Off-Grid Compressed Channel Estimation with Parallel Interference Cancellation for Millimeter Wave Massive MIMO

Millimeter wave(mmWave)massive multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO)plays an important role in the fifth-generation(5G)mobile communications and beyond wireless communication systems owing to its potential of high capacity.However,channel estimation has become very challenging due to the use of massive MIMO antenna array.Fortunately,the mmWave channel has strong sparsity in the spatial angle domain,and the compressed sensing technology can be used to convert the original channel matrix into the sparse matrix of discrete angle grid.Thus the high-dimensional channel matrix estimation is transformed into a sparse recovery problem with greatly reduced computational complexity.However,the path angle in the actual scene appears randomly and is unlikely to be completely located on the quantization angle grid,thus leading to the problem of power leakage.Moreover,multiple paths with the random distribution of angles will bring about serious interpath interference and further deteriorate the performance of channel estimation.To address these off-grid issues,we propose a parallel interference cancellation assisted multi-grid matching pursuit(PIC-MGMP)algorithm in this paper.The proposed algorithm consists of three stages,including coarse estimation,refined estimation,and inter-path cyclic iterative inter-ference cancellation.More specifically,the angular resolution can be improved by locally refining the grid to reduce power leakage,while the inter-path interference is eliminated by parallel interference cancellation(PIC),and the two together improve the estimation accuracy.Simulation results show that compared with the traditional orthogonal matching pursuit(OMP)algorithm,the normalized mean square error(NMSE)of the proposed algorithm decreases by over 14dB in the case of 2 paths.

基于贝叶斯压缩感知的FD-MIMO雷达Off-Grid目标稀疏成像

传统压缩感知(CS,Compressive Sensing)成像方法一般假定目标精确位于事先划定的成像网格上,实际中由于散射点空间位置是连续分布的,因此偏离网格(Off-grid)问题必然存在.这会引起真实回波测量值与默认系统观测矩阵之间失配,导致传统CS成像方法性能恶化.本文基于频率分集多输入多输出(FD-MIMO,Frequency Diverse Multiple-Input Multiple-Output)雷达,针对Off-grid目标提出了一种基于贝叶斯压缩感知的稀疏自聚焦(SAF-BCS,Sparse Autofocus Imaging Method Based on Bayesian Compressive Sensing)成像算法.该算法依据最大后验(MAP,Maximum A Posteriori)准则,利用变分贝叶斯学习技术求解含有Off-grid目标的稀疏像.与传统稀疏重构方法相比,所提方法充分利用了目标先验信息,可自适应调整参数,能够更好地反演稀疏目标,同时具有校正Off-grid目标的网格位置偏差以及估计噪声功率等优势.仿真结果表明SAF-BCS算法对网格划分不敏感,具有稳健的成像性能.

MIMO雷达三维成像自适应Off-grid校正方法

在压缩感知成像算法中,真实目标点一般不会恰好落在预先划定的网格点上,这种网格偏离(Off-grid)问题会带来真实回波与测量矩阵之间的失配,严重降低雷达成像的性能。针对多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达3维成像的网格失配问题,该文提出一种自适应的Off-grid校正方法,基于Off-grid目标的稀疏回波模型构造贝叶斯概率密度函数,采用最大后验概率(MAP)方法求解含有失配偏差的稀疏像。与传统方法相比,该方法可以充分利用失配参数的先验信息,自适应地更新参数,降低了失配误差的影响,并能实现对稀疏目标和噪声功率的高精度估计。仿真结果表明,该方法可以有效地实现对网格失配的优化,具有精确且稳定的成像性能。

一种基于迭代近端投影的被动声纳探测离网格DOA估计方法

Traditional direction of arrival(DOA)estimation methods based on sparse reconstruction commonly use convex or smooth functions to approximate non-convex and non-smooth sparse representation problems.This approach often introduces errors into the sparse representation model,necessitating the development of improved DOA estimation algorithms.Moreover,conventional DOA estimation methods typically assume that the signal coincides with a predetermined grid.However,in reality,this assumption often does not hold true.The likelihood of a signal not aligning precisely with the predefined grid is high,resulting in potential grid mismatch issues for the algorithm.To address the challenges associated with grid mismatch and errors in sparse representation models,this article proposes a novel high-performance off-grid DOA estimation approach based on iterative proximal projection(IPP).In the proposed method,we employ an alternating optimization strategy to jointly estimate sparse signals and grid offset parameters.A proximal function optimization model is utilized to address non-convex and non-smooth sparse representation problems in DOA estimation.Subsequently,we leverage the smoothly clipped absolute deviation penalty(SCAD)function to compute the proximal operator for solving the model.Simulation and sea trial experiments have validated the superiority of the proposed method in terms of higher resolution and more accurate DOA estimation performance when compared to both traditional sparse reconstruction methods and advanced off-grid techniques.

基于联合稀疏重构模型的双基MIMO雷达off-grid目标参数快速估计

针对多输入多输出(MIMO)雷达二维参数稀疏估计中的不在格点上(off-grid)目标问题,利用两次泰勒展开对信号模型进行修正,构建联合稀疏重构模型,将off-grid问题转化为联合稀疏重构问题;为降低计算复杂度,针对该联合稀疏重构模型提出Joint-2D-OMP算法。仿真结果表明:所提模型和算法在解决off-grid问题的同时,可有效提高参数估计的速度。

基于变分稀疏贝叶斯的off-grid DOA估计

针对传统稀疏贝叶斯学习方法在解决低信噪比条件下信号到达角DOA估计中,到达角不完全落在阵元端离散化网格点上的情况,提出了一种基于变分稀疏贝叶斯学习期望最大化的离格DOA处理方法.该方法首先对均匀线阵的实际接收信号off-grid情况建立参数化稀疏模型,利用变分稀疏贝叶斯学习方法,通过最小化KL散度寻求一个与后验概率近似的概率分布,其次期望最大化方法分别在期望阶段和最大化阶段进行参数推断,进一步在离格误差模型下以较高的精度和分辨率实现信号到达角的估计,最后仿真结果表明,该方法不仅在传统SBL方法的基础上提高了运算效率,而且具有更高的空域分辨率和角度估计精度,该方法具有优越的角度估计性能.

Super-resolution DOA estimation for correlated off-grid signals via deep estimator

This paper develops a deep estimator framework of deep convolution networks(DCNs)for super-resolution direction of arrival(DOA)estimation.In addition to the scenario of correlated signals,the quantization errors of the DCN are the major challenge.In our deep estimator framework,one DCN is used for spectrum estimation with quantization errors,and the remaining two DCNs are used to estimate quantization errors.We propose training our estimator using the spatial sampled covariance matrix directly as our deep estimator’s input without any feature extraction operation.Then,we reconstruct the original spatial spectrum from the spectrum estimate and quantization errors estimate.Also,the feasibility of the proposed deep estimator is analyzed in detail in this paper.Once the deep estimator is appropriately trained,it can recover the correlated signals’spatial spectrum fast and accurately.Simulation results show that our estimator performs well in both resolution and estimation error compared with the state-of-the-art algorithms.

Optimal Sizing of Solar/Wind Hybrid Off-Grid Microgrids Using an Enhanced Genetic Algorithm

This paper presents a method for optimal sizing of an off-grid hybrid microgrid (MG) system in order to achieve a certain load demand. The hybrid MG is made of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, wind turbine (TW) and energy storage system (ESS). The reliability of the MG system is modeled based on the loss of power supply probability (SPSP). For optimization, an enhanced Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to minimize the total cost of the system over a 20-year period, while satisfying some reliability and operation constraints. A case study addressing optimal sizing of an off-grid hybrid microgrid in Nigeria is discussed. The result is compared with results obtained from the Brute Force and standard GA methods.

PV-Hybrid Off-Grid and Mini-Grid Systems for Rural Electrification in Sub-Saharan Africa

Rural electrification remains a great challenge for Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as access to electricity is a prerequisite to accelerate its development. The present paper reviews the measures adopted to promote access to electricity in rural and remote areas of SSA. The main barriers to rural electrification in these developing countries are presented before showing technologies used for the aforementioned purpose. Then, adopted methods for enhancing the use of renewable energy in SSA are shown. Moreover, the policy adopted by decision makers and project planners are also highlighted. In addition, the optimal solutions proposed by researchers are given such as the cost-effective off-grid system type that might be a viable alternative to diesel power generation.

Analysis on the Effect of Shading on the Characteristics of Large-scale on-grid PV System in China

Because of rich solar resource and low land cost, a lot of large-scale ground-based grid-connected PV systems have been built in Northwest China. In this paper, some shading phenomena on a grid-connected PV system inNorthwest Chinaare classified and analyzed. Through the I-V curve test of PV modules, it can be seen that dust influence system performance of the grid-connected PV system. And the experimental results have shown that shading could affect the electrical properties of PV modules. Meanwhile, same shading area on different shading positions could have different impacts on the identical PV module.

Cost-effective Energy Monitoring of Domestic Off-grid PV Systems

Domestic off-grid renewable energy systems have become common place in many areas of the world, as humanity seeks to keep abreast with global technological changes and advancements. This paper aims to present a cost-effective energy monitoring system which may be used to analyze and evaluate the operation of a domestic off-grid PV system. Parameters which are monitored include the output voltage and current from a 55 W polycrystalline PV panel. The output voltage and current from a power regulation circuit (which could be a DC-DC converter, solar charger or MPPT) is also monitored with this singular system which incorporates a data logging interface circuit, a data logger and a personal computer.

Application Research of Off-grid Home Photovoltaic Power System in Shaanxi Northern Region

Because working performance of off-grid home photovoltaic power system is influenced by factors of solar radiation, ambient temperature and installation angle, this research established power supply model, analyzed working performance and optimized system configuration, by referencing weather conditions of Yulin and Yan’an and those factors. Results showed that under given solar radiation and ambient temperature, difference of installation angle can cause 30% to 40% difference of performance. In order to meet power demand, installation angles of Yulin and Yan'an were selected as 40 degree and 30 degree, and annual output power were 1.44 kWh/Wp and 1.32 kWh/Wp. Based on those results, the configuration of Yulin and Yan'an was 150 Wp and 170 Wp, and annual output power was 172.70 kWh and 179.66 kWh. Systems optimized above can meet the mid-scale demand in Shaanxi northern region and build theoretical foundation of application.

Optimal Configuration of an Off-Grid Hybrid Wind-Hydrogen Energy System: Comparison of Two Systems

Due to the uncertainty of renewable energy power generation and the non-linearity of load demand,it becomes complicated to determine the capacity of each device in hybrid renewable energy power generation systems.This work aims to optimize the capacity of two types of the off-grid hybrid wind-hydrogen energy system.We considered the maximum profit of the system and the minimum loss of power supply probability as optimization goals.Firstly,we established steady-state models of the wind turbine,alkaline electrolyzer,lead-acid battery,and proton exchange membrane fuel cell in matrix laboratory software to optimize the capacity.Secondly,we analyzed the operating mode of the system and determined two system structures(system contains batteries whether or not).Finally,according to the wind speed and load in the sample area,we compared the economics of the two systems and selected the optimal configuration for the area.In the same calculation example data,the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II(NSGA-II)is used to optimize the capacity of each device in the two systems.The results showed that the profit of the without battery-equipped system is 32.38%higher than another system.But the power supply reliability is the opposite.To avoid the contingency of the calculation results,we used the traditional genetic algorithm(GA)and ant colony optimization(ACO)to calculate the same example.The results showed that NSGA-II is significantly better than GA and ACO in terms of iteration steps and calculation results.The required architecture for the System-I composes of 3 numbers of 10 kW wind turbines,61 sets of 12 V·240 Ah leadacid batteries,8 kW electrolytic cell,and 6 kW PEMFC.The net profit and LPSP are ¥44,315 and 0.01254 respectively.The required architecture for the System-II composes of 2 numbers of 10 kW wind turbines,24 kW electrolytic cells,and 18 kW PEMFC.Net profit and LPSP are ¥58,663 and 0.03244,respectively.This paper provided two schemes for the optimal configuration of the hybrid wind-hydrogen energy system in islanding mode,which provided a theoretical basis for practical engineering applications.

Design of Off-grid Home Photovoltaic Power System in Shaanxi Region

Shaanxi province has three land forms which are Shaanxi’s northern plateau, Guanzhong plain and Qinba mountain land in the south of Shaanxi province. So the climate type is also divided into three types and the solar energy resources distribution has a big gap between different regions. PV modules, as the core component of off-grid home photovoltaic power system, their output power are mainly influenced by sun radiation, array tile angle, temperature and so on. Based on the reasons above, in order to apply off-grid home photovoltaic power system in Shaanxi region, this paper designs different systems with different configuration, and makes the performance prediction. The results show that the capacity of PV modules reaches to the largest in Shaanxi northern region, reach minimum in Shaanxi southern region and the output power in the winter is less than in the summer and reach minimum in the spring and autumn. In light of the characteristics above, this research select different type and configuration in different areas systematically, and the performance analysis shows that the configuration can meet the basic life demand of power to the people whose power is not available.

Sustainable and Economic Alternative for the Electric Supply of Isolated Communities in the Brazilian Off-Grid Systems

Roughly 99% of the demand for electricity in Brazil is supplied by a national interconnected grid. The remaining 1% is spread in several “isolated systems” of the Amazon region—mini-grids that rely on expensive diesel gensets due to high commodity and transportation costs. The isolated systems also have remote communities disconnected altogether from the mini-grids with inadequate health, education and leisure services. These communities are precariously supplied by small inefficient diesel gensets that run for a few hours per day. In this article, we propose a sustainable and economic alternative for the electric supply of the remote communities of isolated systems through a combination of photovoltaic solar generation and storage. The objective is to improve access to electricity with savings for the communities. The present paper outlines a public policy to meet this objective.

Innovative Approaches to Energy Provision in Off-Grid Rural Communities—A Case of Botswana

Although renewable energy technologies applications to rural communities to improve energy access have been embraced in numerous parts of the world, sustainability of these systems is increasingly becoming critical as far as realization of long term benefits is concerned. The current manuscript proposes approaches deemed to provide appropriate match between technology and users in a select of Botswana’s rural communities. The methodology includes a participatory and inclusive approach in which the local community is engaged in the generation of their own energy. Available information indicates that available feedstock in selected communities is sufficient to generate and provide sustainable energy supply for the community.

Power Quality Consideration for Off-Grid Renewable Energy Systems

Necessity of electricity access in remote area is the main reason for expanding decentralized energy system such as stand-alone power systems. The best electrical power supply must provide a constant magnitude and frequency voltage. Therefore, good power quality is an important factor for the reliable operation of electrical loads in a power system. However, the current drawn by most of electronic devices and non-linear loads are non-sinusoidal, which can result in a poor power quality, especially in off-grid power systems. Poor power quality is characterized by electrical disturbances such as transients, sags, swells, harmonics and even interruptions in the power supply. Off-grid power systems worldwide often struggle with system failures and equipment damage due to poor power quality. In this paper, MAT- LAB/Simulink is used to model and analyses power quality in an off-grid renewable energy system. The results show high voltage transient when the inductive loads were switched OFF. The voltage and current harmonics are also determined and compared for various types of loads.

LVDC: An Efficient Energy Solution for On-Grid Photovoltaic Applications

In this paper some photovoltaic, PV, conversion chains architectures for on-grid applications have been proposed and the advantage of the direct use of a Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) bus for the DC loads has been shown. The evaluation of the efficiency of the proposed chains compared to the classical one was performed. It is shown that LVDC use instead of standard AC plugs, in numerous applications, is promising in future. The registered annual saved energy can exceed 25% of the PV generated energy. This important rate, the need of better services at lower economic cost and environmental burden will incite to make reflection about industry and supplies’ future standards.

Hybrid Power System Options for Off-Grid Rural Electrification in Northern Kenya

For domestic consumers in the rural areas of northern Kenya, as in other developing countries, the typical source of electrical supply is diesel generators. However, diesel generators are associated with both CO2 emissions, which adversely affect the environment and increase diesel fuel prices, which inflate the prices of consumer goods. The Kenya government has taken steps towards addressing this issue by proposing The Hybrid Mini-Grid Project, which involves the installation of 3 MW of wind and solar energy systems in facilities with existing diesel generators. However, this project has not yet been implemented. As a contribution to this effort, this study proposes, simulates and analyzes five different configurations of hybrid energy systems incorporating wind energy, solar energy and battery storage to replace the stand-alone diesel power systems servicing six remote villages in northern Kenya. If implemented, the systems proposed here would reduce Kenya’s dependency on diesel fuel, leading to reductions in its carbon footprint. This analysis confirms the feasibility of these hybrid systems with many configurations being profitable. A Multi-Attribute Trade-Off Analysis is employed to determine the best hybrid system configuration option that would reduce diesel fuel consumption and jointly minimize CO2 emissions and net present cost. This analysis determined that a wind-diesel-battery configuration consisting of two 500 kW turbines, 1200 kW diesel capacity and 95,040 Ah battery capacity is the best option to replace a 3200 kW stand-alone diesel system providing electricity to a village with a peak demand of 839 kW. It has the potential to reduce diesel fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by up to 98.8%.

On-Grid Tariff in China——History, Current Situation, and Proposed Reform

This article introduces the history of the reform of on-grid tariff in China, the current status of and currently adopted mechanisms related to on-grid tariffs of coal-fired and renewable energy power generation facilities. The article further discusses the proposed and on-going reform and restructure in the electricity price sector, and the trial reforms in regional electricity markets.