Integrated On-line Instrumentation System of Magnetic Properties Measurement

A portable microcomputer-controlled inspection system has been developed for detection of magnetic properties of soft magnetic materials. It incorporates custom designed software for control of the magnetic field during operation such as demagnetization, field sweeping, and for data logging and analysis. Results are recorded using a 12-bit analog to digital converter and are then stored on disk. The magnetic hysteresis loop and Barkhausen noise data can be converted into important magnetic parameters: coecivity, remanence, and hysteresis loss, Barkhausen amplitude, and Barkhausen noise energy. This system incorporated with the magnetostriction, and magnetoacoustic emission, is then related with the nondestructive detection of material degradation.

On-Line Measurement of the Chemical Oxygen Demand in Wastewater in a Pulp and Paper Mill Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Although near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been evaluated for numerous applications, the number of actual on-line or even on-site industrial applications seems to be very limited. In the present paper, the attempts to produce online predictions of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) in wastewater from a pulp and paper mill using NIR spectroscopy are described. The task was perceived as very challenging, but with a root mean square error of prediction of 149 mg/l, roughly corresponding to 1/10 of the studied concentration interval, this attempt was deemed as successful. This result was obtained by using partial least squares model regression, interpolated reference values for calibration purposes, and by evenly distributing the calibration data in the concentration space. This work may also represent the first industrial application of online COD measurements in wastewater using NIR spectroscopy.

A METHOD OF ON-LINE MEASUREMENT FOR THE FREQUENCY RESPONSE AND IMPULSE RESPONSE FUNCTIONS OF MULTIVARIATE SYSTEM

In this paper,a method of multipoint pseudorandom combined excita-tion with the orthogonal reciprocal repeated sequences(ORRS)is presented on thebackground of the on-line identification of multivariate system.The capacity of therestraint to the identification error caused by the non-random D.C.drift of the mul-ti-input excitation with the ORRS in the multivariate system is also discussed.Thevalidity of the method described in this paper is proved by the modelling tests of themulti-plate rotor system.

On-line Temperature Rise Measurement of Submersible Motors

A new approach to the on-line temperature rise measurement of submersible pump's motors is presented. A new method of power supply and signed transmission for the measurement device in the pump well is also put forward here. The design and some experimental results are given.

Improving IAC Algorithm Based on Range Rate Measurement

Aim Interactive multiple model(IMM) algorithm was introduced into two? stage estimation to improve the estimating accuracy for system position and velocity.Methods The state estimation was carried out in mixed coordinates according to the nonlinear measure equation, a generalized interactive acceleration compensation(IAC) algorithm in mixed coordinate was presented. Results Simulation result shows the estimation accuracy is improved through changing measure equation in polar coordinates. Conclusion The estimation accuracy for position and velocity estimation, has been improved greatly, and the proposed algorithm has the advantage of less calculating time comparing with other multiple model methods.

Crustal strain rates of southeastern Tibetan Plateau derived from GPS measurements and implications to lithospheric deformation of the Shan-Thai terrane

The link between the crustal deformation and mantle kinematics in the Tibetan Plateau has been well known thanks to dense GPS measurements and the relatively detailed anisotropy structure of the lithospheric mantle.However, whether the crust deforms coherently with the upper mantle in the Shan-Thai terrane(also known as the Shan-Thai block) remains unclear.In this study, we investigate the deformation patterns through strain rate tensors in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau derived from the latest GPS measurements and find that in the Shan-Thai terrane the upper crust may be coupled with the lower crust and the upper mantle.The GPS-derived strain rate tensors are in agreement with the slipping patterns and rates of major strike-slip faults in the region.The most prominent shear zone, whose shear strain rates are larger than 100×10^(–9) a^(–1), is about 1000-km-long in the west, trending northward along Sagaing fault to the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis in the north, with maximum rate of compressive strain up to –240×10^(–9) a^(–1).A secondary shear zone along the Anninghe-Xiaojiang Fault in the east shows segmented shear zones near several conjunctions.While the strain rate along RRF is relatively low due to the low slip rate and low seismicity there, in Lijiang and Tengchong several local shear zones are present under an extensional dominated stress regime that is related to normal faulting earthquakes and volcanism, respectively.Furthermore, by comparing GPS-derived strain rate tensors with earthquake focal mechanisms, we find that 75.8%(100 out of 132) of the earthquake T-axes are consistent with the GPS-derived strain rates.Moreover, we find that the Fast Velocity Direction(FVDs) at three depths beneath the Shan-Thai terrane are consistent with extensional strain rate with gradually increasing angular differences, which are likely resulting from the basal shear forces induced by asthenospheric flow associated with the oblique subduction of the India plate beneath the Shan-Thai terrane.Therefore, in this region the upper crust deformation may be coherent with that of the lower crust and the lithospheric mantle.

Field Measurements of Influence of Sand Transport Rate on Structure of Wind-sand Flow over Coastal Transverse Ridge

The structure of wind-sand flow under different total sand transport rates was measured with field vertical anemometer and sand trap on the crest of typical coastal transverse ridge in Changli Gold Coast of Hebei Province, which is one of the most typical coastal aeolian distribution regions in China and famous for the tall and typical coastal transverse ridges. The measurement results show that, on the conditions of approximate wind velocities and same surface materials and environments, some changes happen to the structure of wind-sand flow with the increase of total sand transport rate on the crest of coastal transverse ridge. First, the sand transport rates of layers at different heights in the wind-sand flow increase, with the maximum increase at the height layer of 4-8cm. Second, the ratios of sand trans-port rates of layers at different heights to total sand transport rate decrease at the low height layer (0-4cm), but increase at the high height layer (4-60cm). Third, the distribution of the sand transport rate in the wind-sand flow can be expressed by an exponential function at the height layer of 0-40cm, but it changes from power function model to ex-ponential function model in the whole height layer (0-60cm) and changes into polynomial function model at the height layer of 40-60cm with the increase of total sand transport rate. Those changes have a close relationship with the limit of sand grain size of wind flow transporting and composition of sand grain size in the wind-sand flow.

A Study on Comprehensive Modeling for Errors in on-line Measuring System of Machining Center

Based on the theory of multi-body system (MBS), bine’s and huston’s methods are applied to an on-line measuring system of machining center in this paper. Through the study on modeling technique, the comprehensive model for errors calculation in an on-line measuring System of machining center have been built for the first time. Using this model, the errors can be compensated by soft.ware and the measuring accuracy can be enhanced without any more inveSt. This model can be used in all kinds of machining center.

Partial phase flow rate measurements for stratified oil-water flow in horizontal wells

To accurately measure and evaluate the oil-water production profile of horizontal wells, a dynamic measurement experiment of oil-water two-phase flow in horizontal wells and numerical simulation were combined to establish a method for measuring the partial phase flow rate of oil-water two-phase stratified flow in horizontal wells. An experimental work was performed in horizontal oil-water two-phase flow simulation well using combination production logging tool including mini-capacitance sensor and mini-spinner. The combination tool provides a recording of holdup and velocity profiles at five different heights of the borehole cross-section. The effect of total flow rate and water-cut on the response of spinner and capacitive sensor at five measured positions were investigated. The capacitance water holdup interpolation imaging algorithm was used to determine the local fluid property and oil-water interface height, and the measured local fluid speed was combined with the numerical simulation result to establish an optimal calculation model for obtaining the partial phase flow rate of the oil-water two-phase stratified flow in the horizontal well. The calculated flow rates of five measured points are basically consistent with the experimental data, the total flow rate and water holdup from calculation are in agreement with the set values in the experiment too, suggesting that the method has high accuracy.

Development of an automatic measurement system using atmospheric pressure photoionization ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry and application for on-line analysis of particulate matter

On-line chemical characterization of atmospheric particulate matter(PM)with soft ionization technique and ultrahigh-resolution Mass Spectrometry(UHRMS)provides molecular information of organic constituents in real time.Here we describe the development and application of an automatic measurement system that incorporates PM_(2.5)sampling,thermal desorption,atmospheric pressure photoionization,and UHRMS analysis.Molecular formulas of detected organic compounds were deducted from the accurate(±10 ppm)molecular weights obtained at a mass resolution of 100,000,allowing the identification of small organic compounds in PM_(2.5).Detection efficiencies of 28 standard compounds were determined and we found a high sensitivity and selectivity towards organic amines with limits of detection below 10 pg.As a proof of principle,PM_(2.5)samples collected off-line in winter in the urban area of Beijing were analyzed using the Ionization Module and HRMS of the system.The automatic system was then applied to conduct on-line measurements during the summer time at a time resolution of 2 hr.The detected organic compounds comprised mainly CHON and CHN compounds below 350 m/z.Pronounced seasonal variations in elemental composition were observed with shorter carbon backbones and higher O/C ratios in summer than that in winter.This result is consistent with stronger photochemical reactions and thus a higher oxidation state of organics in summer.Diurnal variation in signal intensity of each formula provides crucial information to reveal its source and formation pathway.In summary,the automatic measurement system serves as an important tool for the on-line characterization and identification of organic species in PM_(2.5).

A New Method for Measurement of Helium Mass Flow Rate in the Cryogenic System of TORE SUPRA

The TORE SUPRA Tokamak was built by EURATOM-CEA association. The NbTi conductor of superconducting coils is inserted in a tight enclosure filled with pressurized superfluid helium of 0.125 MPa at 1.8 K. The thick casing is cooled to 4.5 K by 1.8 MPa in 4.5 K supercritical helium circulation. Around this thick casing, a 80 K thermal shield protects the parts at very low temperatures from the thermal radiation, which is cooled by pressurized helium at 80 K and 1.8 MPa. A new measurement method for helium mass flow rate of 80 K shield and 4.5 K casing is described in this paper. The commissioning was done on the two helium loops of the cryoplant: the supercritical 4.5 K thick casing and 80 K shields. The purpose is to improve control of the 4.5 K and 80 K refrigeration loops.

Instantaneous Creep in Face-centered Cubic Metals at Ultra- low Strain Rates by a High-resolution Strain Measurement

Instantaneous creep in face-centered cubic metals, 5N Al（99.999%）, 2N Al （99%） and 4N Cu （99.99%） with different grain sizes, was firstly investigated by sudden stress-change experiments at ultra- low strain rates ε ≤10-10 s-1 and temperature T 〈 0.32 Tn. The experimental results indicate that the observed instantaneous creep is strongly dependent on grain size, the concentration of impurity, and stacking fault energy. Creep in high-purity aluminum, 5N Al, with a very large grain size, d 〉 1600μm, shows non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery of dislocations in the boundary of dislocation cells. On the other hand, for 5N A1 with a small grain size, d=30μm, and low-purity aluminum, 2N A1, with d8= 25μm, creep shows viscous behavior and may be related to ＇low temperature grain boundary sliding＇. For high-purity copper, 4N Cu, with d= 40 grn and lower stacking fault energy, creep shows a non-viscous behavior, and is controlled by the recovery process of dislocations. For all of the samples, creep shows anelastic behavior.

Effective Solution Algorithm for Tomographic Inversion of Volume Emission Rate from Satellite-based Limb Measurement

The volume emission rate (VER) of airglow can be used to investigate atmospheric processes. Satellite-based limb measurement of atmosphere is able to obtain the VER profile of airglow with high vertical resolution. However, the traditional one-dimensional retrieval techniques for VER inversion fail to retrieve horizontal structure of VER profile. Thus, the tomographic technique based on the maximum probability is applied to retrieving two-dimensional VER profile of airglow from infrared limb measurement. This technique could process the observed data with low signal-to-noise ratio caused by the observation angle of less than 180° due to the solid nature of the Earth. For saving the processing time and improving the computing speed of VER inversion, serial tables for storing the large sparse matrix for radiance simulation and a large dataset during iterative estimate of VER are presented. The index and weighting factor of line of sight (LOS) through each grid are saved in initial estimate to avoid being computed repeatedly. Furthermore, the product of observed radiance and corresponding weighting factor obtained in initial iteration is stored as weighted observed radiance for the iterative calculation subsequently. Based on the improved algorithm, the VER of airglow is inversed through the tomographic technique. The full width of half maximum (FWHM) of error is 1.78% and the offset of the peak percentage error is 0.22% after 40 iterations for final VER. Comparison of assumed and retrieved VER profiles suggests that VER can be retrieved with a bias of 15% between 10 km and 90 km above the LayerMin (6384 km from the Earth center), and with a bias of 8% for altitude from 30 km to 60 km with vertical resolution of 1 km after 40 iterations. After improvements, the computation speed of VER inversion for once can be improved by 29.6 times for 700 images of 1/3 orbit, and accordingly, the processing time will be reduced from 3 hours and 11 minutes to only 6 minutes. In conclusion, the improvements to tomographic inversion of VER of airglow proposed in this paper are effective and significant.

PENETRATION RATE MEASUREMENT AND ITS INSTRUMENT DESIGN

The practical method for precise penetration rate measurement in a short time and the instrument design have been specially discussed in this paper.Considering the defects of the penetration rate meters available,via the balanced design in consideration of service life,costs,accuracy and reliability,a kind of penetration rate meter has been put forward.The meter consists of a magnetic clutch,a gear box and a raster disk system to pick up the signal.The meter has the following advantages-it might measure a low speed with higher accura-cy,it could disengage automatically without being divorced from the driving device during tripping rods at high speed,it has a circuit of rotary direction discrimination and of repeated counting prevention so as to eU-minate error caused by rod vibration.

Analysis and Application of the Synthetic Relative Measuring Method in On-Line Monitoring for Capacitive Equipment in Power Systems

On-line measurement for dielectric loss angle can effectively monitor the insulation condition of capacitive equipment in power systems. Synthetic relative measuring methods not only markedly overcome the shortcomings of traditional absolute measuring methods but also greatly improve the accuracy of dielectric loss angle measurement. However, synthetic relative measuring methods based on two or three pieces of capacitive equipment do not have the characteristic of generality. In this paper, a principle of synthetic relative measuring method is presented. The example of application for synthetic relative methods based on three and four pieces of capacitive equipment running in the same phase is taken to present the failure judgment matrices for N pieces of equipment. According to these matrices, the fault condition of N pieces of capacitive equipment can be watched, which is more general. Then some problems needing to be concerned along with two diagnostic methods used in diagnostic system are introduced. Finally, two programmable flow charts for the two methods are given and corresponding examples demonstrate their feasibility in practice.

RATE MEASUREMENTS OF THERMOLYSIS OF O,O-DIETHYL-S-TRIFLUOROMETHYLTHIOLOPHOSPHATE BY ^(31)p-NMR

The thermolysis of (EtO)_2P(O)SCF_3 was measured by ^(31)P-NMR with external standard method. Kinetic parameters of the reaction, i.e., order, rate constant, pre-exponential, activation energy were obtained. For constant external-standard method, It is better to choose the value of ^(31)P peak area of standard substance slightly greater than the middle value of the area of the measured compounds.

Gamma Dose Rate Measurements in Kuwait Using a Car-Borne GPS Integrated Dosimetric System

A mobile system comprising of a Geiger-Muller (GM) dosimeter connected with a smart phone was used for ambient gamma dose rate survey within the districts and on the roads within the state of Kuwait. While the dosimeter provides data on gamma dose rates, the smart phone provides the GPS navigation information and saves the data for subsequent analysis and mapping. The survey covered a total distance of about 2300 km within the country and 3117 data points were recorded to show the dose rate distribution on the map of Kuwait. The results show that the ambient dose rates in Kuwait range from 40 to 180 nSv.h-1 with a mean value of 103 nSv.h-1. The dosimetric system described has good potential as a tool for determining baseline background radiation dose rates in an area.

Experimental Measurements of Neutron Yields and Neutron Emission Rates in Intermediate Energy Heavy， Ion Reactions

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Measurement of Heating Rates in a Microscopic Surface-Electrode Ion Trap

We report measurement of heating rates of 40 Ca＋ ions confined in our home-made microscopic surface-electrode trap by a Doppler recooling method. The ions are trapped with approximately 800 μm above the surface, and are subjected to heating due to various noises in the trap. There are 3-5 ions involved to measure the heating rates precisely and efficiently. We show the heating rates in variance with the number and the position of the ions as well as the radio-frequency power, which are helpful for understanding the trap imperfection.

The Comparison of Measurement Methods for Air-Kerma Rate in Narrow-Spectrum Series

The air-kerma is one of the most important physical quantities in ionizing radiation dosimetry. The measurement of airkerma rate in narrow-spectrum series is the basis to determine the radiation dose at protection level. In this article, the absolute measurement method is used to derive the standard air-kerma rate of the ISO 4037 narrow-spectrum series that ranges from 60 kV to 150 kV by a primary standard ionization chamber,it is used in direct comparison for air kerma. The indirect method is used to obtain the air-kerma rate by a secondary standard transfer ionization chamber named A5 chamber with calibration factors of the corresponding reference qualities. The results are very similar comparing between absolute and indirect methods for air-kerma rate, all the differences are within ±3.3%.