Analysis of echo signal modulation characteristic parameters on aerial and space targets

Based on the scattering characteristic,the comparison of RCS(radar cross-section)at different positions of a target in the same direction of incidence can be obtained first by extruding or deleting part of the entity.A simulation method of aerial&space targets echo characteristics(A&STEC)is proposed that is universal to aerial and space targets.We utilize a fixed-wing UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle)and typical missiles in simulation.The echo signal modulation characteristic parameters are calculated theoretically by the atmospheric attenuation model,the finite element method and a MUMPS solver.The verification simulations show that this method can analyze the influence of the target shape,incident direction,detection position and detection frequency on echo waveform,intensity and energy distribution.The results show that the profile of echo waveform can invert the general shape of the target.The relationship between time and intensity can determine whether the target is moving towards or away from the detector in addition.These conclusions can provide a reference for the ballistic missile target tracking and the defense against UVA intrusion in theory.

Non-relativistic scattering amplitude for a new multi-parameter exponential-type potential

In this paper, we study the scattering properties of s-wave Schrdinger equation for the multi-parameter potential,which can be reduced into four special cases for different values of potential parameters, i.e., Hulthn, Manning–Rosen,and Eckart potentials. We also obtain and investigate the scattering amplitudes of these special cases. Some numerical results are also obtained and reported.

Hybrid micromotion-scattering center model for synthetic aperture radar micromotion target imaging

Micromotion is an important target feature, although the target micromotion has an unfavorable influence on the synthetic aperture radar （SAR） image interpretation due to defocusing. This paper introduces micromotion parameters into the scattering center model to obtain a hybrid micromotion-scattering center model, and then proposes an optimization algorithm based on the maximal likelihood estimation to solve the model for jointly obtaining target motion and scattering parameters. Initial value estimation methods using targets＇ ghost images are then presented to guarantee the global and fast convergence. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm especially in high precision estimation and multiple targets processing.

The microwave scattering characteristics of sea ice in the Bohai Sea

Microwave remote sensing has become the primary means for sea-ice research, and has been supported by a great deal of field experiments and theoretical studies regarding sea-ice microwave scattering. However, these studies have been barely carried in the Bohai Sea. The sea-ice microwave scattering mechanism was first developed for the thin sea ice with slight roughness in the Bohai Sea in the winter of 2012, and included the backscattering coefficients which were measured on the different conditions of three bands（L, C and X）, two polarizations（HH and VV）, and incident angles of 20° to 60°, using a ground-based scatterometer and the synchronous physical parameters of the sea-ice temperature, density, thickness, salinity, and so on. The theoretical model of the sea-ice electromagnetic scattering is obtained based on these physical parameters. The research regarding the sea-ice microwave scattering mechanism is carried out through two means, which includes the comparison between the field microwave scattering data and the simulation results of the theoretical model, as well as the feature analysis of the four components of the sea-ice electromagnetic scattering. It is revealed that the sea-ice microwave scattering data and the theoretical simulation results vary in the same trend with the incident angles. Also, there is a visible variant in the sensitivity of every component to the different bands.For example, the C and X bands are sensitive to the top surface, the X band is sensitive to the scatterers, and the L and C bands are sensitive to the bottom surface, and so on. It is suggested that the features of the sea-ice surfaces and scatterers can be retrieved by the further research in the future. This experiment can provide an experimental and theoretical foundation for research regarding the sea-ice microwave scattering characteristics in the Bohai Sea.

Elastic scattering of two ground-state N atoms

An interaction potential for an N2（X^1∑g^＋） molecule is constructed by using the highly accurate valence internally contracted multireference configuration interaction method and the largest basis set, aug-cc-pV6Z, in the valence range. The potential is used to investigate the elastic scattering of two N atoms at energies from 1.0×10^-11 to 1.0 × 10^-4 a.u. The derived total elastic cross sections are very large and almost constant at ultralow temperatures, and the shape of total elastic cross section curve is mainly dominated by the s-partial wave at very low collision energies. Three shape resonances are found in the total elastic cross sections. Concretely, the first one is very sharp and strong. It results from the g-partial-wave contribution and the resonant energy is 3.645 × 10^-6 a.u. The second one is contributed by the h-partial wave and the resonant energy is 1.752 × 10^-5 a.u. This resonance is broadened by those from the d- and f-partial waves. The third one comes from the l = 6 partial wave contribution and the resonant energy is 3.522 × 10^-5 a.u. This resonance is broadened by those from the g- and h-partial waves. The N2（X1∑g＋） molecular parameters, which are determined at the current theoretical level, achieve very high accuracy due to the employment of the largest correlation-consistent basis set in the valence range.

Scattering Center Modeling Using Adaptive Segmental Compressive Sampling

In order to deal with aliasing distortions of Doppler frequencies shown in time-frequency representation（ TFR） with aspect undersampling,an approach using adaptive segmental compressive sampling according to the aspect dependencies of the scattering centers is proposed. The random noise problem induced by compressive sampling is solved by employing a series of signal processing techniques of filtering,image transformation and Hough Transform. Three examples are presented to verify the effectiveness of this approach. The comparisons between the built models and the precise scattered fields computed by a well-validated full-wave numerical method are investigated,and the results showgood agreements between each other.

THE INVERSE ELECTROMAGNETIC SCATTERING OF INHOMOGENEOUS DIELECTRIC THIN TUBES

By using the method of Fourier series expansion, the inverse electromagnetic scattering problemof a 2- dimensional lossy dielectric body, of which the cross section is a narrow annulus, is studied. Theanalytic expressions of the electric parameters of a dielectric body are given in terms of the outsidesca,ttering field, and the simulative results are satisfactory.

Numerical Simulation of the Thomson Scattering Experiment Performed with 0.351μm Laser-Produced Aluminum Plasmas

The evolutions of the electron temperatures of Muminum plasmas produced with 0.351 μm laser are simulated by means of one-dimensional hydrodynamic code. The simulations show that the plasma geometry has strong influence on the electron temperature＇s evolution while the effect of the flux limiter is not so significant. The simulations are in good agreement with the experiments only at some spatial points. A full comparison between the simulations and experiments indicates that the one-dimensional code is not accurate enough to characterize the laser-produced plasmas. A post-processor code based on the hydro code is developed to generate the streak image of the Thomson scattering spectra, which can be directly compared with the experimental data.

Time-domain compressive dictionary of attributed scattering center model for sparse representation

Parameter estimation of the attributed scattering center(ASC) model is significant for automatic target recognition(ATR). Sparse representation based parameter estimation methods have developed rapidly. Construction of the separable dictionary is a key issue for sparse representation technology. A compressive time-domain dictionary(TD) for ASC model is presented. Two-dimensional frequency domain responses of the ASC are produced and transformed into the time domain. Then these time domain responses are cutoff and stacked into vectors. These vectored time-domain responses are amalgamated to form the TD. Compared with the traditional frequency-domain dictionary(FD), the TD is a matrix that is quite spare and can markedly reduce the data size of the dictionary. Based on the basic TD construction method, we present four extended TD construction methods, which are available for different applications. In the experiments, the performance of the TD, including the basic model and the extended models, has been firstly analyzed in comparison with the FD. Secondly, an example of parameter estimation from SAR synthetic aperture radar(SAR) measurements of a target collected in an anechoic room is exhibited. Finally, a sparse image reconstruction example is from two apart apertures. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed TD.

MATERIAL ELECTROMAGNETIC PARAMETERS EXTRACTION USING SVM METHOD

The method extracting the electromagnetic parameters from scattering coefficients was studied in this paper. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) method is used to solve the inverse problem of parameters extraction. The mapping relationship is set up by calculating a large number of S pa-rameters from the samples with different permittivity by using transmission line theory. The simulated data set is used as training data set for SVM. After the training, the SVM is used to predict the permittivity of material from the scattering coefficients.

Oscillator strength study of the excitations of valence-shell of C2H2 by high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering

The oscillator strengths of the valence-shell excitations of C_(2)H_(2) are extremely important for testing theoretical models and studying interstellar gases.In this study,the high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering(IXS)method is adopted to determine the generalized oscillator strengths(GOSs)of the valence-shell excitations of C_(2)H_(2) at a photon energy of10 ke V.The GOSs are extrapolated to their zero limit to obtain the corresponding optical oscillator strengths(OOSs).Through taking a completely different experimental method of the IXS,the present results offer the high energy limit for electron collision to satisfy the first Born approximation(FBA)and cross-check the previous experimental and theoretical results independently.The comparisons indicate that an electron collision energy of 1500 e V is not enough for C_(2)H_(2) to satisfy the FBA for the large squared momentum transfer,and the line saturation effect limits the accuracy of the OOSs measured by the photoabsorption method.

Human Brain Microwave Imaging Signal Processing: Frequency Domain (S-parameters) to Time Domain Conversion

The paper presents the microwave signal processing method using MATLAB based on the result of microwave imaging system simulation developed using Computer Simulation Technology (CST). The simulation system contains a transmitting/receiving antenna, human brain and a tumor inside the brain model. The source signal, microwave signal operates from 1 to 10 GHz. The generated scattering parameters (S-parameters) are in frequency domain form. This paper describes in detail regarding the signal conversion from frequency domain to time domain through proposed Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) method as well as the noise filtering process. Peaks detection process was performed in order to identify the time delay of the reflection points at different Y-axis

Free Electrons Compton Scattering Can Produce an Illusion of Expanding Universe

The high-precision measurements of the Hubble parameter make the theory of cosmic expansion more and more confusing, which bolsters the idea that new physics may be needed to explain the mismatch. Astronomical observations show that the Universe is expanding exponentially. Free electron Compton scattering (FEC) can produce the illusion of exponentially expanding Universe: FEC causes photons to redshift exponentially, and the photon beam exponentially expands along the propagation direction. Is this a coincidence? The redshift factor of the FEC is z = (1+z);the beam length stretch factor (time dilation of the supernova curve) of the FEC is z = (1+z);the expansion factor of the beam volume of the FEC is z = (1+z)3, and the FEC effect does not blur the image of distant galaxies. The reason for rejecting the “tired light” does not hold in FEC.

Quantum Mechanical Approach for Rutherford Scattering and Nuclear Scattering with Born Approximation

Rutherford classical scattering theory, as its quantum mechanical analogue, is modified for scattering cross-section and the impact parameter by using quantum mechanical momentum, (de Broglie hypothesis), energy relationship for matter oscillator (Einstein’s oscillator) and quantum mechanical wave vectors, and , respectively. It is observed that the quantum mechanical scattering cross-section and the impact parameter depended on inverse square law of quantum action (Planck’s constant). Born approximation is revisited for quantum mechanical scattering. Using Bessel and Neumann asymptotic functions and response of nuclear surface potential barrier, born approximations were modified. The coulombic fields inside the nucleus of the atom are studied for reflection and transmission with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunctions Bulk quantum mechanical tunneling and reflection scattering, both for ruptured and unruptured nucleus of the atom, are deciphered with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunction. Similar calculation ware accomplished for quantum surface tunneling and reflection scattering with corresponding wave vectors, phase shifts and eigenfunctions. Such diverse quantum mechanical scattering cross-section with corresponding wave vectors for tunneling and reflection, phase shifts and eigenfunctions will pave a new dimension to understanding the behavior of exchange fields in the nucleus of the atom with insides layers both ruptured and unruptured. Phase shifts, δl for each of the energy profile (partial) will be different and indeed their corresponding wave vectors for exchange energy eigenvalues.

Rayleigh Scattering Experiment for the Measurement of Hydrogen Cluster Size

The hydrogen clusters are produced at liquid nitrogen temperature in a supersonic adiabatic expansion of moderate backing pressure gases into vacuum through a Laval nozzle and their averaged size are measured by Rayleigh scattering. The average cluster size N^-c is about 250 hydrogen atoms at a backing pressure 1.0 MPa in these measurements.

Small angle X-ray scattering used in precipitation in AlZnMgCuLi alloy

Small angle X-ray scattering has been used to study the variation of microstructure parameters in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Li alloy aged at various temperatures for various durations. Coarsening of precipitates was studied by analyzing the curve of kinetics strength vs the cube of radius. The results show that the coarsening of precipitates conforms to LSW principle. In addition, the characteristic of s^3J(s) vs s curves was analyzed. The results show that the curves for samples aged at 160 ℃ for various durations(24, 48 and 96 h) have negative deviation, which maybe results in the formation of certain new precipitate. In the other aging treatment states, the curves conform to Porod principle which means there is sharp boundary between the precipitates and matrix.

多次散射中心横向位置属性及图像表征

多次散射结构是不可忽视的重要散射来源,其等效视在散射中心往往偏离目标区域,目前的解译和识别方法不具备对SAR图像中的多次散射中心现象进行散射机理和散射结构溯源的能力。为深入挖掘多次散射中心位置的本质,本文以散射中心的理论为基础,正向建立了具有明确物理含义的散射中心模型,揭示了多次散射中心横向位置与复杂多次射线路径的联系,解释了多普勒频率的形成机制,并探讨了其在雷达目标识别中的应用。首先,本文从电磁散射物理过程出发,推导了任意阶次射线场的解析表达式;其次,结合正向物理推导获取的雷达回波信号表达式与逆傅里叶变换,表征了目标在单站雷达上的图像特征,实现了散射中心三维空间位置在单站雷达图像中的直接映射;最后,通过仿真,构建了多次散射射线光程、回波信号相位表征、雷达图像散射中心位置三者之间的物理关联。

基于改进Morozov偏差原理的动态光散射粒度反演

与窄粒度分布反演相比,宽粒度分布的反演难以获取与其相适应的正则参数。为提高宽分布颗粒体系反演结果的准确性,提出基于改进Morozov偏差原理,通过遗传算法迭代求取正则参数的方法,该方法通过小波包分解求出电场自相关函数的噪声分量,利用Morozov偏差原理建立适应值函数,在正则参数经验范围内生成初始种群,将适应值函数与初始种群带入遗传算法,全局寻找最优适应值对应的参数值作为正则参数。模拟与实测数据的反演结果表明,在窄分布颗粒体系条件下,所提方法与L-curve准则反演结果无显著差异,在宽分布条件下,所提方法反演结果的性能指标均优于L-curve准则,且避免了宽粒度分布条件下可能出现的虚假峰情况,表现出明显优于L-curve准则的宽分布反演效果。

Reduction of distortion and improvement of efficiency for gridding of scattered gravity and magnetic data

This paper presents a reasonable gridding-parameters extraction method for setting the optimal interpolation nodes in the gridding of scattered observed data. The method can extract optimized gridding parameters based on the distribution of features in raw data. Modeling analysis proves that distortion caused by gridding can be greatly reduced when using such parameters. We also present some improved technical measures that use human- machine interaction and multi-thread parallel technology to solve inadequacies in traditional gridding software. On the basis of these methods, we have developed software that can be used to grid scattered data using a graphic interface. Finally, a comparison of different gridding parameters on field magnetic data from Ji Lin Province, North China demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method in eliminating the distortions and enhancing gridding efficiency.

雷达属性散射中心的快速目标分类和参数估计

雷达属性散射中心模型的属性参数能够提供目标更为丰富的重要信息,属性散射中心参数估计对解析雷达目标有着极其重要的研究意义。针对雷达属性散射中心模型,提出了基于深度学习的雷达属性散射中心快速目标分类和参数估计的技术。首先利用ViT(vision transformer)深度学习网络将雷达属性散射中心分类为局部式和分布式两类,然后基于TS2Vec框架构建针对属性散射中心参数估计的卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network for attribute scattering centers,ASCNN),最后分别对两种数据进行训练以实现局部式和分布式属性散射中心的参数估计。基于属性散射中心模型展开数值实验,实验结果表明,该方法对雷达属性散射中心目标分类的准确率高达99%以上;雷达属性散射中心参数估计的速度超过传统方法的10000倍以上,且精度更高,验证了所提方法的有效性和优越性。