Analysis of China’s Water Security and Virtual Water Trade

Producing goods and services all needs water consumption.The water used in the process of an agricultural or industrial product is called the"Virtual Water"contained in this product. Through international trade,water-scarce countries and regions could purchase water-intensive products--especially foods,from water-rich countries to balance their water deficits and achieve water safety.China is one of the 13 most water-deficit countries whose water safety have been severely challenged.This paper generalized the recent global research development and made a brief introduction about the methods calculating virtual water content in specific products.As a case study,we qualified China's annual virtual water flows from year 2000 to 2002 with trade in crops,and ended with some policy advice for application and practice of virtual water strategy.

Blockchain-Based Secure and Fair IoT Data Trading System with Bilateral Authorization

These days,data is regarded as a valuable asset in the era of the data economy,which demands a trading platform for buying and selling data.However,online data trading poses challenges in terms of security and fairness because the seller and the buyer may not fully trust each other.Therefore,in this paper,a blockchain-based secure and fair data trading system is proposed by taking advantage of the smart contract and matchmaking encryption.The proposed system enables bilateral authorization,where data trading between a seller and a buyer is accomplished only if their policies,required by each other,are satisfied simultaneously.This can be achieved by exploiting the security features of the matchmaking encryption.To guarantee non-repudiation and fairness between trading parties,the proposed system leverages a smart contract to ensure that the parties honestly carry out the data trading protocol.However,the smart contract in the proposed system does not include complex cryptographic operations for the efficiency of onchain processes.Instead,these operations are carried out by off-chain parties and their results are used as input for the on-chain procedure.The system also uses an arbitration protocol to resolve disputes based on the trading proof recorded on the blockchain.The performance of the protocol is evaluated in terms of off-chain computation overhead and on-chain gas consumption.The results of the experiments demonstrate that the proposed protocols can enable the implementation of a cost-effective data trading system.

Security Communication Model of Wireless Trade System

This paper proposes a C/S system model for K-Java and PDA named Net-Wireless.It is a discussion and proposal on information security and solutions for R-Java handsets and PDAsin wireless network. It also explains the scheme which between client security module and serversecurity module. Also, We have developed a Security Server and a K-Java encryption module fore-commerce system and other trade systems.

The Security Correction of Large Consumers Long-Term Direct Power Trading Based on DC Power Transfer Distribution Factor

The experiments of large consumers direct power trading is conducting in china nationwide, and it’s important to the reform of electricity market. To compensated efficiencies in security correction of large consumers direct power trading, a novel security correction method based on DC power transfer distribution factor was proposed. Using the presented method to comply security correction, all the transactions that satisfy the specific requirements of maximizing social welfare are able to enter security correction process, and when the power of transmission line is out of limit, this method avoid the transaction which causes this problem is abandoned directly by introducing supplement transactions. The simulation has shown that the proposed security correction method of large consumers direct power trading based on DC power transfer distribution factor is effective.

RAPID EXPANSION OF SECURITIES MARKET&ITS IMPACT ON ACCOUNTING PROFESSION

Ⅰ.EXPANSIONThe establishment of securities market in China has been considered one of its important and controversial economic reform policies.Billions of dollars of treasury bills,corporate bonds and shares have been issued and traded all over the nation.Securities exchanges were set up in Shanghai and Shenzhen by the end of 1990 and in early 1991.Since then,securities market in China has undergone rapid expansion.

Directed Acyclic Graph Blockchain for Secure Spectrum Sharing and Energy Trading in Power IoT

Peer-to-peer(P2P)spectrum sharing and energy trading are promising solutions to locally satisfy spectrum and energy demands in power Internet of Things(IoT).However,implementation of largescale P2P spectrum sharing and energy trading confronts security and privacy challenges.In this paper,we exploit consortium blockchain and Directed Acyclic Graph(DAG)to propose a new secure and distributed spectrum sharing and energy trading framework in power IoT,named spectrum-energy chain,where a set of local aggregators(LAGs)cooperatively confirm the identity of the power devices by utilizing consortium blockchain,so as to form a main chain.Then,the local power devices verify spectrum and energy micro-transactions simultaneously but asynchronously to form local spectrum tangle and local energy tangle,respectively.Moreover,an iterative double auction based micro transactions scheme is designed to solve the spectrum and energy pricing and the amount of shared spectrum and energy among power devices.Security analysis and numerical results illustrate that the developed spectrum-energy chain and the designed iterative double auction based microtransactions scheme are secure and efficient for spectrum sharing and energy trading in power IoT.

An Energy Trading Method Based on Alliance Blockchain and Multi-Signature

Blockchain,known for its secure encrypted ledger,has garnered attention in financial and data transfer realms,including the field of energy trading.However,the decentralized nature and identity anonymity of user nodes raise uncertainties in energy transactions.The broadcast consensus authentication slows transaction speeds,and frequent single-point transactions in multi-node settings pose key exposure risks without protective measures during user signing.To address these,an alliance blockchain scheme is proposed,reducing the resource-intensive identity verification among nodes.It integrates multi-signature functionality to fortify user resources and transac-tion security.A novel multi-signature process within this framework involves neutral nodes established through central nodes.These neutral nodes participate in multi-signature’s signing and verification,ensuring user identity and transaction content privacy.Reducing interactions among user nodes enhances transaction efficiency by minimizing communication overhead during verification and consensus stages.Rigorous assessments on reliability and operational speed highlight superior security performance,resilient against conventional attack vectors.Simulation shows that compared to traditional solutions,this scheme has advantages in terms of running speed.In conclusion,the alliance blockchain framework introduces a novel approach to tackle blockchain’s limitations in energy transactions.The integrated multi-signature process,involving neutral nodes,significantly enhances security and privacy.The scheme’s efficiency,validated through analytical assessments and simulations,indicates robustness against security threats and improved transactional speeds.This research underscores the potential for improved security and efficiency in blockchain-enabled energy trading systems.

Exploring the complex structural evolution of global primary product trade network

The production and trade of primary products had a growing impact on the economic security of all countries and regions,and the strategic position of these products in the global trade network was becoming increasingly prominent.Based on complex network theory,this paper explored the spatial pattern and complex structural evolution of the global primary product trade network(GPPTN)during 1985-2015 by using index methods,such as centrality,Sankey diagram,and structure entropy,focusing on the diversified spatial structure of China’s import and export markets for primary products(with exceptions of Taiwan of China,Hong Kong of China,and Macao of China due to a lack of data)and their geographical implications for China’s energy security.The research offered the following key findings.The GPPTN showed an obvious spatial heterogeneity pattern,and the area of import consumption was more concentrated;however,the overall trend was decentralized.The trade center of gravity shifted eastwards and reflected the rise of emerging markets.The overall flow of the GPPTN was from west to east and from south to north.In terms of the community detection of the GPPTN,North America,Europe,and Asia increasingly presented an unbalanced“tripartite confrontation”.China’s exports of primary products were mainly concentrated in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations(ASEAN)and other peripheral regions of Asia,and its imports undergone a major transformation,gradually expanding from the peripheral regions of Asia to Africa,the Middle East,Latin America,and other parts of the world.Energy fuels also became the largest imported primary products.Based on the changing trend of structural entropy and main market share,the analysis showed that the stable supply of China’s energy diversification was gradually realized.In particular,the cooperation dividend proposed by the Belt and Road initiative became an important turning point and a strong support for the expansion of China’s energy market diversification pattern and guarantee of energy security.

An Empirical Study on the Relationship Between China's Maize Price and Maize Import and Export Trade

Based on the time series of China’s maize trade and domestic maize price,the article analyzes the relationship between domestic maize price and China’s maize international trade by using empirical methods.The results show that there is a connection between domestic maize prices and China's maize international trade,but the link is not very close.Domestic maize price is the cause of China’s maize international trade change,but its impact is very limited;China's maize international trade also can make some difference on the domestic maize price.Based on the results of research,the article brings three suggestion and expectation to adjust China’s maize international trade and the cost control reasonably in order to stabilize domestic maize price and maize yield,and to protect domestic grain security.

Maintain Good Momentum in Foreign Trade and Respond to Serious Challenges

On July 17,the China Center for International Economic Exchanges(CCIEE)held its 130th monthly economic forum.Chen Wenling,Chief Economist of CCIEE,Zhang Yongjun,Deputy Chief Economist of CCIEE and Hua Changchun,Chief Economist of Guotai Junan Securities,said that the Chinese economy has achieved positive growth in the first half of theyear and the momentum of recovery is good.The economic data shows that the supply side has recovered more quickly than the demand side.Experts carried out this analysis from many perspectives.

Local Trade Networks among Farmers and Traders

Both farmers and traders benefit from trade networking, which is crucial for the local economy. Therefore, it is crucial to understand how these networks operate, and how they can be managed more effectively. Throughout this study, we examine the economic networks formed between farmers and traders through the trade of food products. These networks are analyzed from the perspective of their structure and the factors that influence their development. Using data from 18 farmers and 15 traders, we applied exponential random graph models. The results of our study showed that connectivity, Popularity Spread, activity spread, good transportation systems, and high yields all affected the development of networks. Therefore, farmers’ productivity and high market demand can contribute to local food-crop trade. The network was not affected by reciprocity, open markets, proximity to locations, or trade experience of actors. Policy makers should consider these five factors when formulating policies for local food-crop trade. Additionally, local actors should be encouraged to use these factors to improve their network development. However, it is important to note that these factors alone cannot guarantee success. Policy makers and actors must also consider other factors such as legal frameworks, economic policies, and resource availability. Our approach can be used in future research to determine how traders and farmers can enhance productivity and profit in West Africa. This study addresses a research gap by examining factors influencing local food trade in a developing country.

Food Security in Nepal:An Overview from Policy Perspective

More than 20 countries including Nepal have the right to food enshrined in their constitutions.The article 36 of the constitution of Nepal-2015 broadly enlivens the essence of all the past,present and future policies of Nepal related to food security,food sovereignty,and food rights.The article and the essence of the constitution are in perfect synergy with the United Nations sustainable development goals-2015.Nepal’s policies on food,when implemented,are sufficient to guide the agricultural development to end hunger,achieve food security,improve nutrition,and promote sustainability.The challenge has been to learn a lesson from the past and focus on the implementation of the numerous guiding policies to achieve the goals of the constitution.

Research on Weighted Directed Dynamic Multiplexing Network of World Grain Trade Based on Improved MLP Framework

As the main food source for humans, the global movement of the three major grains significantly impacts human survival and development. To investigate the evolution of the world cereal trade network and its development trend, a weighted directed dynamic multiplexed network was established using historical data on cereal trade, cereal import dependency ratio, and arable land per capita. Inspired by the MLP framework, we redefined the weight determination method for computing layer weights and edge weights of the target layer, modified the CN, RA, AA, and PA indicators, and proposed the node similarity indicator for weighted directed networks. The AUC metric, which measures the accuracy of the algorithm, has also been improved in order to finally obtain the link prediction results for the grain trading network. The prediction results were processed, such as web-based presentation and community partition. It was found that the number of generalized trade agreements does not have a decisive impact on inter-country cereal trade. The former large grain exporters continue to play an important role in this trade network. In the future, the world trade in cereals will develop in the direction of more frequent intercontinental trade and gradually weaken the intracontinental cereal trade.

Changes of China's Position in the World Food Trade Network

"Ensuring stability in foreign trade"and"ensuring food security"are essential parts of China's"six priorities"and"stability in six areas".Based on the data of bilateral food trade between countries during 1996-2018,using descriptive statistical analysis and social network analysis methods,this paper analyzed the changes of China's trade position in the world food trade network.It reached the following results.(i)China's position in the trade network has undergone a phased process of"remarkable improvement-continuous fluctuation-significant decline-steady growth".(ii)Export participation is better than import participation,the gap between trade export strength and import strength is widening,and the effective scale and constraint index gradually improve.(iii)The change of China's position in the food trade network is affected by geographical,economic,institutional and cultural factors.In view of these findings,it is recommended to improve node centrality,enhance network participation,improve network interconnection,and prevent international market risks,so as to better deal with the complex international environment.

提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平新思路——基于中间品贸易的分析

产业链供应链韧性和安全水平与中间品的供给保障有关。在全球产品内分工条件下,中间品贸易对于提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平具有关键作用。近年来,美西方国家采取“断供”“断链”等手段,企图将中国排挤出高科技产业全球产业链供应链分工体系。由于一些科技含量较高的中间品缺乏可替代性或者可替代性相对较弱,美西方的“卡脖子”对我国产业链供应链安全产生严重影响。一方面,我们要加快实现高水平科技自立自强,尽快解决关键技术“卡脖子”问题,另一方面,通过高水平开放密切全球产业链供应链的合作关系,进一步提升“扎根”全球产品内分工的能力,并通过不断扩大中间品供给的来源空间,加快推动产业链供应链的多元化,持续提升产业链供应链的国内配套能力,以及深化开放层次,为提升我国产业链供应链韧性和安全水平提供制度保障。

全球生物柴油产业发展现状及其对我国植物油安全的影响

近年来,全球生物柴油产业快速发展,用于生产生物柴油的植物油消费量持续增加,对我国植物油供给稳定造成影响。对全球生物柴油整体发展情况、生物柴油产业发展影响因素、主要生产国生物柴油政策、生物柴油产业发展前景等进行研究,分析了全球生物柴油产业发展对我国植物油安全的影响,并提出相关建议。生物柴油产业发展改变了全球植物油消费结构、贸易流向,对我国油脂油料进口构成威胁,影响我国植物油供给安全。建议发展中国特色的生物柴油产业,提高我国油脂油料自给率,推动植物油多元化进口,确保我国植物油供给安全,同时呼吁生物柴油生产国优先保障食用消费,合理发展生物柴油。

农产品国际贸易新格局形成中的中国因素

与2000年相比,2021年农产品国际贸易的产品集中度和国别集中度双双下降,发展中经济体扮演了更重要的角色。实证研究表明:从2000年到2021年,中国是全球农产品国际贸易新格局形成的重要推动力量。中国对全球农产品国际贸易规模增量的贡献为9.45%,降低了可贸易农产品的产品集中度和地理集中度,重构了全球农产品国际贸易的地理方向,提高了发展中国家在农产品国际贸易中的地位。另外,中国践行“确保谷物基本自给、口粮绝对安全”的新粮食安全观,遏制了谷物进口的过快增长,从而对稳定谷物国际贸易格局、维护世界粮食安全发挥了重要作用。

基于可持续发展视角我国稀土资源贸易安全评价研究

稀土是支撑高端技术创新和新兴产业发展的关键矿产资源,已经成为大国资源竞争和国际地缘经济政治博弈的重要对象。全球稀土供应链重构进程加剧,如何评估我国稀土资源贸易安全,破解稀土贸易贫困化增长困境,促进稀土产业可持续发展,是当前亟须关注和解决的重要课题。本研究基于“压力—状态—响应”模型(Pressure-State-Response Model)构建稀土贸易安全评价指标体系,测算不同时期我国稀土资源的压力指数、状态指数、响应指数,揭示我国稀土贸易安全指数演变特征,进一步建立多元线性回归模型,识别我国稀土贸易安全的影响因素。研究发现:我国稀土资源贸易安全度在持续下降,亟需优化贸易结构,降低供应链风险;我国稀土资源贸易的驱动因素主要来源于市场需求牵引、资源禀赋优势以及产业有序供给;全球稀土产业分工格局、资源价值核算方法缺失,限制了我国稀土资源贸易可持续发展。在此基础上,提出通过健全稀土资源收储体系、建设再生稀土研发和回收网络等方式,保障战略性稀土资源供给安全;同时,整合稀土行业优势资源与优化稀土产业链及供应链,深度参与全球稀土供应链治理,为我国稀土资源开发利用与可持续发展提供决策依据。

基于电网线路传输安全的电力市场分布式交易模型研究

电力市场分布式交易模型可有效缓解传统集中模型下市场主体的隐私安全等问题,但难以在保障市场主体收益和电力系统安全稳定运行的同时,实现社会福利最大化.因此,基于电网线路传输安全,首先以社会福利最大化为目标,构建集中式交易模型,并采用拉格朗日乘子法和对偶定理,将其等价分解为各市场主体自身利益最大化的分布式交易模型.在此基础上,设计2种适用于不同情形的分布式交易方法及其求解算法,并构造电网安全成本影响市场主体的决策,从而保证电网线路传输安全.最后,基于算例分析,验证了2种交易方法的有效性.

自由化与壁垒:日本经贸规则的策略性调整

国家(经济体)的经贸规则既包括所签署的贸易协定,也包括与进出口贸易和投资相关的法律法规。日本以提高产业国际竞争力为前提开展自由贸易,并形成在国际贸易体系下,以利于产业生存与发展为前提,推动贸易投资自由化的贸易政策范式,为日本调整经贸规则提供了方向和目标。日本通过调整经贸规则,为实施战略性贸易政策提供制度保障和工具。日本政府一方面高举“自由贸易”旗帜开展巨型EPA/FTA战略,构建多重经济合作网络,为企业提供海外发展所需的制度基础和市场环境;另一方面以“国家安全”为名修改《外汇法》、制定《经济安全保障推进法》,强化货物、服务、技术的进出口和投资规制,为实施贸易保护提供政策工具,形成新壁垒。这一策略性组合是在新约束条件下实施战略性贸易政策的新表现和采用的新工具。