A Review of the Key Points in the Design of Small-Radius Curved Ramp Bridges

This article explores the fundamentals of small-radius curved ramp bridges.It covers the selection of box girder spans,support methods,and forms,along with design optimization techniques for this type of bridge structure.The purpose of this paper is to provide robust support for enhancing the design quality of these bridges and ensuring their efficacy in real-world applications.

Research on controlling long-term performance by tensioning post tendon of long-span continuous rigid-frame bridges

The problems like cracking of the girder in the mid-span and the ever-increasing vertical deflection appear during the long term usage of the long-span continuous rigid-flame bridge. Post-tension tendon with re- served duct can increase the pre-stress of the main beam effectively, and decrease the long term span deflection in order to improve the performance of the girder. At the same time, the proper tension position is very crucial to optimise the stress distribution of the bridge and control the deflection increase. Combining with practical en- gineering, the authors analyze the influence of different positions of post-tension tendon （ including top-, web- and bottom plate tendons） on the stress and deflection of the main beam, and find out the optimal position of post tendon.

A new monitoring method of cable tension of cable-stayed bridge—fiber Bragg grating method

A new on-line monitoring method based on fiber Bragg grating(FBG) for cable tension of cable-stayed bridge was introduced. The major structure of sensing head using in the test of cable tension is elastic annular. The FBG is attached inflexibility to the exterior surface of annulus and form straight-through sensing head. Sensing head is installed between the anchor device and stow-board of funiculus holes of the cable-stayed bridge. Accompany with the change of the outside pressure, the Bragg center reflective wavelength of optical fiber grating changed correspondingly. According to this characteristic, through demodulating the Δλ, the value of the cable tension can be determined. The experiment results and the theory indicate that the test system has simple structure, good stability and linear,wide response capacity, and has no special request for tester, The measurement method for the test of cable tension is practical and effective.

Effects of polar cortical cytoskeleton and unbalanced cortical surface tension on intercellular bridge thinning during cytokinesis

To probe the contributions of polar cortical cytoskeleton and the surface tension of daughter cells to intercellular bridge thinning dynamics during cytokinesis,we applied cytochalasin D（CD） or colchicine（COLC） in a highly localized manner to polar regions of dividing normal rat kidney（NRK） cells.We observed cellular morphological changes and analyzed the intercellular bridge thinning trajectories of dividing cells with different polar cortical characteristics.Global blebbistatin（BS） application was used to obtain cells losing active contractile force groups.Our results show that locally released CD or colchicine at the polar region caused inhibition of cytokinesis before ingression.Similar treatment at phases after ingression allowed completion of cytokinesis but dramatically influenced the trajectories of intercellular bridge thinning.Disturbing single polar cortical actin induced transformation of the intercellular bridge thinning process,and polar cortical tension controlled deformation time of intercellular bridges.Our study provides a feasible framework to induce and analyze the effects of local changes in mechanical properties of cellular components on single cellular cytokinesis.

A method for calculating strand tension in the anchor span of a suspension bridge considering the rotation of a splay saddle

This paper reports a method for strand tension in anchor spans considering rotation.A kind of co-moved coordinate system,a saddle local coordinate system,was set up.This system implemented the rotation of the splay saddle through the rotation of the coordinate system,and all calculations proceeded in this coordinate system.Considering the rotation of the anchoring surface by the rotation of the local coordinate system of the anchoring surface,the anchorage point coordinates of strands were transformed to the local sadle coordinate system.There was a two-layer iteration adopted in the calculation.In the inner iteration,the cable force at the end of the vertical bend was taken as the variable,and the ordinate of the anchorage point was taken as the target value.In the outer iteration,the vertical tangential angle at the end of the vertical bend was taken as the variable,and the ordinate of the anchorage point was taken as the target value.The method carried out the rotation of the splay saddle and anchor surface and was simple,convenient and without approximation.The effect of rotation was considered precisely;it showed stability during the process of two-layer iteration,powerful adaptation and higher efficiency and had been successfully applied in the construction control of the Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge,the world's first kilometer-level combined highway and railway suspension bridge.

Forms and Aesthetics of Bridges

The objective of a bridge design is to produce a safe bridge that is elegant and satisfies all functionality requirements, at a cost that is acceptable to the owner. A successful bridge design must be natural, simple, original, and harmonious with its surroundings. Aesthetics is not an additional consideration in the design of a bridge, but is rather an integral part of bridge design. Both the structural configuration and the aesthetics of a bridge must be considered together during the conceptual design stage. To achieve such a task, the bridge design engineer must have a good understanding of structural theory and bridge aesthetics.

PSC Bridge Subjected to Combined Post Tension and Post Compression—A Case Study

Starting from the ideas of Conventional Post Tensioning we present a heuristic argument of advantages of combined actions of post compression along with post tensioned technique for a PSC member through a Design Example. Our aim was to assess the characterization of a pre stressed member if it was?to be under the Load effects of post compressing a bar with post tensioned method through hydraulic jacks as the reinforcements in the tensioned zone of conventional PSC bridge were to be compressed in order to induce internal tensile stress similar to internal compressive stresses developed due to conventional post tensioned design. The results ultimately concluded that post compressing a Slender bar by a pre stressing force in the compression zone by a value equal to 0.1?-?0.7 times the pre stressing force in the tension zone would eventually lead to cancelling out of tensile and compressive stresses, thereby forming the desired section which is comparatively smaller in size but can account for sustainability. The anchorage at the top end was?provided by special slender steel rods to eliminate the compressive stresses. All the dead loads?were?counteracted by the action of prestress and the bridge section was able to carry only live load which is deduced through examples in the article.

A形斜塔不等跨斜拉桥施工关键技术研究

毕节市倒天河某新建桥设计为半漂浮体系的A形斜塔不等跨斜拉桥,该桥为典型的市政景观桥梁。该类型桥塔在施工阶段均处于大偏心、长悬臂状态,塔底应力与塔端位移极其敏感,施工过程如何确保塔身应力不超限、线形不超标等问题为主塔施工的重难点。施工借助midas Civil有限元软件模拟计算,阐明了一次张拉成桥方案的可行性,并根据计算结果预判主梁现浇支架受力增大的情况,对施工具有指导意义。除此,仿真计算结果可获取各施工阶段的变形与应力参数,结合实时监控数据对各施工阶段进行了指导与纠偏,确保各构件的结构安全和线形要求,成桥索力与设计高度吻合,效果较好。

5cm SMA-13桥面铺装的碾压组合方式研究

以甬台温高速至沿海高速温岭联络线桥面铺装工程为例,针对上面层5cm厚度的SMA-13桥面铺装,从施工碾压设备的组合、工艺、技术要点和质量控制来进行实例分析与阐述,并将不同碾压设备的效能进行合理的组合搭配,总结出一套适合该项目的简捷有效的碾压方案,以期能为同类工程提供经验。

Improved methods for decreasing stresses of concrete slab of large-span through tied-arch composite bridge

Mechanical behavior of concrete slab of large-span through tied-arch composite bridge was investigated by finite element analysis (FEA). Improved methods to decrease concrete stresses were discussed based on comparisons of different deck schemes, construction sequences and measures, and ratios of reinforcement. The results show that the mechanical behavior of concrete slab gets worse with the increase of composite regions between steel beams and concrete slab. The deck scheme with the minimum composite region is recommended on condition that both strength and stiffness of the bridge meet design demands under service loads. Adopting in-situ-place construction method, concrete is suggested to be cast after removing the full-supported frameworks under the bridge. Thus, the axial tensile force of concrete slab caused by the first stage dead load is eliminated. Preloading the bridge before concrete casting and removing the load after the concrete reaching its design strength, the stresses of concrete slab caused by the second stage dead load and live load are further reduced or even eliminated. At last, with a high ratio of reinforcement more than 3%, the concrete stresses decrease obviously.

A FORM FUNCTION METHOD FOR FORM FINDING OF TENSION STRUCTURE

A new form function involving parameters Pi is presented. On the basis of the form function, an initial form of tension structure was Sound by interpolating through the control points on boundary of the structure. The form function can be controlled by changing beta (1) according to the pre-tension and the boundary of the structure. The final form of a tension structure should be an equilibrium system under the pretension. To examine the nature of the initial form, the FEM was used. Many examples show that the initial form gives a very ideal result for equal or unequal pre-tension in two directions of the structure. In general cases, there is little difference between the initial form and the final one.

Surface Tension and Electrostriction in a Suspended Bridge of Dielectric Liquid

The mechanism of the formation of a surprisingly long suspended liquid bridge subjected to a dc electric field has been intensively studied in the past few decades. However, the role of electrostriction and quantitative evaluation of surface tension in the bridge have not been evaluated. We present combined theoretical and experimental studies on this issue. Electrostriction is pointed out to be the driving force that pushes liquid upward against gravity and into the gap between two containers and forms the suspended bridge, which is within the framework of the Maxwell pressure tensor. Through a comparison between experiment and theory, the surface tension is found to play an important role in holding the long suspended bridge. Ignorance of the surface tension leads to much smaller bridge length than the experimental values. The dynamic stability of the bridge with respect to its diameter, length and conductance is also discussed.

特大跨径拱桥系杆张拉优化技术分析

为提高威海石家河公园大桥这一特大跨径拱桥的结构稳定性,保障拱桥建筑施工质量,研究特大跨径拱桥系杆张拉优化技术分析。威海石家河公园大桥共采用34根吊杆,其中中拱14根吊杆,边拱20根吊杆,考虑系杆张拉顺序对质量的影响,设计2种张拉方案,方案1为先张拉两边吊杆、后张拉中间吊杆;方案2为先张拉中间吊杆、后张拉两边吊杆。采用有限元模拟2种张拉方案在施工时所产生的应力、位移变化,从而选取最佳方案。模拟分析可知:采用方案1张拉时主梁所承受应力更大,且主梁、中拱、边拱的位移明显较大,而采用方案2张拉时,可避免主梁出现严重失稳问题,还可保持较小的拱肋位移;同时方案2稳定安全系数较高,在成桥阶段方案2最大吊杆拉应力为433.0 MPa,处于1860钢绞线的安全承载范围内。可见采用先张拉中间吊杆、后张拉两边吊杆方式可有效实现系杆张拉优化。

AZ31B镁合金挤压管材的内高压成形性能

通过拉伸实验和胀形实验研究了不同温度下AZ31B镁合金挤压管材的成形性能．结果表明,随着温度的升高,管材的轴向拉伸成形性能明显提高,但其胀形性能并没有相应变化．这主要是因为挤压过程导致管材环向变形性能与轴向变形性能存在较大差别,管材具有明显的各向异性特征．此外,采用分流模挤压的管材,沿管材环向还存在若干条焊缝．在热态下胀形时,焊缝成为最薄弱的部位从而提前破裂,降低了管材的整体胀形性能．

组合梁桥负弯矩区后张预制板抗裂技术研究

对于跨径小于50 m的桥梁,使用强配筋能很好地满足抗裂性能要求,但对于更大跨径的组合梁桥负弯矩抗裂,单独采用强配筋的方式已不能很好地满足桥梁抗裂需求。为了提高50~80 m连续组合梁桥负弯矩区桥面板抗裂性能,实现负弯矩区桥面板装配建造,提出一种适用不同抗裂能力的模数式预应力预制板。首先,设计了适合负弯矩区快速施工的3类预制板,其中A类板为中间位置普通预制板,B类板为带齿块的锚固板,C类板为端部锚固板,根据实际受力情况采用这3类预制板数量及长度组合以满足抗裂需要。其次,结合设计规范与数值模拟,验算使用这种抗裂技术时桥梁结构的内力、应力、挠度以及抗裂性能,验证其可行性。最后,进一步扩展到中跨径50~80 m、1.5~1.7边中跨比的组合梁桥,分别采用MIDAS进行结构抗裂验算与适用性分析。结果表明:采用后张预应力预制板抗裂技术可实现预制板翼缘应力在长短期组合下不出现拉应力,满足规范A类构件抗裂要求;养护龄期6个月的预制块在降低徐变作用方面效果明显,降幅均在48%左右,可满足50~80 m主跨跨径组合梁桥桥面板抗裂与钢箱梁强度控制规范要求;采用负弯矩预制板后,相较于规范计算结果,负弯矩长度范围略降低,仍可采用规范中偏安全的计算。

异型单肋双索面人行钢拱桥吊杆张拉方案研究

为实现异型人行拱桥梁施工各阶段合理受力状态,需探索合理的吊杆张拉方案。以云溪桥-异型单肋双索面人行钢拱桥为研究对象,根据桥梁自身特点确定出吊杆张拉方案的合理性原则和多种吊杆张拉方案,建立桥梁有限元模型进行桥梁施工阶段分析,采用正装迭代法得到各施工阶段的吊杆张拉控制力,探讨多种吊杆张拉方案对桥梁主要构件施工阶段受力及变形的影响。结果表明:从拱肋受力与变形角度来看,从两边拱脚向中间拱顶顺序张拉吊杆方案对桥梁结构更有利;初始张拉双根吊杆措施更适合从中间拱顶向两边拱脚顺序张拉吊杆;同时张拉内外侧吊杆比先张拉外侧吊杆后张拉内侧吊杆更有利于拱肋、主梁受力与变形;双批次先外侧后内侧张拉吊杆使主要受力构件应力及变形峰值更小、变化过渡更为平缓,优于单批次内外侧同时张拉吊杆方案。桥梁内侧吊杆设计索力较小,不宜分批次张拉,外侧吊杆设计索力稍大,可进行二批次吊杆张拉。

激光热应力成形弯折区形貌演变规律研究

目的针对激光热应力成形弯折区增厚现象,揭示激光热输入、弯曲角度和成形机制对弯曲过程的影响,以及弯折区域形貌的演变规律,为提高激光热应力成形弯折区域的形貌可控性提供参考。方法采用高速相机拍摄成形过程中热输入和弯曲角度对弯折区的宏/微观形貌的作用效果,并采用共聚焦显微镜观察试样的宏观形貌,采用光学显微镜分析微观组织,通过维氏显微硬度计测量弯折区附近材料的硬度分布情况,同时结合温度场数值模拟和表面张力理论分析,揭示弯折区形貌的影响因素及形成机制。结果在低比能作用下,弯折区的熔融材料在激光扫描结束后快速凝固,并在扫描次数逐渐增加的过程中其表面逐渐隆起,并形成凸起状形貌,表面粗糙度随着扫描次数的增加呈现上升趋势,由5.5μm增至37.6μm。在高比能作用下,熔融材料的流动性得到提升,并在表面张力的作用下充分铺展,宏观形貌由凸变平,最后呈现凹形形貌,表面粗糙度随着扫描次数的增加呈现相反的变化趋势,由31.7μm减至5.8μm。此外,在塑性成形过程中,熔池流动仍受到成形角两侧壁面的限制。硬度测试结果表明,激光热应力成形弯折熔凝区域的硬度略高于基体的硬度,热影响区的硬度比基体的硬度降低了40%。结论激光热输入、弯曲角度和成形机制会影响弯折区材料表面的挤压、熔化、流动、凝固过程,以及材料内部的温度梯度和界面表面张力,在这些因素的影响下弯折区域的轮廓形貌、成形粗糙度、显微组织和硬度分布发生了变化。

AA5052板材准静态/动态平面应变成形极限试验研究

为建立磁脉冲辅助冲压成形(EMAS)工艺的有效性,采用准静态平面应变预拉伸和动态磁脉冲成形相结合的方法对5052-O铝合金板材的准静态/动态平面应变状态复合成形极限进行了试验研究.结果表明:准静态/动态复合加载过程能显著改善该铝合金板材的室温成形性;准静态/动态平面应变复合成形极限比准静态平面应变成形极限有显著提高,相似或者略高于完全磁脉冲平面应变成形性,且随着准静态预应变水平的增加,准静态/动态复合变形成形极限变化不大.预变形的存在不会削弱复合成形过程的极限变形能力.

重庆白居寺长江大桥施工控制关键技术

重庆白居寺长江大桥主桥为主跨660 m的公轨两用双塔双索面钢桁梁斜拉桥。桥塔为空间曲线水滴形混凝土结构,采用爬模施工;钢桁梁为带边纵梁的倒梯形截面,利用桥面吊机进行对称悬臂施工。为确保成桥后的各项力学和线形指标满足设计要求,采用MIDAS Civil软件建立主桥施工阶段有限元模型,对塔顶偏位和应力、钢桁梁线形及斜拉索张拉进行施工监控。通过控制塔顶偏位以及关键断面应力,确保了钢桁梁施工中桥塔的安全;通过控制主桁和边纵梁的制造和安装线形,保证了钢桁梁成桥线形的控制精度;通过边、中跨1~5号索同步对称初张、6~20号索分级不对称初张及局部二次调索,提高了斜拉索的施工效率以及索力控制精度。施工监控结果表明:塔顶偏位最大偏差27 mm,钢桁梁线形最大偏差52 mm,斜拉索索力偏差在±5.6%内,均满足设计要求。

大跨度斜拉桥拉索安装扭转控制技术

超长斜拉索在大跨度斜拉桥的安装施工中常因张拉扭转引起设备损坏、拉杆脱锚等严重问题。通过优化斜拉索钢丝受力分析,基于能量法原理计算拉索张拉产生的最大扭矩,根据分析结果对千斤顶抗扭转装置进行设计验算,校核了抗扭转装置止转滑块的最大挠度,并利用有限元软件进行仿真分析,分析结果与计算结果相吻合。经嘉鱼长江公路大桥主桥斜拉索安装施工现场使用验证,大吨位抗扭转千斤顶可有效防止拉索张拉扭转带来的不利影响,保证拉索的张拉质量和安装施工进度。