On-orbit Geometric Calibration and Preliminary Accuracy Evaluation of GF-14 Satellite

GF-14 satellite is a new generation of sub-meter stereo surveying and mapping satellite in China,carrying dual-line array stereo mapping cameras to achieve 1∶10000 scale topographic mapping without Ground Control Points(GCPs).In fact,space-based high-precision mapping without GCPs is a challenging task that depends on the close cooperation of several payloads and links,of which on-orbit geometric calibration is one of the most critical links.In this paper,the on-orbit geometric calibration of the dual-line array cameras of GF-14 satellite was performed using the control points collected in the high-precision digital calibration field,and the calibration parameters of the dual-line array cameras were solved as a whole by alternate iterations of forward and backward intersection.On this basis,the location accuracy of the stereo images using the calibration parameters was preliminarily evaluated by using several test fields around the world.The evaluation result shows that the direct forward intersection accuracy of GF-14 satellite images without GCPs after on-orbit geometric calibration reaches 2.34 meters(RMS)in plane and 1.97 meters(RMS)in elevation.

GYRO BIAS ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION FOR MICRO SATELLITES

According to gyro application in micro-satellites, a new gyro bias real-time on-orbit calibration technology is presented and it is independent of any other sensors. The approach relies on gyro on-orbit measurements restricted by satellite attitude dynamics and estimates the gyro bias generated when the gyro is electrified. Observability of the calibration model is analyzed and applicable conditions of the technology are derived. Simulation results indicate that the calibration algorithm is accurate and robust at gyro sampling rate, and its convergence speed is fast. Within the given attitude dynamics model error, the convergence time is less than 100 s and the convergence accuracy is about 1.0 （°）/h. Calibration performance can meet requirements of spacecraft operations.

GF-5 VIMI On-Orbit Calibration Instrument and Performance

The Visible and Infrared Multispectral Imager (VIMI) is one of the main payloads of the GF-5 satellite. It has 12 spectral bands covering the wavelength from visible light to thermal infrared. The imager designed life is 8 years. In order to monitor and correct the radiometric performance of the imager for a long time and meet the user’s demand for the quantitative remote sensing application, the expandable diffuser used for calibration in full FOV and full optical path method is designed. The solar diffuser is installed on the front side of the optical system and does not affect the normal imaging of VIMI. When VIMI need calibration, the diffuser is expand to the front of optical system via the driving mechanism. According to the characteristics of the GF-5 satellite orbit, the requirement of the calibration energy and the installation matrix of the imager relative to the satellite, the expansion angle of the diffuser is 39 degrees. The 430 mm × 430 mm large-size PTEE diffuser is manufactured to ensure full FOV and full optical path calibration. The diffuser’s directional hemispherical reflectance is higher than 95% from 420 nm to 2400 nm and variation of BRDF in the direction of imager observation is better than 2.5%. The diffuser stability monitoring radiometer is designed to monitor the on-orbit attenuation performance of the diffuser. Results of ground simulation experiments and preliminary on-board calibration experiments were introduced.

On-orbit Geometric Calibration of Linear Push-broom Optical Satellite Based on Sparse GCPs

The paper presents a geometric calibration method based on the sparse ground control points (GCPs), aiming to the linear push-broom optical satellite. This method can achieve the optimal estimate of internal and external parameters with two overlapped image pair along the charge-coupled device (CCD), and sparse GCPs in the image region, further get rid of the dependence on the expensive calibration site data. With the calibrated parameters, the line of sight (LOS) of all CCD detectors can be recovered. This paper firstly establishes the rigorous imaging model of linear push-broom optical satellite based on its imaging mechanism. And then the calibration model is constructed by improving the internal sensor model with a viewing-angle model after an analysis on systematic errors existing in the imaging model is performed. A step-wise solution is applied aiming to the optimal estimate of external and internal parameters. At last, we conduct a set of experiments on the ZY-3 NAD camera and verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the presented method by comparison.

Calibration chain design based on integrating sphere transfer radiometer for SI-traceable on-orbit spectral radiometric calibration and its uncertainty analysis

In order to satisfy the requirement of SI-traceable on-orbit absolute radiation calibration transfer with high accuracy for satellite remote sensors,a transfer chain consisting of a fiber coupling monochromator（FBM） and an integrating sphere transfer radiometer（ISTR） was designed in this paper.Depending on the Sun,this chain based on detectors provides precise spectral radiometric calibration and measurement to spectrometers in the reflective solar band（RSB） covering 300–2500 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 0.5–6 nm.It shortens the traditional chain based on lamp source and reduces the calibration uncertainty from 5% to 0.5% by using the cryogenic radiometer in space as a radiometric benchmark and trap detectors as secondary standard.This paper also gives a detailed uncertainty budget with reasonable distribution of each impact factor,including the weak spectral signal measurement with uncertainty of 0.28%.According to the peculiar design and comprehensive uncertainty analysis,it illustrates that the spectral radiance measurement uncertainty of the ISTR system can reach to 0.48%.The result satisfies the requirements of SI-traceable on-orbit calibration and has wider significance for expanding the application of the remote sensing data with high-quality.

Research on Calibration Transfer across Infrared Spectrometric Instruments for Fast Evaluation of Crude Oils

The spectral analysis method is suitable for the process control and the process analysis such as the fast evaluation of crude oils. In this study, model transfer between the same type of spectrometer and different type of spectrometers was discussed respectively, and the results have shown that the transfer of calibration model can satisfy the demand of rapid analysis.

Calibration Method of Magnetometer Based on BP Neural Network

Due to the influence of processing technology and environmental factors, there are errors in attitude measurement with the three-axis magnetometer, and the change of parameters during the operation of the magnetometer in orbit will have a great impact on the measurement accuracy. This paper studies the calibration method of magnetometer based on BP neural network, which reduces the influence of model error on calibration accuracy. Firstly, the error model of the magnetometer and the structural characteristics of the BP neural network are analyzed. Secondly, the number of hidden layers and hidden nodes is optimized. To avoid the problem of slow convergence and low accuracy of basic BP algorithm, this paper uses the Levenberg Marquardt backpropagation training method to improve the training speed and prediction accuracy and realizes the on-orbit calibration of magnetometer through online training of the neural network. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the neural network designed in this paper can effectively reduce the measurement error of magnetometer, while the online training can effectively reduce the error caused by the change of magnetometer parameters, and reduce the measurement error of magnetometer to less than 10 nT.

基于历史数据的HJ-1B/IRS热红外通道定标与分析

为获取2013年HJ-1B/IRS热红外通道（B08）绝对辐射定标系数,以TERRA/MODIS为参考传感器,以青海湖为研究区域,采用双通道差分模型进行交叉定标。对比分析不同观测角度、成像时差对定标精度的影响,结果表明,参考传感器观测角度30°以内、成像时差1 h左右交叉定标条件最佳,且回归拟合的定标系数精度最高。通过采用2013年10月26日宁德附近海域星地同步实验数据进行精度验证,结果表明,此定标系数得到的表观辐亮度误差在0.02 Wm-2μm-1sr-1以内,表观亮温误差在0.15℃以内。同时,通过与历年辐射定标系数（2008-2012年）进行对比,所得定标系数精度分别提高98.50%、98.24%、90.21%、20.87%和98.31%。总之,此文定标系数精度较高、结果可靠,可应用于IRS B08通道。

超高压下聚苯胺导电性及FT-IR的就位研究

采用金刚石压贴超高压装置对聚苯胺进行超高压处理，并在超高压下进行聚苯胺的电阻和红外光谱的就位测定。发现聚苯胺的电阻随压力的增加而减小，但压力超过３．６ＧＰａ后又急剧增大。ＦＴ－ＩＲ测定的结果表明。

依据IR和GC数据利用PLS建模预测粗苯原料中多组分的含量

基于粗苯原料中有效组分不能快速检测的现状,利用化学计量学和偏最小二乘法原理,进行了粗苯中苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯含量预测的研究。依据粗苯的红外光谱和气相色谱数据,采用交互验证方法,选取合适的维数、波段及图谱处理方式,建立了数学模型。校正集中苯、甲苯、邻二甲苯、间二甲苯、对二甲苯的相关系数分别为0.950 2,0.969 8,0.952 9,0.970 6和0.970 5,预测均方根误差分别为1.50,0.391,0.060 7,0.086和0.029 8。预测精度能满足企业要求,检测时间从0.5h降到了几分钟。

IR-TRACC传感器位移计算及标定方法

IR-TRACC传感器主要用于World SID假人各部位压缩偏移量的数据采集,而假人内部IR-TRACC传感器位移换算方法使用存在偏差,传感器灵敏度标定系数拟合度不高,且没有特定的IR-TRACC传感器标定设备,造成传感器标定灵敏度系数偏差较大。为解决上述问题,对IR-TRACC传感器位移计算及标定方法进行了研究,利用几何法得到了传感器位移换算公式,设计了一种实用简便且精度较高的传感器标定台,并运用最小二乘法拟合及单变量求解得到了传感器灵敏度标定系数的最优解。标定结果表明,经上述方法及算法标定得到的传感器灵敏度标定系数,曲线拟合的最大非线性误差较小。

一种简便的民机IRS托架自标定方法

为提高机载惯性基准系统托架安装误差的标定效率，降低过程复杂度，提出了一种简便的托架自标定方法。对托架标定的原理、总体架构及标定流程进行了设计，并在此基础上给出了机体航向测量误差的评估算法。仿真及实际验证结果表明，本方法简单有效，可在具备同类惯性基准系统架构的各类飞机中推广。

2D IR-TRACC传感器校准研究

碰撞假人用位移传感器用来测量碰撞过程中假人膝部、胸部等部位产生的位移量,以此判断碰撞对人体的伤害程度,本文详述了2D IR-TRACC传感器线位移灵敏度、横向位移量、旋转电位计灵敏度的校准方法,运用最小二乘法拟合及单变量求解得到了传感器灵敏度的最优解,并评定了2D IR-TRACC传感器线位移测量结果的测量不确定度,验证了本校准方法的有效性,满足溯源需求。

ASTAR IR-200红外三波数测油仪自校方法

针对ASTAR IR-200红外三波数测油仪,提出仪器的自校方法。

一种光学载荷在轨杂散光效应全链路自动仿真方法

针对极轨气象卫星FY-3C载荷可见光扫描辐射计(VIRR)在轨红外定标时存在温度反演不一致的现象展开分析,提出了一种全链路自动化仿真分析方法,将仪器结构与卫星轨道参数和卫星平台环境相结合,通过对光机模型的高精度光线追迹来得到杂散光影响的定量化结果。仿真模拟了在轨红外定标和太阳光入射两种情况,确定了太阳杂散光的入射路径,解释了温度反演不一致的原因。将仿真结果与卫星在轨数据进行比对,验证了仿真方法的有效性。该方法可用于同类型载荷的在轨杂散光分析仿真工作,同时也为历史数据的再定标修正提供参考。

A review of structures,verification,and calibration technologies of space robotic systems for on-orbit servicing

Recently,with the rapid development of aerospace technology,an increasing number of spacecraft is being launched into space.Additionally,the demands for on-orbit servicing(OOS)missions are rapidly increasing.Space robotics is one of the most promising approaches for various OOS missions;thus,research on space robotics technologies for OOS has attracted increased attention from space agencies and universities worldwide.In this paper,we review the structures,ground verification,and onorbit kinematics calibration technologies of space robotic systems for OOS.First,we systematically summarize the development of space robotic systems and OOS programs based on space robotics.Then,according to the structures and applications,these systems are divided into three categories:large space manipulators,humanoid space robots,and small space manipulators.According to the capture mechanisms adopted,the end-effectors are systematically analyzed.Furthermore,the ground verification facilities used to simulate a microgravity environment are summarized and compared.Additionally,the on-orbit kinematics calibration technologies are discussed and analyzed compared with the kinematics calibration technologies of industrial manipulators with regard to four aspects.Finally,the development trends of the structures,verification,and calibration technologies are discussed to extend this review work.

中巴地球资源一号卫星红外多光谱扫描仪交叉定标方法研究

建立CBERS 1上搭载的红外多光谱扫描仪 (IRMSS)与FY 1C通道 4及Landsat 7上ETM +波段 6多星星载热红外遥感仪器交叉定标的算法模型 ,利用美国Landsat 7上搭载的ETM +红外通道 6和FY 1C通道 4分别对IRMSS热红外通道进行交叉定标 ,得到二组定标结果 .相同地标点对比分析结果表明 ,二个定标结果得到的目标点亮度温度相对偏差为 1.2K ;IRMSS交叉定标结果与Landsat 7ETM +热红外通道在轨定标结果独立样本对比分析结果 ,均方根偏差为 1.6K .

红外观察仪图像畸变的校正

通过对红外观察仪成像失真原因的分析 ,建立了一个非线性畸变校正的数学模型 ,该模型适用存在径向非线性失真的成像系统 ,并基于该模型对红外观察仪输出的图像进行了畸变校正 ,给出了实验结果 ,经过校正后的图像检测点的最大定位误差在 1个像素以内。方案还具有可扩充性和可移植性。

傅里叶变换红外光谱仪探测器仪器响应函数研究

由于傅里叶变换红外光谱仪探测器在各个波段的仪器响应不相同,在应用过程中无论是利用光谱的绝对强度还是相对强度,都需要应用标准黑体对仪器进行定标,找出仪器响应函数。该文对加拿大BO-MAN公司MR154型傅里叶变换红外光谱议配带的两个红外探测器(锑化铟InSb、碲镉汞MCT)的仪器响应函数进行了研究,并找出了它们随黑体温度(辐射亮度)的变化规律。该规律对傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的定标和保证所测辐射谱的正确性有重要意义。

红外图像序列中不均匀背景消除新方法

从红外相机自身特性和使用角度两方面对靶场红外图像序列中不均匀(花纹)背景产生的原因进行了剖析,分析了传统红外图像非均匀校正算法在处理靶场序列红外图像上的优缺点,提出在目标跟踪过程中随着场景变化,基于实时线性标定的非线性红外图像的校正的新方法,克服了传统方法的弊端,实时确定了校正增益系数和校正因子,消除了序列红外图像中不均匀背景。通过对含有弱小目标的靶场实际序列红外图像进行仿真验证表明,新方法去除了图像固定图案噪声,消除了探测器坏元的影响,输出了理想的序列红外图像。