基于GPS-IR的复杂寒区地表冻融状态监测研究

针对复杂寒区地表冻融状态情况,基于GPS-IR(Global Positioning System-Interference Reflectometry)技术进行地表冻融状态监测精度研究。采用2017—2022年PBO(The Plate Boundary Observatory)GPS站点数据,结合SNOTEL气象站地表实测数据,充分考虑了复杂寒区地表积雪深度、土壤湿度和地表冻融状态对GPS(Global Positioning System)多路径观测值的影响,基于GPS-IR技术利用卫星反射信号来进行地表冻融状态监测。结果表明:在积雪深度和土壤湿度时间序列平稳的状态下,GPS-IR技术的冻融监测精度为90.63%,积雪深度和土壤湿度的波动都会导致监测精度下降。实验表明GPS-IR技术的监测精度会受到积雪深度和土壤湿度的影响,在地球物理参数小范围变化的情况下监测精度较好,对地表冻融状态响应敏感,是一种有效监测复杂寒区冻融特性的有效手段。

GPS/BDS组合导航系统的精密单点定位模型

为了改善单卫星导航系统由于卫星数量较少,导致定位误差高的问题,设计全球定位系统(GPS)/北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)组合导航系统的精密单点定位模型:线性组合处理GPS与BDS的伪距和载波相位观测值,并构建GPS/BDS组合导航系统的组合观测值;接下来利用协方差成形自适应卡尔曼滤波方法,对组合导航系统导航过程中的卫星钟差、电离层延迟等误差实施滤波;再利用滤波处理后组合导航系统的广播星历,获取卫星轨道以及钟差;然后利用经验模型修正对流层延迟,获取相位观测值与伪距的综合改正数;最后利用综合改正数修正组合导航系统的观测方程,构建精密单点定位模型。实验结果表明,GPS/BDS组合导航系统采用所构建模型进行精密单点定位,不同方向定位误差均低于10 cm,证明了提出模型的有效性。

Characteristics of horizontal crustal movement in Weihe basin and adjacent zones by GPS observation

Based on the GPS data provided by CMONOC during 1999~2002 and observed by Seismological Bureau of Shaanxi Province during 2001~2002, we have obtained the crustal movement velocity field in Weihe basin and adjacent regions. The results show that the motion velocity in Weihe basin and adjacent zones is characterized by distinct NE-directional stripped variation. The south border of Ordos block seems to show an discontinuous anti-clockwise rotation on the whole with an average velocity of about 5.7 mma-1 relative to Yulin site on the Ordos block. There is a left-lateral shear belt on both sides of Binxian-Xi'an-Lantian zone in the central Weihe basin, and its northern area has a better corresponding relationship with the dense zone of small earthquakes in Tong-chuan-Jingyang-Lintong-Weinan.

Deformation field around a thrust fault:A comparison between laboratory results and GPS observations of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake

On May 12,2008,an Mw7.9 earthquake occurred in Wenchuan County,Sichuan Province,China.Movement of Yingxiu–Beichuan Fault in the Longmenshan Fault Zone was considered to be the main cause of the earthquake.Earthquakes are closely related to fault activities.Therefore,studying the strain distribution and evolution process around active fault zones is important to the understanding of seismic activities.In this study,we conduct laboratory experiments with uniaxial compression applied to marble sheets with intentionally fabricated cracks.The speckle patterns of the rock samples under different loading conditions are recorded in real time by a digital camera.To calculate the deformation fields of the deliberately cracked marble sheets during different stages of the loading processes,the recorded images are processed by the digital image correlation method.The distribution and variation of the displacement and strain are further analyzed in order to understand the strain localization of and observed damage in the experimental fracture zones.Finally,we compare these laboratory results with the GPS-observed coseismic displacements during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake,to assess the consistency between our laboratory observations and the field observations of the earthquake,but also to suggest how laboratory results can improve thinking about how earthquake patterns do and do not reflect fault patterns.

Application of GPS technology to build a mine-subsidence observation station

We propose the design of an observation station to establish a reliable datum for displacement and deformation analysis at the first working-face subsidence observation station of Liuzhuang Mine. The design considers various geologic and mining con-ditions. Having analyzed the aims of the joint survey and the comprehensive survey, we propose design principles, and work modes, for adopting GPS technology as the position measuring technique to be used in these two stages. Baseline vectors and spatial ad-justments of the GPS network were calculated after study of data processing and quality estimation methods. A coordinate system transformation and error estimates of the transformed GPS network data are discussed. The error estimates in all stages show that the GPS control network of the observation station has sufficient accuracy and is highly efficient. The network thus provides a reli-able datum for analyzing the laws of surface displacement and deformation induced by mining.

Preliminary results on kinematic model of tectonic blocks derived from high precision GPS observations in Southwest China

In the paper, the kinematic model of tectonic blocks in southwest China is studied based on the precision GPS observations carried out under the major subject of 'Studies on Current Crustal Movement and Geodynamics' which belongs to the State Climbing Project. It is believed that at present, the data of high precision GPS observation may provide convincing information related to the horizontal movement of tectonic blocks in the Chinese mainland. The preliminary results obtained from the kinematic model have given some direct evidences for the research of dynamic mechanism of crustal deformation in the Chinese mainland and on the basis of which, the kinematic characteristics and their relations to the seismicity and seismic risk in the reobserved region are analysed. The preliminary observation results are encouraging.

Modified Observation Model in Tightly-Coupled INS/GPS Integration

The conventional Kalman filter（CKF）is widely used in tightly-coupled INS/GPS integrated navigation systems.The linearization accuracy of the CKF observation model is one of the decisive factors of the estimation accuracy and therefore navigation accuracy.Additionally,the conventional observation model（COM）used by the filter may be divergent,which would result into some terrible accuracies of INS/GPS integration navigation in some cases.To improve the navigation accuracy,the linearization accuracy of the COM still needs further improvement.To deal with this issue,the observation model is modified with the linearization of the range and range rate equations in this paper.Compared with COM,the modified observation model（MOM）further considers the difference between the real user position and the position calculated by SINS.To verify the advantages of this model,INS/GPS integrated navigation simulation experiments are conducted with the usage of COM and MOM respectively.According to the simulation results,the positions（velocities）calculated using COM are divergent over time while the others using MOM are convergent,which demonstrates the higher linearization accuracy of MOM.

The influence of ionospheric thin shell height on TEC retrieval from GPS observation

We investigate the influence of assumed height for the thin shell ionosphere model on the Total Electron Content（TEC） derived from a small scale Global Positioning System（GPS） network. TEC and instrumental bias are determined by applying a grid-based algorithm to the data on several geomagnetically quiet days covering a 10 month period in 2006. Comparisons of TEC and instrumental bias are made among assumed heights from 250 km to 700 km with an interval of 10 km. While the TEC variations with time follow the same trend, TEC tends to increase with the height of the thin shell. The difference in TEC between heights 250 km and 700 km can be as large as～8 TECU in both daytime and nighttime. The times at which the TEC reaches its peak or valley do not vary much with the assumed heights. The instrumental biases, especially bias from the satellite, can vary irregularly with assumed height. Several satellites show a large deviation of～3 ns for heights larger than 550 km. The goodness of fit for different assumed heights is also examined. The data can be generally well-fitted for heights from 350 km to 700 km. A large deviation happens at heights lower than 350 km. Using the grid-based algorithm, there is no consensus on assumed height as related to data fitting. A thin shell height in the range 350-500 km can be a reasonable compromise between data fitting and peak height of the ionosphere.

Ionospheric disturbances following the March 2015 geomagnetic storm from GPS observations in China

When strong solar activities and geomagnetic storms happen, satellite communications and navigation system will be strongly disturbed. It is of great significance to monitor ionospheric disturbances,because empirical models cannot capture ionospheric anomalous disturbances well. Nowadays, dualfrequency GPS(Global Positioning System) observations can be used to estimate the ionospheric total electron content, correct the ionospheric delay and analyze the response of the ionosphere to geomagnetic storms. In this paper, the ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storm occurred in March 2015 is investigated using GPS observations provided by Crustal Movement of Observation Network of China. The result shows that this storm increases the electron density in the ionosphere quickly and disrupts the structure of the northern equatorial anomaly region at the beginning. In the main process stage, compared with that in the quite periods, the VTEC(Vertical Total Electron Content)around the longitude of 120°E decreases by 50% and the amount of depletion is larger in the high latitude region than that in the low latitude region. We also find the height of the peak electron density in F2 layer increases during the geomagnetic storm from the electron density profiles derived from GPS occultation mission.

Practice and technical approach of GPS observation of mining-induced ground subsidence

The base vector between 2 poins and a high-precision geodetic height difference can be obtained by GPS. If the geodetic height of a point is known, the geodetic height of each observation point in a net can be obtained. When surveying the subsidence value in the mining-induced ground subsidence, the change of the height of monitoring point is needed. On the above theoretical basis, the problem involved in GPS observation of mining-induced ground subsidence and their counter measures were discussed, and an introduction was made that the subsidence value obtained in the monitoring mining-induced ground subsidence can use the change of height of geodetic as a alternative, the result of check on the accuracy and reliability of repetitions observations was analysed. Finally, the effect of errors on accuracy of GPS observation and their reduction measures were elaborated.

Study on the Cap Rock Deformation of Hutubi Underground Gas Storage by GPS Observations

The deformation responses of surface cap rocks of Underground Gas Storage( UGS) in Hutubi,Xinjiang during gas injection and production were investigated with the GPS data recorded by the deformation monitoring network,which includes 13 observation sites. The time series of three-dimensional deformation of the surface cap rocks was obtained in the UGS operation process,and the deformation signals in different phases were identified by combining the GPS data with wellhead pressure data. The results show that the respiration response of surface cap rock deformation is obvious during gas injection and production of UGS,and the surface deformation due to a 1MPa change of wellhead pressure is 1. 02 mm in gas injection and 1. 24 mm in gas production horizontally, and- 1. 11 mm in gas injection and 0. 86 mm in gas production vertically.

Vehicle Speed Observation Models Based on the Data on the Smartphone GPS

The development of GPS （global positioning system） receiver now can be integrated on a smartphone. GPS receiver on smartphones has been developed for location-based applications. Smartphones are very suitable to be used as an experimental tool, because smartphones are usually equipped with various types of sensors. This paper proposes a model observation vehicle speed on a road section based on the GPS data on the smartphone. Observations made by calculating the speed of the speed of vehicles moving through the data transfer at the GPS location of the smartphone, the data are then sent periodically to the server and server processing and storage of vehicle speed data. After tested with test reliability indicators use RMSE, observations with model observations speed, speed based on GPS data on a smartphone are relevant when compared with the speed directly from the vehicle＇s speedometer with the difference between the value of the difference of speed that is 3.1785 km/h.

GPS Observation and Study on Recent Crustal Movement in the Northeastern Area of Pamir,Xinjiang

Calculation of repeated observation data at the densified GPS monitoring network in northeastern area of Pamir together with data from IGS stations in the periphery of the area yielded the movement rate of more than 40 GPS station sites in the area, and, hence, the recent crustal deformation rate pattern and time series of fiducial GPS stations in the area were obtained. The result indicates that the principal movement direction of the GPS station sites is NNW, basically diagonal to the strike of Tianshan fold belt, i.e. a normal compression occurs in the Tianshan region. The movement pattern near Jiashi and its southwestern zone is some different from that of station sites in their surrounding areas, indicating a certain relation of tectonic deformation in Jiashi area to seismic activity during last years. The movement rate of station sites in the periphery of Tarim basin less varies and its direction is basically consistent. It indicates less or basically no deformation within Tarim basin.

GPS测量在工程测量中的应用与发展

平面位置的控制与测量放样在工程项目中有着不可替代的作用,尤其在大江、大河、桥梁、湖泊道路等大型工程当中建立高精度平面控制网至关重要。随着GPS测量技术的出现和其在工程项目中的广泛应用,GPS测量技术表现出较显著的高效性和稳定性。基于GPS测量技术的高效性、便捷性,对GPS测量技术进行了误差分析和深入研究,以确保其在工程测量中的应用和发展。

GPSⅢ卫星观测数据质量分析

近年来美国已成功发射多颗新一代GPSⅢ卫星,而卫星观测数据的质量直接影响到系统定位服务的稳定性、可用性及精度等方面的性能,因此对GPSⅢ卫星观测数据的质量进行评估分析是一项具有重要意义的工作。基于6个多卫星系统实验(MGEX)站观测数据,从信噪比、数据完整率、多路径效应、观测值噪声等方面,对比分析了GPSⅢ和GPSⅡ卫星的观测数据质量。结果表明:GPSⅢ卫星与GPSⅡ卫星的信噪比、伪距多路径和伪距观测值噪声基本处于同一水平,各频段数据完整率十分稳定,且载波相位观测值具有良好的一致性。

青藏高原东北缘主要活动断裂带GPS加密观测及结果分析

为了对青藏高原东北缘海原断裂带和香山-天景山断裂带的现今走滑及逆冲运动状况进行更加精细的观测研究,我们沿甘肃兰州至宁夏中卫一线布设了1条由12个站点构成的跨断裂GPS加密测线网。该测线网的站点在空间分布上与“中国地壳运动观测网络”的已有站点相互补充,共同构成了1条平均点距约22km的密集型GPS跨断裂剖面。在第1期观测中,考虑到测区周围存在2个“中国地壳运动观测网络”的连续观测基准站(西宁XNIN、盐池YANC),我们尝试采用了各观测组未必同步的“自由观测方式”,而在数据处理中采用了GIPSY先进的“精确单点定位”策略。结果表明,由“中国地壳运动观测网络”的连续基准网作为支撑平台,在局部区域的GPS加密监测中采用灵活的“自由观测方式”和简易的“精确单点定位”数据处理策略,能够在满足精度要求的前提下更加有效地实施。

基于跟踪站模式下的GPS技术应用

随着GPS卫星轨道精度的提高、数据处理模型和方法的完善、软件的可视化、仪器性能的改善与性价比的提高,GPS技术在我国得到了广泛应用与发展。在构建空间数据基础框架之际,全国各地正在建立或改造GPS网。针对经典建网方法,介绍了基于跟踪站模式下的GPS技术,并以实例对数据处理方案、观测时间的选取进行了分析和比较。

Research of the wave measurement using GPS absolute velocity estimation technology

This paper analyzed the existing methods of wave measurement, and described the advantages of GPS applied in measuring the wave. The equations of absolute velocity estimation were discussed, focusing on two methods with Doppler shill. The error sources and their effect on velocity estimation were analyzed. Then, some tests were carried on to simulate dynamic velocity determination using static data Based on the high-frequency carrier-phase derived Doppler observations, the velocity has been estimated to the precision of 1 cm/s or so, even to the mm/s level. And with the receiver generated Doppler measurements, the precision can reach 3 - 15 cm/s.

用GPS资料研究华北地区形变场和构造应力场

利用华北地区地质构造、第四纪以来的活动断层、地形、地壳厚度、地壳及上地幔地震波速度结构等资料,构建了三维有限元框架模型,利用最新GPS观测结果作为边界约束条件,模拟计算了华北地区的形变场及构造应力场。结果表明,模型预测地表速度场和GPS观测结果比较一致。模拟结果中,大型NNE向断层如汾渭地堑断裂系呈右旋运动,NWW向断层如张家口渤海断裂带呈左旋运动,与野外地质考察结果一致。在地表以下10～20km处,模型预测应力场的主压应力方向为NNE、EW向,主张应力大约为主压应力2～8倍。模型中最大剪切应力场在山西、华北平原中部和东部沿海分别出现3条NNE向高梯度带,此梯度带与研究区域的主要地震活动带相对应。

GPS 载波相位组合观测值理论研究

给出了组合观测值的一般性定义，分析了组合观测值的误差传播规律，讨论了几种特殊的组合观测值的特性。对组合观测值的概念进行了推广，给出了组合观测值可匹配的定义和可匹配的充要条件。