Experimental and measured research on three-dimensional deformation law of gas drainage borehole in coal seam

Using self-researched gas drainage borehole stability dynamic monitoring device, three-dimensional deformation characteristics of borehole under steady vertical load were researched experimentally and systematically. This research indicated that under the action of steady loading, the mechanical deformation path of the simulated gas drainage borehole is gradually complicated, and the decay of the borehole circumferential strain is an important characterization of the prediction and early warning of borehole instability and collapse. The horizontal position of borehole occurs compressive strain, and the vertical of which occurs tensile strain under the action of vertical stress. At the initial stage of loading, the vertical strain is more sensitive than that in the horizontal direction. After a certain period of time, the horizontal strain is gradually higher than the vertical one, and the intersection of the borehole horizontal diameter and the hole wall is the stress concentration point. With the increase of the depth of hole, the strain shows a gradual decay trend as a whole, and the vertical strain decays more observably, but there is no absolute position correlation between the amount of strain decay and the increase in borehole depth,and the area within 1.5 times the orifice size is the borehole stress concentration zone.

Safety analysis of stability of surface gas drainage boreholes above goaf areas

As longwall caving mining method prevails rapidly in China coal mines, amount of gas emission from longwall faces and goaf area increased significantly. Using traditional gas drainage methods, such as drilling upward holes to roof strata in tailgate or drilling inseam and cross-measure boreholes, could not meet methane drainage requirements in a gassy mine. The alternative is to drill boreholes from surface down to the Iongwall goaf area to drain the gas out. As soon as a coal seam is extracted out, the upper rock strata above the goaf start to collapse or become fractured depending upon the rock characteristics and the height above the coal seam. During overlying rock strata being fractured, boreholes in the area may be damaged due to ground movement after the passage of the Iongwall face. The sudden damage of a borehole may cause a Iongwall production halt or even a serious mine accident. A theoretical calculation of the stability of surface boreholes in mining affected area is introduced along with an example of determination of borehole and casing diameters is given for demonstration. By using this method for the drilling design, the damage of surface boreholes caused by excessive mining induced displacement can be effectively reduced if not totally avoided. Borehole and casing diameters as well as characteristics of filling materials can be determined using the proposed method by calculating the horizontal movement and vertical stain at different borehole depths.

Dynamic leakage mechanism of gas drainage borehole and engineering application

Borehole leakage not only affects the gas drainage effect but also presents considerable risk to human security. For the research on the leakage mechanism of gas drainage borehole, the rheological and visco-elastic-plastic characteristics were considered to establish the mechanical model of coal mass around borehole, which is used to analyze the leakage mechanism and deduce the dynamic leakage model. On the basis of the real coal seam conditions, the variation rules of the stress, leakage ring, and air leakage amount were analyzed through numerical simulation, and the influence factors of air leakage amount were also investigated to provide the theoretical basis for the sealing technology. Results show that the air leakage amount of borehole is inversely proportional to the increase in supporting stress and sealing length, and directly correlated with the increase in borehole radius and softening modulus. Using theoretical analysis, we design a novel active supporting sealing technology that can use grouting material to seal the fractures to reduce the leakage channels and also provide supporting stress to prevent borehole deformation. The engineering test results indicate that the average gas concentration with the novel active supporting sealing technology is increased by 162.12% than that of traditional polyurethane sealing method. Therefore, this technology not only effectively resolves borehole leakage but also significantly improves the gas drainage effect.

Method for designing the optimal sealing depth in methane drainage boreholes to realize efficient drainage

The purpose of underground methane drainage technology is to prevent methane disasters and enable the efficient use of coal mine methane(CMM),and the sealing depth is a key factor that affects the performance of underground methane drainage.In this work,the layouts of in-seam and crossing boreholes are considered to analyze the stress distribution and failure characteristics of roadway surrounding rock through a numerical simulation and field stress investigation to determine a reasonable sealing depth.The results show that the depths of the plastic and elastic zones in two experimental coal mines are 16 and 20 m respectively.Borehole sealing minimizes the air leakage through the fractures around the roadway when the sealing material covers the failure and plastic zones,and the field test results for CMM drainage at different sealing depths indicate that the CMM drainage efficiency increases with increasing sealing depth but does not change once the sealing depth exceeds the plastic zone.Moreover,sealing in the high-permeability roadway surrounding rock does not have a strong influence on the borehole sealing performance.Considering these findings,a new CMM drainage system for key sealing in the low-permeability zone was developed that is effective for improving the CMM drainage efficiency and prolonging the high-concentration CMM drainage period.The proposed approach offers a valuable quantitative analysis method for selecting the optimum sealing parameters for underground methane drainage,thereby improving considerably the drainage and utilization rates of CMM.

Numerical simulation on the movement law of overlying strata in the stope with a fault and analysis of its influence on the ground gas drainage boreholes

In order to study the influence of a fault on the movement law of the overlying strata as well as its effect on the gas drainage boreholes, based on the practical situation of 1242（1） panel at Xieqiao Mine in Huainan, the Finite Element Method （FEM） model was built up, and the distribution of the stress field and the displacement field of the overlying strata in the stope with a fault were simulated by using the FEM software ANSYS. The results indicate that because of the existence of the fault, the horizontal displacement of overlying strata near the gas drainage borehole becomes larger than that in the stope without a fault, and the distribution of the stress field of the overlying strata changes greatly. When the working face is far away from the fault, the distribution of the stress field is approximately symmetrical. As the working face advances to the place 50 m away from the fault, the stress range at the right side goaf area is as twice as that at the left side. Here, the stress distribution area of goaf area and the fault plane run through, the fracture-connected-zone is formed. It can be presumed that the gas adsorbed in the coal and rock will flow into the fault zone along the fracture-connected-zone, which causes the quantity of gas drainage reduce remarkably.

Regional gas drainage techniques in Chinese coal mines

China's rapid economic development has increased the demand for coal.These results in Chinese coal mines being extended to deeper levels.The eastern Chinese,more economical developed,regions have a long history of coal mining and many coal mines have now started deep mining at a depth from 800 to 1500 m.This increase in mining depth,geostresses,pressures,and gas content of the coal seam complicates geologic construction conditions.Lower permeability and softer coal contribute to increasing numbers of coal and gas outburst,and gas explosion,disasters.A search on effective methods of preventing gas disasters has been provided funds from the Chinese government since 1998.The National Engineering Research Center of Coal Gas Control and the Huainan and Huaibei Mining Group have conducted theoretical and experimental research on a regional gas extraction technology.The results included two important findings.First,grouped coal seams allow adoption of a method where a first,key protective layer is mined to protect upper and lower coal seams by increasing permeability from 400 to 3000 times.Desorption of gas and gas extraction in the protected coal seam of up to 60%,or more,may be achieved in this way.Second,a single seam may be protected by using a dense network of extraction boreholes consisting of cross and along-bed holes.Combined with this is increased use of water that increases extraction of coal seam gas by up to 50%.Engineering practice showed that regional gas drainage technology eliminates regional coal and gas outburst and also enables mining under low gas conditions.These research results have been adopted into the national safety codes of production technology.This paper systematically introduces the principles of the technology,the engineering methods and techniques,and the parameters of regional gas drainage.Engineering applications are discussed.

Approach to increasing the quality of pressure-relieved gas drained from protected coal seam using surface borehole and its industrial application

During mining of lower protective coal seam, a surface borehole can efficiently extract not only the pressure-relieved gas from the protected layer, but also the gas from the mining layer gob. If the distance between the borehole and gob is too large, the quantity of gas drained from the protected layer decreases substantially. To solve this problem, a mathematical model for extracting pressure-relieved gas from a protected coal seam using a surface borehole was established, based on the radial gas flow theory and law of conservation of energy. The key factors influencing the quantity of gas and the drainage flow network using a surface borehole were presented. The results show that the quantity of pressure-relieved gas drained from the protected layer can be significantly increased by increasing the flow resistance of the borehole bottom. Application of this method in the Wulan Coal Mine of the Shenhua Group significantly increased the flow of pure gas and the gas concentration （by factors of 1.8 and 2.0, respectively）, thus demonstrating the remarkable effects of this method.

An improved siphon drainage method for slope stabilization

The siphon drainage is an effective measure for the slope groundwater control. However,for the traditional siphon drainage, limitations such as siphon lift restriction and poor reliability in longterm service prevent it from being widely used. In this study, an improved siphon drainage method with inclined borehole penetrating the deep part of the slope is proposed to overcome the limitations suffered by the traditional method. Through experimental research, theoretical analysis and engineering practice,the reliability and capability of the proposed method are investigated. The results demonstrate that with the inclined pipe the height difference between the control point of the groundwater level and the orifice can be controlled to be less than the height of the water column corresponding to the local atmospheric pressure. As a result, deep drainage can be achieved.In addition, by controlling the diameter of siphon drainage pipe not larger than 4 mm, a plug flow can be formed in the siphon pipe, which can prevent air accumulation in the siphon process and a continuous and effective siphon drainage is achieved. Through a practical project running smoothly since September 2013, it is found that the proposed method can effectively drain the groundwater deep in the slope and the maximum drawdown of groundwater level in boreholes can reach 8.5 m with an average drainage flow of 5.5 m3/d. The practical results also illustrate that 4 mm siphon pipe can be used to realize deep slope drainage and restart siphon automatically.

Fracture evolution and pressure relief gas drainage from distant protected coal seams under an extremely thick key stratum

When an extremely thick rock bed exists above a protected coal seam in the bending zone given the condition of a mining protective seam, this extremely thick rock bed controls the movement of the entire overlying stratum. This extremely thick rock bed, called a ＂main key stratum＂, will not subside nor break for a long time, causing lower fractures and bed separations not to close and gas can migrate to the bed separation areas along the fractures. These bed separations become gas enrichment areas. By analyzing the rule of fracture evolution and gas migration under the main key stratum after the deep protective coal seam has been mined, we propose a new gas drainage method which uses bore holes, drilled through rock and coal seams at great depths for draining pressure relief gas. In this method, the bores are located at a high level suction roadway （we can also drill them in the drilling field located high in an air gateway）. Given the practice in the Haizi mine, the gas drainage rate can reach 73% in the middie coal group, with a gas drainage radius over 100 m.

Gas emission quantity prediction and drainage technology of steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams

Gas emissions of workfaces in steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams differ from those under normal geological conditions, which usually feature a high gas concentration and a large emission quantity. This study took the Wudong coal mine in Xinjiang province of China as a typical case. The gas occurrence of the coal seam and the pressure-relief range of the surrounding rock(coal) were studied by experiments and numerical simulations. Then, a new method to calculate the gas emission quantity for this special geological condition was provided. Based on the calculated quantity, a further gas drainage plan, as well as the evaluation of it with field drainage data, was finally given. The results are important for engineers to reasonably plan the gas drainage boreholes of steeply inclined and extremely thick coal seams.

Spontaneous combustion influenced by surface methane drainage and its prediction by rescaled range analysis

This study established numerical modeling using COMSOLTMto examine the influence of horizontal location and drainage ability of surface borehole on spontaneous combustion in longwall working face gob. Rescaled Range Analysis(R/S analysis) was employed to investigate the chaos characteristic of N_2/O_2 ratio from a surface borehole in 10416 working face gob, Yangliu Colliery, China. The simulation results show that there is always a circular ‘‘dissipation zone" around the drainage borehole and an elliptic ‘‘spontaneous combustion zone" in deep gob. Little influence was found on spontaneous combustion zone on the intake side of the gob but the width of spontaneous combustion zone in middle gob is enlarged, while the depth of spontaneous combustion zone near the return side is reduced. The R/S analysis indicates that the influence of surface borehole on spontaneous combustion can be divided into two stages by the chaos feature of N_2/O_2: safety drainage stage and spontaneous combustion initiating stage. It can be concluded that the methane drainage from gob through surface borehole can intervene in the distribution of spontaneous combustion zone in gob and the chaos feature of N_2/O_2 from surface borehole can effectively reflect coal spontaneous combustion condition in gob.

CFD simulations for longwall gas drainage design optimisation

Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulation is an effective approach to develop and optimise gas drainage design for underground longwall coal mining. As part of the project supported by the Australian Government Coal Mining Abatement Technology Support Package(CMATSP), threedimensional CFD simulations were conducted to test and optimise a conceptual design which proposes using horizontal boreholes to replace vertical boreholes at an underground coal mine in Australia.Drainage performance between a vertical borehole and a horizontal borehole was first carried out to compare their capacity and effectiveness. Then a series of cases with different horizontal borehole designs were simulated to optimise borehole configuration parameters such as location, diameter, and number of boreholes. The study shows that the horizontal borehole is able to create low pressure sinks that protect the workings from goaf gas ingresses by changing goaf gas flow directions, and that it has the advantage to continuously maintain such low pressure sinks near the tailgate as the longwall advances. An example of optimising horizontal borehole locations in the longwall lateral direction is also given in this paper.

自驱修孔钻头动力参数及钻齿结构研究

自驱修孔钻头是修复失效长钻孔的有效技术手段,为进一步提高修孔速度和瓦斯抽采效果,本文基于射流反冲理论,分析了射流反冲力与喷嘴参数的关系,构建了自驱修孔钻头旋转力学理论模型。采用LS-DYNA开展不同结构钻齿破煤过程,分析了不同钻进压力和扭矩作用下钻齿对煤体破坏形式和钻齿破煤体积变化规律,并开展了破煤实验验证数值模拟结果。形成了自驱修孔钻头参数确定方法,设计了自驱修孔钻头,并在郑煤集团超化煤矿22煤柱面底抽巷进行了工程实验。研究结果表明:(1)喷嘴张角α和偏心角β是决定钻进压力和扭矩分配的关键参数,通过调控张角和偏心角可实现钻进压力和扭矩的最优匹配。(2)相同钻进参数条件下,钻齿结构对破煤体积影响较大,阶梯钻齿破煤效果最优。在钻进压力为120N、扭矩0.6N·m时,阶梯型钻齿结构的修孔钻头能够实现钻进压力和扭矩最优匹配。(3)确定了最优修孔钻头结构参数为:钻头外径28 mm;后置喷嘴张角20°,偏心角90°;前置喷嘴张角90°,偏心角0°。(4)工程应用结果表明:瓦斯抽采纯量提高了1.96倍,瓦斯抽采体积分数提高了3.98倍,修孔速度提高了1.2倍。通过改进钻头动力参数及优化钻齿结构,设计的自驱修孔钻头在工程实践中达到了提高修孔速度和瓦斯抽采效果的目的。

定向长钻孔瓦斯抽采负压变化规律及监测控制技术研究进展

【意义】近水平定向长钻孔是煤矿瓦斯灾害防治的重要技术途径和有效手段,负压是影响定向长钻孔瓦斯抽采效果的重要因素。【进展】从孔内负压衰减机制与分布规律、瓦斯抽采参数监测技术、瓦斯抽采智能调控系统等3个方面系统总结了近水平定向长钻孔瓦斯抽采技术研究进展,其中在孔内负压衰减机制与分布规律方面,总结了负压对瓦斯抽采影响机制、负压衰减机制、负压分布规律等基础理论研究成果;在瓦斯抽采参数监测技术方面,基于不同原理,阐述了超声波式、激光式、孔板式、循环自激式等不同类型的孔口瓦斯监测仪器现状,以及以束管法为主的孔内瓦斯监测手段;在瓦斯抽采智能调控系统方面,介绍了瓦斯抽采智能调控理念与技术装备研究上取得的成果,以负压、流量、浓度等抽采参数为分析调控对象,基于智能算法与PLC控制技术,初步实现井下管网智能调控,提高了瓦斯抽采效率。【展望】指出当前研究存在定向长钻孔内负压变化规律不清、正负压耦合作用机制不明,缺乏孔内长距离的瓦斯抽采参数监测手段和瓦斯多参数监测方法,瓦斯抽采调控系统智能化程度低等不足。同时提出瓦斯抽采定向长钻孔研究的未来发展趋势,包括基于定向长钻孔特殊结构分析的负压抽采与正压扩散耦合机制、基于光纤传感的孔内瓦斯多参数监测系统、基于机器学习的瓦斯抽采参数精细调控方法等研究方向,为近水平定向长钻孔瓦斯治理工程设计、施工、抽采与效果评价提供支撑。

四翼内凹刻槽钻杆高效排渣钻进技术研究

为解决松软煤层钻进钻孔排渣通道堵塞这一制约钻孔施工效果的关键难题,基于优化钻杆截面形状以增大排渣空间、预防钻孔堵塞这一理念,提出四翼内凹刻槽钻杆几何设计构想,通过孔内排渣阻力力学方程计算验证、钻杆排渣效果数值模拟,分析钻杆结构参数对排渣性能的影响,研制四翼内凹刻槽钻杆并在某矿进行工业性试验。研究结果表明:相较于传统圆状刻槽钻杆,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆在施工过程中具有更大的排渣空间,通过孔内沿程阻力计算对比,四翼内凹刻槽钻杆孔内沿程阻力较圆状刻槽钻杆低13%;数值模拟计算结果表明,当弧形内凹切槽对钻杆的圆心角α=35°、切入深度|EF|=4 mm时,渣体运移距离最大,平均运移速度最大,排渣性能最优;工业性试验表明,使用四翼内凹刻槽钻杆施工钻孔,班进尺长度和终孔深度得到显著提升。研究结果可为煤矿瓦斯抽采钻孔钻具设计提供参考。

长钻孔抽采条件下顶板瓦斯运移规律及减涌机理研究

顶板长钻孔瓦斯抽采是实现“以抽代巷”,实现顶邻近层瓦斯抽采,减少开采空间瓦斯涌出量的重要手段。结合顶邻近层瓦斯抽采减少回风顺槽上隅角瓦斯浓度工程实践,研究抽采条件下顶板瓦斯运移规律及其对工作面、回风顺槽瓦斯浓度涌出量减少作用机理,发现采用斜向高位钻孔群抽采造成的瓦斯压力降低区相互搭接,在回风顺槽顶板上方及左右两侧迅速形成1个沿巷道分布的低瓦斯压力区,该区域有效阻隔顶板瓦斯向回风顺槽的涌出;靠近采空区侧的顶板斜长钻孔对采空区瓦斯流动也有影响,可有效降低上隅角顶板附近瓦斯压力,降低瓦斯涌出量;抽采稳定后,工作面中部偏轨道顺槽一侧,仍会保有较高瓦斯压力区域,在工作面回采过程中应予以关注。

高流态封孔注浆材料力学性能及水化机制

为提高深部矿井煤层气抽采效率,针对目前常见的封孔注浆材料存在的高分子封孔材料价格昂贵易燃、普通水泥材料渗透性差、粉煤灰等膏体材料强度不足等问题,采用超细水泥为基料研发一种高流态封孔注浆材料。通过对高流态封孔注浆材料开展力学性能试验研究、结合扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)等一系列试验的结果,揭示新型高流态封孔注浆材料水化机制。结果表明:高流态封孔注浆材料在水化初期就生成大量的水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶和钙矾石(AFt)晶体;随着水化反应的持续,水化产物的凝胶粒子充填材料中的孔隙。与普通水泥封孔注浆材料相比,材料的水化反应更迅速、更充分、整体结构致密,比普通水泥封孔注浆材料抗压强度提高3.68%,更有利于保持瓦斯抽采钻孔的稳定性,提高瓦斯抽采效率。

大直径高位定向孔一次钻扩技术及瓦斯抽采效果分析

针对“U”型通风回采工作面采动卸压瓦斯常规治理方式存在的综合效率低、治理成本高等问题,以山西晋城矿区某煤矿生产工作面为研究对象,提出采用φ200 mm大直径高位定向钻孔进行采动卸压瓦斯治理;基于该煤矿顶板大直径高位定向钻孔成孔技术难点分析,选型了关键钻进装备,包括ZDY20000LD型定向钻机、BLY460型泥浆泵车和多动力扩孔钻具;开发了复合强排渣定向钻进技术与多动力一次扩孔技术,实现了复杂地层条件下φ120 mm高位孔定向钻进与φ200 mm一次钻扩成孔,综合成孔效率较常规多次分级扩孔方式提高50%以上。瓦斯抽采效果表明:距煤层顶板30~40 m、距回风巷道40 m区域范围是采动裂隙密集发育区,钻孔平均瓦斯抽采体积分数保持在40%以上、最大瓦斯抽采纯量10.94 m^(3)/min,效果显著。

高突矿井未开采保护层区域瓦斯治理研究

为解决高突矿井试验工作面未开采保护层区域瓦斯浓度超限难题,基于COMSOL数值模拟分析了抽采参数对煤层瓦斯预抽效果的影响规律,通过物理相似模拟明确了采动卸压瓦斯导流通道。结合工程实际采掘进度,划分“掘进期”和“回采期”,分别开展瓦斯防治工作,采用立体式瓦斯抽采技术开展“顺层+穿层”钻孔瓦斯抽采。分析了掘进期高负压顺层钻孔与穿层钻孔的预抽效果,对比回采期断层附近穿层钻孔瓦斯浓度,研究了瓦斯抽采效果与工作面推进距离的关系。研究结果表明:不同布孔条件下,钻孔外侧瓦斯有效抽采半径在5 m左右,钻孔间距设置为10 m较为合理。掘进期,通过底抽巷施工穿层钻孔抽采邻近层瓦斯,配合顺层钻孔抽采使煤层瓦斯含量由24.37 m^(3)/t降至6.76 m^(3)/t,煤层瓦斯压力由1.62 MPa降至0.47 MPa;回采期,进风巷施工低负压高抽钻孔抽采上层采空区瓦斯,最大瓦斯浓度仅为8.7%。未开采保护层区域瓦斯抽采结合卸压瓦斯抽采技术成功消除了M18煤层的煤与瓦斯突出危险性。

煤矿探放水安全技术措施探究

在煤矿采掘过程中,探放水技术对消除煤矿水害至关重要。巷道中发生透水现象,轻则影响开采进程,重则造成安全事故,进而造成严重的损失。为了确保井下巷道安全开采,避免巷道中发生透水现象,采取合理有效的探放水技术进行施工至关重要。提出了探放水作业时主要的安全技术措施,可以有效预防工作面水害,同时为煤矿施工安全提供了借鉴与参考。