Simulation of gamma minitype reference radiation for calibration of personal dosimeter

An investigation using Monte Carlo simulation on a minitype reference radiation(MRR) for the calibration of gamma personal dosimeters is reported. The distributions of dose rate and scattering gamma spectrum are the main simulation objects with the variable physical structures of MRR and the dosimeters as parameters that are to be calibrated. Further, the influences on the reference radiation caused by these parameters are analyzed in detail.This work provides a theoretical basis for better understanding of MRR used for calibration of gamma personal dosimeters. This analysis can help in the development of a calibration technology for such tools based on MRR.

Radiation Cross Calibration Based on GF-1 Side Swing Angle

Radiation cross-calibration is an effective method to check and verify theaccuracy and stability of sensor measurements. Satellites with high radiation accuracy areused to calibrate satellites with low radiation accuracy. In order to ensure the reliability ofthe radiation cross-calibration method, we propose to obtain the gain and offset of theGaoFen-1 satellite by linear regression after the radiation cross-calibration of the satellitewith low precision and compare with the official coefficient. Finally, we get therelationship between the error in radiation cross-calibration results and side swing angle.The linear correction coefficients of each band are: 0.618, 0.625, 0.512 and 0.474. Theresults show that after the method is corrected by the linear correction coefficient, theerror caused by the side swing angle during the cross-calibration of the orbital radiation isreduced. The accuracy of radiation cross-calibration is improved, the frequency ofcalibration is improved and the requirements of remote sensing applications in the newera are adapted.

GYRO BIAS ON-ORBIT CALIBRATION FOR MICRO SATELLITES

According to gyro application in micro-satellites, a new gyro bias real-time on-orbit calibration technology is presented and it is independent of any other sensors. The approach relies on gyro on-orbit measurements restricted by satellite attitude dynamics and estimates the gyro bias generated when the gyro is electrified. Observability of the calibration model is analyzed and applicable conditions of the technology are derived. Simulation results indicate that the calibration algorithm is accurate and robust at gyro sampling rate, and its convergence speed is fast. Within the given attitude dynamics model error, the convergence time is less than 100 s and the convergence accuracy is about 1.0 （°）/h. Calibration performance can meet requirements of spacecraft operations.

GF-5 VIMI On-Orbit Calibration Instrument and Performance

The Visible and Infrared Multispectral Imager (VIMI) is one of the main payloads of the GF-5 satellite. It has 12 spectral bands covering the wavelength from visible light to thermal infrared. The imager designed life is 8 years. In order to monitor and correct the radiometric performance of the imager for a long time and meet the user’s demand for the quantitative remote sensing application, the expandable diffuser used for calibration in full FOV and full optical path method is designed. The solar diffuser is installed on the front side of the optical system and does not affect the normal imaging of VIMI. When VIMI need calibration, the diffuser is expand to the front of optical system via the driving mechanism. According to the characteristics of the GF-5 satellite orbit, the requirement of the calibration energy and the installation matrix of the imager relative to the satellite, the expansion angle of the diffuser is 39 degrees. The 430 mm × 430 mm large-size PTEE diffuser is manufactured to ensure full FOV and full optical path calibration. The diffuser’s directional hemispherical reflectance is higher than 95% from 420 nm to 2400 nm and variation of BRDF in the direction of imager observation is better than 2.5%. The diffuser stability monitoring radiometer is designed to monitor the on-orbit attenuation performance of the diffuser. Results of ground simulation experiments and preliminary on-board calibration experiments were introduced.

On-orbit Geometric Calibration of Linear Push-broom Optical Satellite Based on Sparse GCPs

The paper presents a geometric calibration method based on the sparse ground control points (GCPs), aiming to the linear push-broom optical satellite. This method can achieve the optimal estimate of internal and external parameters with two overlapped image pair along the charge-coupled device (CCD), and sparse GCPs in the image region, further get rid of the dependence on the expensive calibration site data. With the calibrated parameters, the line of sight (LOS) of all CCD detectors can be recovered. This paper firstly establishes the rigorous imaging model of linear push-broom optical satellite based on its imaging mechanism. And then the calibration model is constructed by improving the internal sensor model with a viewing-angle model after an analysis on systematic errors existing in the imaging model is performed. A step-wise solution is applied aiming to the optimal estimate of external and internal parameters. At last, we conduct a set of experiments on the ZY-3 NAD camera and verify the accuracy and effectiveness of the presented method by comparison.

Calibration chain design based on integrating sphere transfer radiometer for SI-traceable on-orbit spectral radiometric calibration and its uncertainty analysis

In order to satisfy the requirement of SI-traceable on-orbit absolute radiation calibration transfer with high accuracy for satellite remote sensors,a transfer chain consisting of a fiber coupling monochromator（FBM） and an integrating sphere transfer radiometer（ISTR） was designed in this paper.Depending on the Sun,this chain based on detectors provides precise spectral radiometric calibration and measurement to spectrometers in the reflective solar band（RSB） covering 300–2500 nm with a spectral bandwidth of 0.5–6 nm.It shortens the traditional chain based on lamp source and reduces the calibration uncertainty from 5% to 0.5% by using the cryogenic radiometer in space as a radiometric benchmark and trap detectors as secondary standard.This paper also gives a detailed uncertainty budget with reasonable distribution of each impact factor,including the weak spectral signal measurement with uncertainty of 0.28%.According to the peculiar design and comprehensive uncertainty analysis,it illustrates that the spectral radiance measurement uncertainty of the ISTR system can reach to 0.48%.The result satisfies the requirements of SI-traceable on-orbit calibration and has wider significance for expanding the application of the remote sensing data with high-quality.

On-orbit Geometric Calibration and Preliminary Accuracy Evaluation of GF-14 Satellite

GF-14 satellite is a new generation of sub-meter stereo surveying and mapping satellite in China,carrying dual-line array stereo mapping cameras to achieve 1∶10000 scale topographic mapping without Ground Control Points(GCPs).In fact,space-based high-precision mapping without GCPs is a challenging task that depends on the close cooperation of several payloads and links,of which on-orbit geometric calibration is one of the most critical links.In this paper,the on-orbit geometric calibration of the dual-line array cameras of GF-14 satellite was performed using the control points collected in the high-precision digital calibration field,and the calibration parameters of the dual-line array cameras were solved as a whole by alternate iterations of forward and backward intersection.On this basis,the location accuracy of the stereo images using the calibration parameters was preliminarily evaluated by using several test fields around the world.The evaluation result shows that the direct forward intersection accuracy of GF-14 satellite images without GCPs after on-orbit geometric calibration reaches 2.34 meters(RMS)in plane and 1.97 meters(RMS)in elevation.

Feasibility study on determining the conventional true value of gamma-ray air kerma in a minitype reference radiation

A minitype reference radiation(MRR) with dimensions of only 1 m × 1 m × 1 m has been developed for the in situ calibration of photon dosimeters.The present work conducts a feasibility study on determining the conventional true value of gamma-ray air kerma at the point of test in the MRR.Owing to its smaller dimensions,the scattered gamma-rays in the MRR are expected to induce a non-negligible interference with the radiation field compared with conditions in the standard reference radiation stipulated by ISO4037-1 or GB/T12162.1.A gamma-ray spectrometer was employed to obtain the spectra of scattered gamma-rays within the MRR,and the feature components of the spectra were extracted by principal component analysis to characterize the interference of a dosimeter probe in the radiation field.A prediction model of the CAK at the point of test was built by least squares support vector machine based on the feature component data obtained from nine sample dosimeters under five different dose rates.The mean prediction error of the CAK prediction model was within ±4.5%,and the maximum prediction error was about ±10%.

Main Features of a Complete Ultrasonic Measurement Model: Formal Aspects of Modeling of Both Transducers Radiation and Ultrasonic Flaws Responses

This paper aims at describing the theoretical fundamentals of a reciprocity-based ultrasonic measurement model. This complete inspection simulation can be decomposed in two modeling steps, one dedicated to transducer radiation and one to flaw scattering and echo synthesis. The physical meaning of the input/output signals used in these two modeling tools is defined and the theoretical principles of both field calculation and echo computation models are then detailed. The influence on the modeling results of some changes in the simulated configuration (as the incident angle) or some input signal parameters (like the frequency) are studied: it is thus theoretically established that the simulated results can be compared between each other in terms of amplitude for numerous applications when changing some inspection parameters in the simulation but that a calibration for echo calculation is generally required.

A machine learning approach to TCAD model calibration for MOSFET

Machine learning-based surrogate models have significant advantages in terms of computing efficiency. In this paper, we present a pilot study on fast calibration using machine learning techniques. Technology computer-aided design(TCAD) is a powerful simulation tool for electronic devices. This simulation tool has been widely used in the research of radiation effects.However, calibration of TCAD models is time-consuming. In this study, we introduce a fast calibration approach for TCAD model calibration of metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors(MOSFETs). This approach utilized a machine learning-based surrogate model that was several orders of magnitude faster than the original TCAD simulation. The desired calibration results were obtained within several seconds. In this study, a fundamental model containing 26 parameters is introduced to represent the typical structure of a MOSFET. Classifications were developed to improve the efficiency of the training sample generation. Feature selection techniques were employed to identify important parameters. A surrogate model consisting of a classifier and a regressor was built. A calibration procedure based on the surrogate model was proposed and tested with three calibration goals. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of machine learning-based fast model calibrations for MOSFET. In addition, this study shows that these machine learning techniques learn patterns and correlations from data instead of employing domain expertise. This indicates that machine learning could be an alternative research approach to complement classical physics-based research.

Estimation of Thermal Imaging System Operating Range Based on Background Radiation

Traditional operating range prediction methods assume that the atmospheric radiances in a target path and a background path are equal. But they are different in a real-world environment. To solve this problem,the influence of atmospheric radiance on operating range prediction is analyzed in this paper. Range estimation model in thermal imaging based on background radiation（ REBR） is proposed. Infrared image radiometric calibration is used to calculate the background radiation of a system entrance pupil. The result shows that,compared with traditional operating range prediction methods,the REBR method is more suitable for the actual atmospheric transmission process and the physical process of infrared imaging.

Variation in patient dose due to differences in calibration and dosimetry protocols

For precise and accurate patient dose delivery,the dosimetry system must be calibrated properly according to the recommendations of standard dosimetry protocols such as TG-51 and TRS-398. However, the dosimetry protocol followed by a calibration laboratory is usually different from the protocols that are followed by different clinics, which may result in variations in the patient dose.Our prime objective in this study was to investigate the effect of the two protocols on dosimetry measurements.Dose measurements were performed for a Co-60 teletherapy unit and a high-energy Varian linear accelerator with 6 and 15 MV photon and 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV electron beams, following the recommendations and procedures of the AAPM TG-51 and IAEA TRS-398 dosimetry protocols. The dosimetry systems used for this study were calibrated in a Co-60 radiation beam at the Secondary Standard Dosimetry Laboratory(SSDL) PINSTECH,Pakistan, following the IAEA TRS-398 protocol. The ratio of the measured absorbed doses to water in clinical setting,D_w(TG-51/TRS-398), was 0.999 and 0.997 for 6 and15 MV photon beams,whereas these ratios were 1.013,1.009, 1.003, and 1.000 for 6, 9, 12, and 15 MeV electron beams, respectively. This difference in the absorbed dosesto-water D_w ratio may be attributed mainly due to beam quality(K_Q) and ion recombination correction factor.

On-Site Calibration Method of Dosimeter Based on X-Ray Source

The real-time monitoring of environmental radiation dose for nuclear fa-cilities is an important part of safety, in order to guarantee the accuracy of the monitoring results regular calibration is necessary. Around nuclear facilities there are so many environmental dosimeters installed dispers-edly, because of its huge quantity, widely distributed, and in real-time monitoring state;it will cost lots of manpower and finance if it were tak-en to calibrate on standard laboratory;what’s more it will make the en-vironment out of control. To solve the problem of the measurement ac-curacy of the stationary gamma radiation dosimeter, an on-site calibra-tion method is proposed. The radioactive source is X-ray spectrum, and the dose reference instrument which has been calibrated by the national standard laboratory is a high pressure ionization. On-site calibration is divided into two parts;firstly the energy response experiment of dosim-eter for high and low energy is done in the laboratory, and the energy response curve is obtained combining with Monte Carlo simulation;sec-ondly experiment is carried out in the field of the measuring dosimeter, and the substitution method to calibrate the dosimeter is used;finally the calibration coefficient is gotten through energy curve correction. In order to verify the accuracy of on-site calibration method, the calibrated dosimeter is test in the standard laboratory and the error is 3.4%. The re-sult shows that the on-site calibration method using X-ray is feasible, and it can improves the accuracy of the measurement results of the stationary γ-ray instrument;what’s more important is that it has great reference value for the radiation safety management and radiation environment evaluation.

Calibration Method of Magnetometer Based on BP Neural Network

Due to the influence of processing technology and environmental factors, there are errors in attitude measurement with the three-axis magnetometer, and the change of parameters during the operation of the magnetometer in orbit will have a great impact on the measurement accuracy. This paper studies the calibration method of magnetometer based on BP neural network, which reduces the influence of model error on calibration accuracy. Firstly, the error model of the magnetometer and the structural characteristics of the BP neural network are analyzed. Secondly, the number of hidden layers and hidden nodes is optimized. To avoid the problem of slow convergence and low accuracy of basic BP algorithm, this paper uses the Levenberg Marquardt backpropagation training method to improve the training speed and prediction accuracy and realizes the on-orbit calibration of magnetometer through online training of the neural network. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the neural network designed in this paper can effectively reduce the measurement error of magnetometer, while the online training can effectively reduce the error caused by the change of magnetometer parameters, and reduce the measurement error of magnetometer to less than 10 nT.

In-Orbit Calibration Uncertainty of the Microwave Radiation Imager on board Fengyun-3C

This study evaluates the in-orbit calibration uncertainty(CU)for the microwave radiation imager(MWRI)on board the Chinese polar-orbiting meteorological satellite Fengyun-3 C(FY-3 C).Uncertainty analysis of the MWRI provides a direct link to the calibration system of the sensor and quantifies the calibration confidence based on the prelaunch and postlaunch measurements.The unique design of the sensor makes the uncertainty in the calibration of the sensor highly correlate to the uncertainty in the brightness temperature(TB)measured at the hot view,while the cold view has negligible impacts on the calibration confidence.Lack of knowledge on the emission of the hot-load reflector hampers the MWRI calibration accuracy significantly in the descending passes of the orbits when the hotload reflector is heated nonuniformly by the solar illumination.Radiance contamination originating from the satellite and in-orbit environments could enter the primary reflector via the hot view and further impinge on the CU,especially at the 10.65-GHz channels where the main-beam width is much broader than that of higher-frequency channels.The monthly-mean CU is lower than 2 K at all channels,depending on the observed earth scenes and in-orbit environments,and the month-to-month variation of CU is also noticed for all channels.Due to the uncertainty in the emissive hot-load reflector,CU in the descending passes is generally larger than that in the ascending orbits.Moreover,up to 1-K CU difference between the ocean and land scenes is found for the 10.65-GHz channels,while this difference is less than 0.1 K at the 89-GHz channels.

用于定标海表测温辐射计的镓黑体辐射源

设计了镓黑体对海表测温辐射计进行定标。首先,介绍了该黑体的结构与工作原理,对黑体发射率进行仿真,并开展发射率的测量实验,讨论其不确定度的来源。然后,开展了电加热和水浴加热下镓的相变复现实验,讨论电加热功率对镓相变复现的影响。最后,通过红外海面温度自主辐射计实验对该黑体进行验证。结果表明:该黑体基于蒙特卡罗软件仿真的发射率优于0.9988,实验测得的黑体辐射源发射率结果与仿真结果较为吻合,测量重复性(标准偏差)达0.1%;相变温度坪台的复现性均优于±0.03 K;相变温坪附近时,红外海面温度自主辐射计和FLUKE 1524测温仪测得的黑体腔附近温度的数据差值均在±0.15 K以内。设计的镓黑体可以应用到海表测温辐射计进行校准,为发展自主知识产权的海表测温设备提供校准源。

红外辐射测量系统的快速宽动态非均匀性校正算法

本文针对红外辐射测量系统需要积分时间连续变化的需求,提出一种快速宽动态的非均匀性校正算法。该算法考虑了积分时间效应和光学系统杂散辐射的影响,并利用25 mm口径的制冷型中波红外辐射特性测量系统进行试验验证。将本文所提算法与经典算法进行对比,结果表明,校正效率较传统非均匀性校正算法提高了3.4倍。本文还利用剩余残差评价原始图像以及两种算法的图像校正效果,利用多个积分时间(0.6 ms,3 ms和3.5 ms)模拟连续变化的积分。结果显示本文算法在各个积分时间下剩余残差均表现稳定且校正图像都具有良好的校正效果。

采用机器学习的X、γ辐射剂量仪现场校准技术

为解决固定式X、γ辐射剂量仪现场校准的散射和剂量率定值难题,保障核设施安全稳定运行,基于X光机研究建立了便携式X射线照射装置和自屏蔽式X射线照射装置。基于蒙特卡罗模拟及机器学习算法和实验方法完成了X射线辐射场散射辐射修正并开展辐射场剂量率定值技术研究。首先,使用MCNP对便携式X射线参考辐射场及自屏蔽式X射线参考辐射场的均匀性、散射辐射和能谱分布等辐射特性进行了模拟,将得到的结果与实验数据进行对比,验证了数值模拟方法的有效性以及该装置应用于现场校准的可行性;其次,基于机器学习算法搭建现场校准环境散射辐射修正系统,使用平均绝对值误差对机器学习模型效果进行评价;最后,结合照射装置及次级电离室利用搭建的环境散射辐射修正系统开展现场校准实验。研究结果表明,便携式X射线照射装置及自屏蔽X射线照射装置均能提供满足GB/T 12162.1—2000标准要求的参考辐射场,基于环境散射辐射修正系统开展的固定式X、γ辐射剂量仪现场校准的校准因子和实验室校准因子的相对误差不大于6.2%,满足现场校准工作要求。

宇宙黎明全天频谱实验研究进展

探索宇宙黑暗时代、黎明时代和再电离时代对于理解宇宙的演化具有重要意义,一直是天文学研究的一个重要方向。从2000年前后开始,人们尝试利用200 MHz以下的红移中性氢21 cm辐射对宇宙早期的演化进行探测,主要是两条路径,一种是利用大规模阵列对中性氢辐射进行三维成像或空间功率谱测量,另一种是通过单天线对21 cm中性氢全天平均频谱进行测量。后一种测量设备规模小,只需要单天线,但要求接收机具有高精度的校准能力。本文主要介绍近年来我们在国家天文台红柳峡观测站开展的全天频谱探测实验的进展情况,包括多种非频变天线设计、创新性的多通道交叉验证接收系统设计思想,以及初步的实验进展等,实验结果显示利用天线模拟器得到系统校准精度残差小于0.025 K,达到了自校准精度的国际水平。这些设备的研制和实验的开展将有力地推动我国未来的月球轨道或月基全天频谱探测项目。

基于光辐射强度的日盲紫外放电检测结果一致性校准方法

随着紫外放电检测技术的广泛应用,为解决不同型号日盲紫外成像仪的检测结果缺乏一致性和可比性的问题,该文基于MODTRAN模型分析了温度、湿度、气压和检测距离等不同因素对日盲紫外波段光辐射的大气传输过程的影响特性,建立了紫外检测辐射传输模型,搭建了辐射计量一致性校准平台,提出了紫外检测结果一致性校准方法。利用该方法建立了3台不同型号紫外成像仪的检测结果一致性校准公式,可将紫外成像仪测得的光斑面积换算为检测目标产生的光辐射强度。使用3台紫外成像仪对棒-板模型电晕放电和氘灯光源进行紫外放电检测,由一致性校准公式所得检测目标的光辐射强度计算值的相对标准偏差均小于0.1,验证了一致性校准方法的普适性。