the ability to adapt to vari-ous unfavorable environmental conditions.Finally,the evolutionary history of strain HW001T was reconstructed and the horizontal transfer of genes was predicted,indicating that the adaptation of P.aggregans to a changing marine environment depends on the evolution of their metabolic capabilities,especially in signal transmission.In conclusion,the results of this study provide genomic information for revealing the adaptive mechanism of strain HW001T to the changing ancient oceans.

Optimization of Osmotic Drying Parameters for Button Mushroom (<i>Agaricus bisporus</i>)

Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effect of brine concentration (10% - 20%) solution temperature (35℃ - 55℃), and duration of osmosis (30 - 60 min) with respect to water loss (WL) and salt gain (SG). The solu- tion to sample ratio of 5/1 (w/w) was used. The Box-Behnken design of three variables and three levels including seventeen experiments formed by five central points were used for optimizing input parameters. Linear, quadratic and interaction effects of three variables were analyzed with respect to water loss and solid gain. For each response, second order polynomial models were developed using multiple regression analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was per- formed to check the adequacy and accuracy of the fitted models. The response surfaces and contour maps showing the interaction of process variables were constructed. The optimum operating conditions were: solution temperature 44.89℃, brine concentration of 16.53 per cent and duration of osmosis of 47.59 min. At this optimum point, water loss and salt gain were predicted to be 44.55 per cent and 2.98 percent respectively.

Osmotic Dehydration of Cherry-Part I. Using General Factorial Design

Cherry is extremely perishable fruit and it needs to be dried in order to preserve the fruit for later uses. In this work, the influences of different osmotic solution concentrations on water loss （WL）, solid gain （SG） and weight reduction （WR） during osmotic dehydration of cherry halves were investigated. These were studied using general factorial design with different sucrose concentrations （40, 55, 70%, w/v） and immersion time （5 hours）. Quadratic regression equations describing the effects of processes on WL, SG and WR were developed. The results revealed that the soaking time and sucrose concentration significantly （P 〈 0.05） influenced most of the quality indices of osmotically-dehydrated cherry halves. It is suggested that the regression equation obtained in this study can be used to find optimum conditions for osmotic dehydration.

Long way up:rethink diseases in light of phase separation and phase transition

Biomolecular condensation, driven by multivalency, serves as a fundamental mechanism within cells, facilitating the formation of distinct compartments, including membraneless organelles that play essential roles in various cellular processes. Perturbations in the delicate equilibrium of condensation, whether resulting in gain or loss of phase separation, have robustly been associated with cellular dysfunction and physiological disorders. As ongoing research endeavors wholeheartedly embrace this newly acknowledged principle, a transformative shift is occurring in our comprehension of disease. Consequently, significant strides have been made in unraveling the profound relevance and potential causal connections between abnormal phase separation and various diseases. This comprehensive review presents compelling recent evidence that highlight the intricate associations between aberrant phase separation and neurodegenerative diseases, cancers, and infectious diseases. Additionally, we provide a succinct summary of current efforts and propose innovative solutions for the development of potential therapeutics to combat the pathological consequences attributed to aberrant phase separation.

Quadratic Boost Converter: An Analysis with Passive Components Losses

The Cascaded Connected Single Switch Quadratic Boost (C2S2-QB) is studied first from its ideal model, then with semi-real model taking into account resistive losses through the inductors and the capacitor. The continuous conduction mode equations, describing these different models are established, taking into account losses through passive components. From these equations, the voltage gain and the efficiency are determined for the semi-real model. The voltage gain and the efficiency are then analyzed versus duty cycle and the influence of passive component losses on the performance of the quadratic boost converter is carried out for the semi-real model. It has been showed that the quality of the passive components of a converter plays an important role in the quality of the conversion. However, not all passives components affect the converter in the same way.

Experimental Study of Osmotic Dehydration of Date （Phoenix dactylifera L,）： Application for Lemsi Cultivars

The cultivar date Lemsi is well known in the coastal oasis of Tunisia for both its quality stage ＂blah＂ and its earliness. This variety is characterized by its astringent taste and has never been studied extensively. An osmotic dehydration treatment is necessary to improve the quality of the final product for maintaining its integrity. Thus, it is a preservation technique that is often used as pretreatment to obtain partially dehydrated fruit. In this experimental study, the cultivar date Lemsi were cut into cubes of 1 cm3 and were immersed in sucrose solutions of 50%, 60% and 70% at 20℃ for 0-240 min. The moisture content, the solute gain, the water loss and the ratio WL/SG are determined and discussed. The results deduced from this work have showed that sugar gain SG, water loss WL and the ratio WL/SG are increased with concentration of osmotic solution. Likewise, the osmotic dehydration treatment need to be followed of a convective drying to ensure the quality of the final product.