Non-coding RNAs in acute ischemic stroke:from brain to periphery

Acute ischemic stroke is a clinical emergency and a condition with high morbidity,mortality,and disability.Accurate predictive,diagnostic,and prognostic biomarkers and effective therapeutic targets for acute ischemic stroke remain undetermined.With innovations in high-throughput gene sequencing analysis,many aberrantly expressed non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)in the brain and peripheral blood after acute ischemic stroke have been found in clinical samples and experimental models.Differentially expressed ncRNAs in the post-stroke brain were demonstrated to play vital roles in pathological processes,leading to neuroprotection or deterioration,thus ncRNAs can serve as therapeutic targets in acute ischemic stroke.Moreover,distinctly expressed ncRNAs in the peripheral blood can be used as biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke prediction,diagnosis,and prognosis.In particular,ncRNAs in peripheral immune cells were recently shown to be involved in the peripheral and brain immune response after acute ischemic stroke.In this review,we consolidate the latest progress of research into the roles of ncRNAs(microRNAs,long ncRNAs,and circular RNAs)in the pathological processes of acute ischemic stroke–induced brain damage,as well as the potential of these ncRNAs to act as biomarkers for acute ischemic stroke prediction,diagnosis,and prognosis.Findings from this review will provide novel ideas for the clinical application of ncRNAs in acute ischemic stroke.

Navigating the labyrinth of long non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer:From chemoresistance to autophagy

Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs),with transcript lengths exceeding 200 nucleotides and little or no protein-coding capacity,have been found to impact colorectal cancer(CRC)through various biological processes.LncRNA expression can regulate autophagy,which plays dual roles in the initiation and progression of cancers,including CRC.Abnormal expression of lncRNAs is associated with the emergence of chemoresistance.Moreover,it has been confirmed that targeting autophagy through lncRNA regulation could be a viable approach for combating chemoresistance.Two recent studies titled“Human β-defensin-1 affects the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway and autophagy in colon cancer cells through long non-coding RNA TCONS_00014506”and“Upregulated lncRNA PRNT promotes progression and oxaliplatin resistance of colorectal cancer cells by regulating HIPK2 transcription”revealed novel insights into lncRNAs associated with autophagy and oxaliplatin resistance in CRC,respectively.In this editorial,we particularly focus on the regulatory role of lncRNAs in CRC-related autophagy and chemoresistance since the regulation of chemotherapeutic sensitivity by intervening with the lncRNAs involved in the autophagy process has become a promising new approach for cancer treatment.

Non-coding RNA as future target for diagnose and treatment of perineural invasion in cancers

Perineural invasion(PNI),a particularly insidious form of tumor metastasis distinct from hematogenous or lymphatic spread,has the capacity to extend well beyond the primary tumor site,infiltrating distant regions devoid of lymphatic or vascular structures.PNI often heralds a decrease in patient survival rates and is recognized as an indicator of an unfavorable prognosis across a variety of cancers.Despite its clinical significance,the underlying molecular mechanisms of PNI remain elusive,complicating the development of specific and efficacious diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.In the realm of cancer research,non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)have attracted considerable attention due to their multifaceted roles and cancer-specific expression profiles,positioning them as promising candidates for applications in cancer diagnostics,prognostics,and treatment.Among the various types of ncRNAs,microRNAs(miRNAs),long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs),and circular RNAs(circRNAs)have emerged as influential players in PNI.Their involvement is increasingly recognized as a contributing factor to tumor progression and therapeutic resistance.Our study synthesizes and explores the diverse functions and mechanisms of ncRNAs in relation to PNI in cancer.This comprehensive review aims to shed light on cutting-edge perspectives that could pave the way for innovative diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to address the challenges posed by PNI in oncology.

Expression and significant roles of the long non-coding RNA CASC19/miR-491-5p/HMGA2 axis in the development of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer(GC)is a common malignant tumor,long non-coding RNA and microRNA(miRNA)are important regulators that affect tumor proliferation,metastasis and chemotherapy resistance,and thus participate in tumor progression.CASC19 is a new bio-marker which can promote tumor invasion and metastasis.However,the mechanism by which CASC19 affects the progression of GC through miRNA is not clear.AIM To explore the role of the CASC19/miR-491-5p/HMGA2 regulatory axis in GC.METHODS To explore the expression and prognosis of CASC19 in GC through clinical samples,and investigate the effects of inhibiting CASC19 on the proliferation,migration,invasion and other functions of GC cells through cell counting Kit-8(CCK-8),ethynyldeoxyuridine,Wound healing assay,Transwell,Western blot and flow cytometry experiments.The effect of miR-491-5p and HMGA2 in GC were also proved.The regulatory relationship between CASC19 and miR-491-5p,miR-491-5p and HMGA2 were validated through Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and reverse transcription PCR.Then CCK-8,Transwell,Wound healing assay,flow cytometry and animal experiments verify the role of CASC19/miR-491-5p/HMGA2 regulatory axis.RESULTS The expression level of CASC19 is related to the T stage,N stage,and tumor size of patients.Knockdown of the expression of CASC19 can inhibit the ability of proliferation,migration,invasion and EMT conversion of GC cells,and knocking down the expression of CASC19 can promote the apoptosis of GC cells.Increasing the expression of miR-491-5p can inhibit the proliferation of GC cells,miR-491-5p mimics can inhibit EMT conversion,and promote the apoptosis of GC cells,while decreasing the expression of miR-491-5p can promote the proliferation and EMT conversion and inhibit the apoptosis of GC cells.The expression of HMGA2 in GC tissues is higher than that in adjacent tissues.At the same time,the expression level of HMGA2 is related to the N and T stages of the patients.Reducing the level of HMGA2 can promote cell apoptosis and inhibit the proliferation of GC cells.Cell experiments and animal experiments have proved that CASC19 can regulates the expression of HMGA2 through miR-491-5p,thereby affecting the biological functions of GC.CONCLUSION CASC19 regulates the expression of HMGA2 through miR-491-5p to affect the development of GC.This axis may serve as a potential biomarker and therapeutic target of GC.

Long non-coding RNA GATA6-AS1 is mediated by N6-methyladenosine methylation and inhibits the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer

BACKGROUND Through experimental research on the biological function of GATA6-AS1,it was confirmed that GATA6-AS1 can inhibit the proliferation,invasion,and migration of gastric cancer cells,suggesting that GATA6-AS1 plays a role as an anti-oncogene in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.Further experi-ments confirmed that the overexpression of fat mass and obesity-associated protein(FTO)inhibited the expression of GATA6-AS1,thereby promoting the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.AIM To investigate the effects of GATA6-AS1 on the proliferation,invasion and migration of gastric cancer cells and its mechanism of action.METHODS We used bioinformatics methods to analyze the Cancer Genome Atlas(https://portal.gdc.cancer.gov/.The Cancer Genome Atlas)and download expression data for GATA6-AS1 in gastric cancer tissue and normal tissue.We also constructed a GATA6-AS1 lentivirus overexpression vector which was transfected into gastric cancer cells to investigate its effects on proliferation,migration and invasion,and thereby clarify the expression of GATA6-AS1 in gastric cancer and its biological role in the genesis and development of gastric cancer.Next,we used a database(http://starbase.sysu.edu.cn/starbase2/)to analysis GATA6-AS1 whether by m6A methylation modify regulation and predict the methyltransferases that may methylate GATA6-AS1.Furthermore,RNA immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that GATA6-AS1 was able to bind to the m6A methylation modification enzyme.These data allowed us to clarify the ability of m6A methylase to influence the action of GATA6-AS1 and its role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer.RESULTS Low expression levels of GATA6-AS1 were detected in gastric cancer.We also determined the effects of GATA6-AS1 overexpression on the biological function of gastric cancer cells.GATA6-AS1 had strong binding ability with the m6A demethylase FTO,which was expressed at high levels in gastric cancer and negatively correlated with the expression of GATA6-AS1.Following transfection with siRNA to knock down the expression of FTO,the expression levels of GATA6-AS1 were up-regulated.Finally,the proliferation,migration and invasion of gastric cancer cells were all inhibited following the knockdown of FTO expression.CONCLUSION During the occurrence and development of gastric cancer,the overexpression of FTO may inhibit the expression of GATA6-AS1,thus promoting the proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer.

The Dual Role of Non-coding RNAs in the Development of Periodontitis

This review aims to sum up how Non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)regulate the development of periodontitis and provides a new perspective for understanding the pathogenesis of periodontitis.We explored the ncRNA's dual role in the development of periodontitis by summarizing evidence from previous in vivo and in vitro studies as well as clinical samples.In our review,the downregulation of 18 miRNAs,22 lncRNAs and 10 circRNAs demonstrates protective roles in periodontitis.In contrast,the expression of other 11 miRNAs,7 lncRNAs and 6 circRNAs are upregulated in periodontitis,which promote the progression of periodontitis.These dysregulated ncRNAs exert their protective or destructive roles by mainly influencing cell proliferation,differentiation and apoptosis via cross-talking with various molecules or signaling pathways.Our findings suggested which and how ncRNAs promote or delay the progression of periodontitis,which may greatly contribute to diagnose and therapy development of periodontitis based on ncRNAs in the future.

Non-coding RNAs:The potential biomarker or therapeutic target in hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury(HIRI)is the major complication of liver surgery and liver transplantation,that may increase the postoperative morbidity,mortality,tumor progression,and metastasis.The underlying mechanisms have been extensively investigated in recent years.Among these,oxidative stress,inflammatory responses,immunoreactions,and cell death are the most studied.Non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs)are defined as the RNAs that do not encode proteins,but can regulate gene expressions.In recent years,ncRNAs have emerged as research hotspots for various diseases.During the progression of HIRI,ncRNAs are differentially expressed,while these dysregulations of ncRNAs,in turn,have been verified to be related to the above pathological processes involved in HIRI.ncRNAs mainly contain microRNAs,long ncRNAs,and circular RNAs,some of which have been reported as biomarkers for early diagnosis or assessment of liver damage severity,and as therapeutic targets to attenuate HIRI.Here,we briefly summarize the common pathophysiology of HIRI,describe the current knowledge of ncRNAs involved in HIRI in animal and human studies,and discuss the potential of ncRNA-targeted therapeutic strategies.Given the scarcity of clinical trials,there is still a long way to go from pre-clinical to clinical application,and further studies are needed to uncover their potential as therapeutic targets.

Molecular hallmarks of long non-coding RNAs in aging and its significant effect on aging-associated diseases

Aging is linked to the deterioration of many physical and cognitive abilities and is the leading risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. The growing aging population is a significant healthcare problem globally that researchers must investigate to better understand the underlying aging processes. Advances in microarrays and sequencing techniques have resulted in deeper analyses of diverse essential genomes(e.g., mouse, human, and rat) and their corresponding cell types, their organ-specific transcriptomes, and the tissue involved in aging. Traditional gene controllers such as DNA-and RNA-binding proteins significantly influence such programs, causing the need to sort out long non-coding RNAs, a new class of powerful gene regulatory elements. However, their functional significance in the aging process and senescence has yet to be investigated and identified. Several recent researchers have associated the initiation and development of senescence and aging in mammals with several well-reported and novel long non-coding RNAs. In this review article, we identified and analyzed the evolving functions of long non-coding RNAs in cellular processes, including cellular senescence, aging, and age-related pathogenesis, which are the major hallmarks of long non-coding RNAs in aging.

Involvement of long non-coding RNAs in pear fruit senescence under high-and low-temperature conditions

Pear fruit senescence under high-and low-temperature conditions has been reported to be mediated by microRNAs.Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs),which can function as competing endogenous RNAs that interact with microRNAs,may also be involved in temperature-affected fruit senescence.Based on the transcriptome and microRNA sequencings,in this study,3330 lncRNAs were isolated from Pyrus pyrifolia fruit.Of these lncRNAs,2060 and 537 were responsive to high-and low-temperature conditions,respectively.Of these differentially expressed lncRNAs,82 and 24 correlated to the mRNAs involved in fruit senescence under high-and low-temperature conditions,respectively.Moreover,three lncRNAs were predicted to be competing endogenous RNAs(ceRNAs)that interact with the microRNAs involved in fruit senescence,while one and two ceRNAs were involved in fruit senescence under high-and low-temperature conditions,respectively.A dual-luciferase assay showed that the interaction of an lncRNA with a microRNA disrupts the action of the microRNA on the expression of its target mRNA(s).Furthermore,four alternative splicing-derived lncRNAs interacted with miR172i homologies(Novel_88 and Novel_69)to relieve the repressed expression of their target and produce an miR172i precursor.Correlation analysis of microRNA expression suggested that Novel_69 is likely involved in the cleavage of the pre-miR172i hairpin to generate mature miR172i.Taken together,lncRNAs are involved in pear fruit senescence under high-or low-temperature conditions through ceRNAs and the production of microRNA.

Emerging roles of non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer oxaliplatin resistance and liquid biopsy potential

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is one of the most common malignancies of the digestive tract,with the annual incidence and mortality increasing consistently.Oxaliplatinbased chemotherapy is a preferred therapeutic regimen for patients with advanced CRC.However,most patients will inevitably develop resistance to oxaliplatin.Many studies have reported that non-coding RNAs(ncRNAs),such as microRNAs,long non-coding RNAs,and circular RNAs,are extensively involved in cancer progression.Moreover,emerging evidence has revealed that ncRNAs mediate chemoresistance to oxaliplatin by transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation,and by epigenetic modification.In this review,we summarize the mechanisms by which ncRNAs regulate the initiation and development of CRC chemoresistance to oxaliplatin.Furthermore,we investigate the clinical application of ncRNAs as promising biomarkers for liquid CRC biopsy.This review provides new insights into overcoming oxaliplatin resistance in CRC by targeting ncRNAs.

Expression profile of long non-coding RNAs in the intestine of black rockfish Sebastes schlegelii in response to Edwardsiella tarda infection

Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)are a class of transcripts longer than 200 bp,which have been emerged as essential regulators in numerous biological processes.Black rockfish(Sebastes schlegelii)is an economic fish that widely cultured in the coastal areas of China,Japan,and South Korea.With the expansion of aquacultural scale,various pathogens have threatened its industry and reduced its economic values.It has been reported that lncRNA were involved in the immune response and metabolic pathway in teleost,while no study is available on identification and functional analysis of lncRNAs in black rockfish so far.Herein,this study was performed to identify lncRNAs in the intestine of black rockfish after Edwardsiella tarda infection.In our results,a total of 9311 lncRNAs were identified through highthroughput sequencing,and 102 lncRNAs were significantly regulated following challenge,which were predicted to target 3348 mRNAs.Results of Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses of the se target genes showed they were function in catalytic activity,hydrolase activity,defense response and peptidase activity,which involved in metabolic pathways and immune related pathways.In addition,47 lncRNAs and 8 differentially expressed mRNAs(DEmRNAs)showed co-expression at two or more infection time points with metabolism and immunity functions.Moreover,real-time quantitative PCR(qRT-PCR)was performed to verify the reliability of sequencing gene expression analysis results.This research laid the foundation for further investigation of the regulatory roles of lncRNAs in the intestinal immune response of black rockfish.

A double-edged sword:The HBV-induced non-coding RNAs alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma

Non-coding RNAs are speculated to exert important regulatory functions at the level of gene expression,oncogenesis,and many other pathologies.Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and some studies have shown that the expression of non-coding RNAs has an assignable effect on the development of HBV-induced HCC.In this context,the functions and molecular mechanisms of the HBVinduced non-coding RNA expression in the development of hepatoma have attracted increasing attention.This review covers the progress in the exploration of the relationship between HBV-induced hepatoma and non-coding RNA expression,cataloging the recent reports about the roles of non-coding RNAs in HBV-induced hepatoma into five classes,including(1)modulation of metabolism in hepatic cancer,(2)aggravation of inflammation and hepatic fibrosis,(3)alteration of the tumor immune microenvironment,(4)non-coding RNA N6-methyladenosine modification,and a seemingly opposite process,(5)the suppression of the progression of HBV-related HCC.All evidence supports non-coding RNAs as promising novel targets for the early diagnosis and treatments for HCC.

Identification and Characterization of Long Non-Coding RNAs Involved in Sex-Related Gene Regulation in Kelp Saccharina japonica

Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)regulate a variety of biological processes,including sexual reproduction and differentiation.Saccharina japonica,a commercially important brown alga in China,shows remarkable sexual dimorphism in haploid gametophytes.The sex of Saccharina japonica gametophytes is determined by UV sexual system.However,no results have been reported on the lncRNAs involved in the sex-related gene regulation of S.japonica.This study identified a number of lncRNAs and assessed their expression levels in male and female gametophytes.Among them,a total of 405 lncRNAs and 211 mRNAs showed differential expressions.Furthermore,the functions of target genes of differentially expressed lncRNAs(DELs)differed from those of differentially expressed genes(DEGs),suggesting that lncRNA may interact with other functional proteins,in addition to DEGs,to involve sex regulation in S.japonica.There were 32 and 90 potential cis-regulatory and trans-regulatory interactions between DELsDEGs,respectively.Five of these lncRNAs(LNC_002974,LNC_021059,LNC_038466,LNC_051584,and LNC_027400)interacted with putative male sex determination region(SDR)genes,suggesting that they act as regulators in gametophytes'sex regulation potentially.Findings from this study contribute to our understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in sex differentiation and lay the foundation for functional studies of candidate lncRNAs in the future.

Non-coding RNAs:an emerging player in osteomyelitis

Osteomyelitis is a debilitating bone infection primarily caused by Staphylococcus aureus.Despite advancements in surgery and chemotherapy,the treatment of osteomyelitis remains unsatisfactory,characterized by antibiotic resistance and recurrent relapses.Numerous studies have confirmed that non-coding RNAs could play an emerging role in regulating gene expression,as well as in the differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclasts,along with bone formation.In this context,we provide an overview of current knowledge regarding the roles of non-coding RNAs in osteomyelitis and explore the potential therapeutic applications of these molecules in disease management,aiming to uncover novel diagnostic and treatment approaches.

Haplotype analysis of long-chain non-coding RNA NONHSAT102891 promoter polymorphisms and depression in Chinese individuals: A case-control association study

BACKGROUND Our previous study reported that the single-nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)rs155979 GC in the promoter region of long-chain non-coding RNA(lncRNA)NONHSAT102891 affects depression susceptibility in a Chinese population.AIM To explored associations of two SNPs and haplotypes in the lncRNA NONHSAT102891 promoter region with depression susceptibility in Chinese population.METHODS This this case-control association study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Chengdu Medical College(approval number:201815).Patient diagnosis was based on DSM-IV criteria.We selected a total of 480 patients with depression and 329 healthy controls with no history of psychopathology,and performed genotyping of two SNPs by extracting peripheral venous blood samples from the subjects.The function of the two lncRNA NONHSAT102891 promoter G/C and A/T haplotypes was detected by dual-luciferase reporter assays of human embryonic kidney 293T transfected cells.RESULTS Stratified analysis of clinical and genotypic characteristics of our cohort showed that the degree of mild depressive episodes associated with the rs6230 TC/CC genotype increased by 1.59 times[TC/CC vs TT:odds ratio(OR)=1.59,95%confidence interval(CI):1.08-2.35,P=0.019].The haploid analysis revealed linkage disequilibrium between rs3792747 and rs6230,and the double SNP CG haplotype was more common in the control group compared to case group,indicating that this haplotype significantly reduced the risk of depression(C/G vs T/A:OR=0.42,95%CI:0.21-0.83,P=0.01).There was no significant difference in the dual-luciferase reporter activity of the G/C and A/T haplotypes compared with the control group(P>0.05),indicating that the double SNP haplotype has no transcrip-tional activity.CONCLUSION The rs3792747 and rs6230 CG haplotypes of the lncRNA NONHSA T102891 promoter may be related to a reduced risk of depression in the Han Chinese population.

Bioinformatics Analysis and Experimental Verification of Prognostic and Biological Significance of Autophagy-Related Long Non-Coding RNAs in Gastric Carcinoma

Background:Long non-coding RNAs(lncRNAs)play a vital role in autophagy modulation and tumor progression.However,the key lncRNAs and their functions in gastric cancer(GC)remain largely unknown.Methods:A bioinformatic analysis of GC patients’gene expression profiling data from the Cancer Genome Atlas database was performed to identify autophagy-related lncRNAs that are associated with predictive risk.Through Cox regression and Lasso regression analyses,the autophagy-related lncRNAs that are associated with prognosis were identified,and a novel prognostic model for GC was established.The model was then used to evaluate the clinical features and predictive risk of individuals with GC.By using two datasets,GSE 62254(n=300)and GSE 15459(n=192),from Gene Expression Omnibus,its effectiveness was verified.Gene set enrichment analysis according to hallmark and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes were used to determine the possible biological roles of these lncRNAs.Furthermore,the HOXD antisense growth-associated long non-coding RNA(HAGLR)mechanism in GC was discovered through in vitro and in vivo experiments.Results:Six lncRNAs associated with autophagy in GC were identified,and a new prognostic risk model based on these lncRNAs was established.The six-lncRNA signature was significantly associated with adverse clinicopathological features and found to be an independent GC prognostic factor.The model was proven to be effective and robust by GSE62254 and GSE15459.According to gene set enrichment analysis,the six lncRNAs appeared to be tightly linked to autophagy-related and cancer-related mechanisms.HAGLR was also found to promote tumor growth by enhancing autophagy signaling in GC.Conclusion:A novel prognostic model integrating HAGLR that can effectively evaluate and predict the prognostic risk of GC patients was established.The results indicated that HAGLR promotes gastric cancer progression by enhancing autophagy and is anticipated to be a potential new target for the treatment of gastric cancer.

Long non-coding RNA H19 promotes proliferation inhepatocellular carcinoma cells via H19/miR-107/CDK6 axis

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide;nevertheless, currenttherapeutic options are limited or ineffective for many patients. Therefore, elucidation of molecular mechanisms inHCC biology could yield important insights for the intervention of novel therapies. Recently, various studies havereported dysregulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the initiation and progression of HCC, including H19;however, the biological function of H19 in HCC remains unclear. Here, we show that knockdown of H19 disruptedHCC cell growth, impaired the G1-to-S phase transition, and promoted apoptosis, while overexpression of H19yielded the opposite results. Screening for expression of cell cycle-related genes revealed a significant downregulationof CDK6 at both RNA and protein levels upon H19 suppression. Bioinformatic analysis of the H19 sequence and the3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR) of CDK6 transcripts showed several binding sites for microRNA-107 (miR-107), andthe dual luciferase reporter assay confirmed their direct interaction with miR-107. Consistently, blockage of miR-107activity alleviated the growth suppression phenotypes induced by H19 downregulation, suggesting that H19 serves asa molecular sponge for miR-107 to promote CDK6 expression and cell cycle progression. Together, this studydemonstrates a mechanistic function of H19 in driving the proliferation of HCC cells and suggests H19 suppressionas a novel approach for HCC treatment.

The role of small non-coding RNAs(sncRNAs)in male infertility:A scoping review

Objective:To give a brief overview of the field of epigenetics and the potential predictive power that small non-coding RNA(sncRNA)may hold in relation to improving the treatment and diagnosis of male infertility.Methods:PRISMA-ScR was used as the scoping review guideline for this investigation.All article data here have been accessed from MEDLINE–PubMed,Science Direct,EBSCO,Scopus,Sage Journals,and Google Scholar.The terms"small non coding RNA,male,infertility,miRNA,sperm"were used in the search between 2015 and 2023.Results:The study comprised 35 publications in total.Several sncRNAs,miR-155,miR-16,miR-196,miR-525-3p,miR-891 were found to be effective in regulating the mechanism of spermatozoa processing in the infertility of men.sncRNA can be used as a biomarker of male infertility.Conclusions:sncRNAs can act as biomarkers for the diagnosis of reproductive diseases.Actually,by recognizing sncRNAs and their mechanisms,a new way to treat infertile men would be paved.The functional annotation of sncRNAs in spermatogenesis is still in its infancy but has enormous potential.This is despite the fact that many potential sncRNAs have been found to date with the use of cutting-edge technology and publicly accessible sncRNA annotation tools.

Role of non-coding RNAs in pathogenesis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors(GISTs)are considered the model solid malignancies of targeted therapy after the discovery of imatinib effectiveness against their tyrosine kinase inhibitors.Non-coding RNAs are molecules with no protein coding capacity that play crucial role to several biological steps of normal cell proliferation and differentiation.When the expression of these molecules found to be altered it seems that they affect the process of carcinogenesis in multiple ways,such as proliferation,apoptosis,differentiation,metastasis,and drug resistance.This review aims to provide an overview of the latest research papers and summarize the current evidence about the role of non-coding RNAs in pathogenesis of GISTs,including their potential clinical applications.

Long Non-coding RNA MEG3 Induces Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells Apoptosis by Activating the Mitochondrial Pathway

Summary： This study aimed to examine the effect of long non-coding RNA （LncRNA） MEG3 on the biological behaviors of renal cell carcinoma （RCC） cells 786-0 and the possible mechanism. MEG3 expression levels were detected by RT-qPCR in Rmaor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues from 29 RCC patients and in RCC lines 786-0 and SN12 and human embryonic kidney cell line 293T. Plasmids GV144-MEG3 （MEG3 overexpression plasmid） and GV144 （control plasmid） were stably transfected into 786-0 cells by using lipofectamine 2000. Cell viabilities were determined by MTT, cell apoptosis rates by flow cytometry following PE Annexin V and 7AAD staining, apoptosis-related protein expressions by Western blotting, and Bcl-2 mRNA by RT-qPCR in the transfected cells. The results showed that MEG3 was evidently downregulated in RCC tissues （P〈0.05） and RCC cell lines （P〈0.05）. The viabilities of 786-0 cells were decreased significantly after transfection with GV144-MEG3 for over 24 h （P〈0.05）. Consistently, the apoptosis rate was significantly increased in 786-0 cells transfected with GV144-MEG3 for 48 h （P〈0.05）. Furthermore, overexpression of MEG3 could reduce the expression of Bcl-2 and procaspase-9 proteins, enhance the expression of cleaved caspase-9 protein, and promote the release of cytochrome c protein to cytoplasm （P〈0.05）. Additionally, Bcl-2 mRNA level was declined by MEG3 overexpression （P〈0.05）. It was concluded that MEG3 induces the apoptosis of RCC cells possibly by activating the mitochondrial pathway.